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College  of.  1 

A  N  EW 


ENGLISH  DICTIONARY 

ON    HISTORICAL  PRINCIPLES; 

FOUNDED  MAINLY  ON  THE   MATERIALS  COLLECTED  BY 


EDITED  BY 

JAMES    A.    H.  MURRAY, 

E.A.  I.OND  ,    HON.  M.A.  OXON.,    LL.D.  £DIN  .    D.C.L.  DUNELM.,  ETC. 
SOMETIME     PRESIDENT    OF    THE    PHILOLOGICAL  SOCIETY, 

WITH    THE   ASSISTANCE    OF  MANY   SCHOLARS   AND    MEN    OF  SCIENCE. 


VOLUME  XL 

c. 


OXFORD: 
AT    THE    CLARENDON  PRESS. 

1893- 

[All  rights  reserved.} 


Ctforb 

PRINTED  AT  THE  CLARENDON  TRESS 

bV  HORACE  HAETi  I'KINIER  10  THK  UNIVERSITY 


PREFACE    TO    VOLUME  II. 


THIS  volume  contains  the  words  beginning  with  the  letter  C.  In  respect  of  the  space  occupied  by  it  in 
the  Dictionary,  C  is  the  second  largest  letter  of  the  alphabet  (being  exceeded  only  by  S)  :  and  it 
contains  nearly  as  many  words  as  A  and  B  (both  large  letters)  taken  together,  and  as  many  as  the  nine 
smallest  letters  X,  Z,  Y,  Q,  K,  J,  N,  U,  V,  with  three-fourths  of  the  tenth,  O. 

The  extraordinary  compass  of  C  arises  from  several  causes  general  and  special.  Primarily,  the  number 
of  words  beginning  with  any  consonant  depends  naturally  upon  the  number  of  initial  combinations  of  which 
that  consonant  is  capable.  Thus,  such  letters  as  J,  N,  V,  which  can  be  followed  by  vowels  only,  have 
naturally  fewer  words  than  such  as  C,  P,  S,  which  enter  also  into  the  initial  combinations  CL,  CR,  PL,  PR, 
SC,  SL,  SM,  etc.,  and  even  (in  the  case  of  S)  into  the  triple  combinations  SPR,  SPL,  etc.,  each  of  which 
may,  like  the  simple  letter,  stand  before  all  the  vowels.  Although  the  words  beginning  with  these  double  or 
triple  consonant  groups  are  never  so  numerous  as  those  beginning  with  the  simple  consonant,  they  are  of  such 
a  number  as  to  augment  greatly  the  extent  of  the  letters  in  question  ;  thus  B  owes  more  than  a  fourth  of  its 
words  to  the  combinations  BL,  BR,  and  C  is  increased  223  pages  by  words  in  CL,  CR,  CHL,  CHR. 
A  special  cause,  in  the  case  of  the  letter  C,  is  that  it  contains  the  graphic  combination  CH,  which  is, 
phonetically,  when  it  has  the  sound  tsh,  and  etymologically,  when  it  represents  Greek  X,  a  distinct  letter,  and 
is  treated  as  such  in  the  alphabet  and  dictionary  of  some  languages,  as  for  example  Spanish  and  Welsh. 
But  in  the  English  Dictionary  CH  comes  in  the  midst  of  C,  to  which  it  constitutes  a  notable  addition, 
occupying  of  itself  171  pages  of  this  volume,  and  actually  including  more  words  than  J,  K,  or  Q,  and  more 
than  twice  as  many  as  X,  Y,  and  Z  put  together.  Another  orthographic  circumstance  has  some  weight : 
C  contains  many  words  which,  phonetically  spelt,  belong  to  S,  viz.  those  in  Ce-,  Ci-,  Cy-  It  is  true  that,  also 
for  orthographic  reasons,  it  loses  words  in  Ke-,  Ki-,  Ky-,  Kn-  (e.  g.  keep,  king,  kythe,  know),  formerly  written 
with  C ;  but  these  are,  in  all,  not  so  numerous  as  the  additions  in  Ce-,  Ci-,  Cy-,  from  Latin  and  Greek 
sources ;  so  that  the  peculiarities  of  modern  English  spelling  result,  on  the  whole,  in  largely  swelling  the  initial 
capacity  of  C.  But  there  is  a  third  circumstance  of  greater  potency  than  any  of  those  already  mentioned ;  this 
is,  the  vast  number  of  words  of  Latin  origin  or  Latin  composition  with  the  prefixes  Con-  and  Contra-  (with 
their  forms  co-,  col-,  com-,  cor-,  and  counter-),  which  have  been  adopted  or  formed  in  English.  Of  the  following 
1308  (or  deducting  CH,  1137)  pages,  no  fewer  than  576  are  occupied  by  Co-,  upwards  of  400  of  which  are 
due  to  these  Latin  prefixes. 

The  actual  number  of  words  treated  in  C— including  the  Main  words,  to  which  separate  articles  are 
assigned  (e.g.  Come,  Cast),  the  Subordinate  entries  of  distinct  forms  of  words,  which  appear  in  their 
alphabetical  place  with  a  reference  to  the  Main  form  under  which  they  are  treated  (e.g.  Cacarootch,  obs. 
form  of  COCKROACH),  and  the  specialized  Combinations  or  compounds,  explained  under  the  Main  words 
(e.g.  camp-bed,  camp-fever,  under  CAMP)— is  29,295.    This  number  does  not  include  the  combinations 


VI 


1'KLhALE  TO  VOLUME  II. 


of  simple  and  obvious  meaning  (such  as  camp-boy,  camp-fire,  camp-language),  which  are  practically 
unlimited  in  number,  and  of  which  several  thousands  are  recorded  and  illustrated  by  quotations,  but 
without  individual  explanations,  under  the  Main  words. 

The  29,29,5  words  are  thus  made  up: 

Main  Words.  Special  combinations.        Subordinate  words.  Total. 

21,295  3,461  4.539  29,295 

(including  CH.    2,720  587  717  4.024) 

Considered  as  to  their  status  in  the  language,  the  Main  words  are  divided  approximately  into  those 
still  current  and  fully  native  or  naturalized,  those  now  obsolete  (marked  f),  and  those  which  are  alien  or 
imperfectly  naturalized  (marked  ||).    The  distribution  of  the  Main  words  is 

Current.  Obsolete.  Alien.  Total. 

15,852  4.515  928  21,295 

(including  CH.    2,084  494  142  2,720) 

Thus,  of  the  whole  Main  words  included  in  C,  21$  %  are  obsolete,  4§  %  alien  or  not  fully  naturalized. 
If  to  these  we  add  the  words  treated  in  Volume  I,  we  have,  for  the  contents  of  the  first  three  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  the  following  figures: 

Main  Words.  Special  combinations.        Subordinate  words.  Total. 

A,  B,  and  C  43,527  7,753  9.z69  60,549 

Of  the  Main  words  there  are 

Current  Obsolete.  Alien.  Total. 

31,232  10,497  '.798  43.527 

That  is,  for  the  whole  three  letters,  /if  %  are  now  current  and  fully  naturalized,  24!  %  are  obsolete,  4!  % 
alien  or  imperfectly  naturalized  ;  more  than  three-fourths  of  all  the  words  included  being  thus  in 
living  use. 

The  plan  and  general  futures  of  the  Dictionary  have  been  already  set  forth  in  the  Preface  and 
Introduction  to  Vol.  I.  It  need  only  be  said  here  that  C  has  presented,  in  its  extent  and  variety,  an  ample 
field  for  the  application  of  the  principles  there  laid  down.  As  a  letter,  it  is  a  typical  one,  containing  words 
of  all  kinds  and  from  all  sources,  and  it  has  perhaps  more  than  an  average  proportion  of  words  of  particular 
historical  interest.  It  comprises  Old  English  words  of  Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  origin,  such  as  the  verbs 
Come,  Cast,  and  Call,  which  are  the  subjects  of  some  of  the  longest  articles  yet  contained  in  the 
Dictionary;  important  words  from  Norman  French,  like  CATTLE,  COUNCIL,  COUNTRY,  COUNTY,  and 
COURT ;  numerous  words  from  Latin,  directly  or  through  French,  like  those  in  CON-  and  COUNTER-  already 
mentioned,  or  more  circuitously  like  CROSS,  with  its  interesting  history ;  many  words  from  Greek,  directly 
or  through  Latin,  as  Cathedral,  Chlorine,  Cholera,  Clergy,  or  more  circuitously,  like  the  great  word 
Church  ;  from  Celtic,  as  Cairn,  Crag  ;  from  modern  Romanic  tongues,  as  Caste,  Chagrin,  Chamois, 
Coco,  Cork,  Crusade,  Cupola  ;  from  other  European  languages,  as  Chaco,  Coach,  Coss,  Cravat, 
Czar  ;  from  Hebrew  (ultimately),  as  Cherub  ;  from  Arabic,  as  Caravan,  Coffee,  Cotton  ;  from  Persian, 
as  Check,  Chess  ;  from  Turkish,  as  CHOUSE  ;  from  various  East  Indian  and  other  Oriental  tongues, 
as  Calico,  Camphor,  Cassowary,  Cash,  Compound,  Congou  ;  from  languages  of  America  and  the  West 
Indies,  as  CACAO,  CANOE,  CAOUTCHOUC,  CAUCUS. 

To  enumerate  here  even  a  tithe  of  the  words  of  special  interest  would  take  too  much  space ;  to  such, 
users  of  the  Dictionary  will  themselves  naturally  turn.  But  attention  may  be  called  to  the  number  of  words 
connected  with  the  history  of  Christianity,  and  the  Church,  including  Canon,  Cathedral,  Catholic, 
Chancel,  Chapel,  Chapter,  Cherub,  Choir,  Clergy,  Clerk,  College,  Congregation,  Convent, 
Conventicle,  Covenant,  Crosier,  Cross,  and  many  others ;  to  those  connected  with  civil  and  political 
history  as  Chartist,  Chiltern,  City,  Colony,  Common,  Company,  Communism,  Congress,  Con- 
servative, Constitution,  Coroner,  Corporation,  Council,  Country,  County,  and  Court  ;  to  other 
words  of  curious  history  as  Catacomb,  Cholera,  Closh,  Cockatrice,  Cockney,  Compurgation. 


PREFACE  TO  VOLUME  II. 


vii 


The  Historical  method  followed  has  cleared  the  origin  and  history  of  hundreds  of  words  from  the  errors 
in  which  conjectural  '  etymology '  had  involved  them  ;  it  has  established  the  actual  derivation  of  many,  and 
has  left  the  origin  of  others  as  unknown  and,  to  all  appearance,  lost.  It  has  established  the  recent  origination 
of  a  considerable  portion  of  our  vocabulary,  and  shown  to  what  an  extent,  especially  in  Cl-  and  Cr-  words, 
onomatopoeia  has  continued  to  work  ;  and  it  has  brought  into  prominence  the  remarkable  extent  to  which, 
in  our  composite  language,  the  same  monosyllabic  combination  of  three  or  four  letters  is  apt  to  constitute 
several  words  entirely  unconnected  in  origin,  as  exemplified  under  Clock,  Cob,  Cock,  Cod,  Cog,  Coll, 
Cop,  COPE,  Cot,  CROCK.  In  the  case  of  these  homographic  groups,  when  the  history  of  some  of  the 
individual  words  is  also  uncertain,  it  is  often  exceedingly  difficult  to  decide  what  are  distinct  ztwds,  and  what 
are  only  senses  of  one  and  the  same  original  word.  In  doubtful  cases,  I  have  usually  leant  to  treating  such  as 
senses  of  one  word,  so  as  not  unnecessarily  to  increase  the  number  of  homographs  ;  but,  in  each  case,  attention 
is  called  to  the  possibility  that  senses  so  combined  may  really  be  in  their  origin  distinct  words.  See,  for 
example,  the  senses  treated  under  Cob  sb.1,  COP  sb.2 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  materials  for  C  (Ca — Ce,  Ci — Comni)  was  formerly  subedited  by  Mr.  H. 
H.  Gibbs,  and  part  of  the  remainder  by  the  late  Mr.  Geo.  White  of  Marychurch,  Torquay,  in  accordance 
with  the  original  proposals  of  the  Philological  Society.  While  the  present  volume  has  been  in  preparation, 
successive  portions  of  the  letter  have  been  subedited  under  the  Editor's  direction,  with  addition  of  all  new 
materials,  by  a  number  of  volunteer  workers,  viz.,  the  Rev.  C.  B.  Mount,  M.A.,  Oxford,  Mr.  E.  C.  Hulme,  of 
1 8  Philbeach  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  Mr.  G.  L.  Apperson,  of  n  Park  Road,  Wimbledon,  the  late  Mr.  W. 
Noel  Woods,  B.A.,of  Elgin  Road,  Addiscombe,  Surrey  (assisted  by  Mrs.  Woods,  B.A.),  the  late  Mr.  John  Peto, 
of  Ravenswood,  Alleyne  Park,  S.E.,  Mr.  A.  Hailstone,  of  20  Woodland  Road,  Cheetham  Hill,  Manchester, 
Miss  J.  E.  A.  Brown,  Further  Barton,  Cirencester,  the  Rev.  W.  B.  Robertson  Wilson,  M.A.,  Dollar,  and  small 
portions  by  Mrs.  G.  Pope,  the  Avenue,  Clifton,  Miss  Edith  Thompson,  Brokes  Lodge,  Reigate,  and  Mr.  T. 
Henderson,  M.A.,  Bedford.  Of  the  amount  of  time  devoted  by  these  voluntary  workers  to  the  Dictionary, 
and  their  valued  help  in  facilitating  the  final  labours  of  the  editorial  staff  in  the  Scriptorium,  I  speak  with 
the  highest  appreciation  and  gratitude.  Three  of  the  number,  I  regret  to  record,  have,  during  the  progress  of 
the  volume,  been  removed  by  death :  Mr.  John  Peto,  at  a  good  old  age,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Woods  in  their 
early  prime1. 

In  the  'proof  stage  continuous  help  has  been  given  by  Mr.  H.  Hucks  Gibbs,  MA.,  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Johnston,  B.D.,  Falkirk,  the  Rev.  J.  T.  Fowler,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Vice-Principal  of  Bishop  Hatfield's  Hall, 
Durham,  Dr.  W.  Sykes,  F.SA.,  Gosport,  Monsieur  F.  J.  Amours,  of  Glasgow,  and  above  all  by  Mr. 
Fitzedward  Hall,  D.C.L.,  who  has  continued  his  daily  collation  and  annotation  of  the  proofs,  and  supplied, 
from  the  fruits  of  his  life-long  studies  in  English  literature,  thousands  of  quotations  for  the  use  of  words 
at  earlier  or  later  dates  than  those  already  recorded,  for  rare  words  and  senses,  or  interesting  and  curious 
idioms.  Grateful  acknowledgements  are  also  due  to  Professor  Eduard  Sievers,  now  of  Leipzig,  and 
Monsieur  Paul  Meyer,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  France,  for  their  continuous  help  with  the  etymology  and 
history  of  difficult  Teutonic  and  Romanic  words  respectively  ;  as  also  to  Professor  F.  Neumann  of  Heidelberg, 
Professor  F.  Kluge  of  Freiburg  im  Breisgau,  Dr.  W.  H.  Muller  of  Leyden,  Dr.  Axel  Erdmann  and  Professor 
Noreen  of  Upsala,  Professor  Storm  of  Christiania,  Professor  O.  Jespersen  of  Copenhagen,  Senor  Don  Rufino 
Cuervo,  author  of  a  Spanish  Etymological  Dictionary,  Professor  J.  Rhys,  Mr.  W.  R.  Morfill,  M.A.,  Professor 
Margoliouth,  M.A.,  Mr.  J.  T.  Platts,  M.A.,  and  Rev.  Dr.  G.  U.  Pope,  for  very  frequent  help  in  tracing  the 
etymology  and  history  of  words  from  French,  German,  Dutch,  Norse,  Celtic,  Slavonic,  Arabic,  Persian, 
Hindustani,  Tamil,  and  other  Oriental  languages. 

From  most  of  the  scholars  and  specialists  already  named  in  Vol.  I,  help  has  also  been  received  in  the 
present  volume ;  to  their  names  must  be  added  those  of  Sir  W.  R.  Anson,  Bart,  Warden  of  All  Souls,  the 
Rev.  Andrew  Clark,  M.A.,  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth,  M.A.,  Prof.  P.  Gardner,  M.A.,  Prof.  Ray  Lankester,  F.R.S., 
Dr.  R.  L.  Poole,  all  of  Oxford,  Mr.  A.  J.  Hipkins  (for  names  of  Musical  Instruments),  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
Stevenson,  of  the  Record  Office,  London. 

1  The  ranks  of  our  voluntary  workers  have  meanwhile  been  filled  up  by  Mr.  James  Bartlett,  M.A.,  Cloverlea,  Bramley,  Guildford,  who  has 
subedited  G,  and  commenced  work  on  R,  the  Rev.  Canon  R.  Morris,  D.D.,  Eaton,  Eccleston,  Cheshire,  who  has  subedited  part  of  I,  and  Mr.  H.  A. 
Nesbitt,  of  7  Newburgh  Road,  Acton,  who  has  done  a  portion  of  N. 


viii 


PREFACE  TO  VOLUME  II. 


The  volume  has  been  especially  enriched  by  the  assistance  of  Sir  Frederick  Pollock,  Bart.,  and  Professor 
F.  W.  Maitland  of  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  in  words  connected  with  legal  antiquities,  of  Miss  Edith 
Thompson  in  the  investigation  of  words  belonging  to  English  History,  of  Mr.  W.  T.  Thiselton  Dyer,  F.R.S., 
F.L.S.,  in  the  history  of  plant  names  and  botanical  terms,  of  Professor  Alfred  Newton  of  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  in  ornithological  terms,  of  Professor  Albert  W.  Chester  of  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.Y.,  in 
mineralogical  terms,  of  Dr.  W.  Sykes,  F.S.A.,  of  Gosport,  in  the  history  of  medical  and  pathological  words, 
of  Mr.  Alexander  Beazeley,  C.E.,  in  the  history  of  architectural  terms,  of  the  Rev.  Principal  Fairbairn  in  the 
history  of  several  theological  terms,  of  the  late  Dr.  E.  Hatch,  and  the  Rev.  F.  E.  Warren,  M.A.,  in  some 
ecclesiastical  and  liturgical  words,  and  of  Mr.  R.  B.  Prosser,  formerly  of  the  Patent  Office,  in  the  history  of 
recent  technical  terms  connected  with  arts  and  manufactures.  Acknowledgement  has  also  to  be  made  of 
the  kindness  of  Professor  J.  M.  Dixon,  late  of  the  Imperial  University,  T6ky6,  Japan,  now  of  the  Washington 
University,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  who  presented  to  us  the  whole  of  the  quotations  collected  for  his  valuable 
Diciio7iary  of  Idiomatic  Englisli  Phrases,  furnished  with  full  references  to  the  authors  and  works  cited. 

In  some  earlier  parts  of  the  letter,  especially  in  CE-,  Cl-,  I  had  the  advantage  of  the  collaboration  of 
Mr.  Henry  Bradley,  who  has  since  edited  the  letter  E,  and  is  now  occupied  with  F.  The  assistants  in  the 
Scriptorium  who  have  co-operated  with  me  in  the  production  of  the  volume,  and  whose  share  in  the  work  is 
recorded  with  warm  appreciation,  are  Mr.  John  Mitchell,  Mr.  Walter  Worrall,  B.A.,  Mr.  A.  T.  Maling,  M.A., 
Mr.  C.  Balk,  and  (for  part  of  the  letter)  Mr.  A.  Erlebach,  B.A.,  Mr.  G.  Morrison,  and  Mr.  F.  J.  Sweatman. 


JAMES  A.  H.  MURRAY. 


The  ScRirTORiuM,  Oxkorp, 
October,  1S93. 


ADDITIONS  AND  EMENDATIONS. 


Cent2.    Etymology.    The  Romanic  origin  is  established:  juego  de  los  cienlos,  i.e.  'hundred-game'  is  the  Spanish  name  of  piquet.  C.r. 

ClENTO. 

Clead,  deed,  v.    Etymology.    Omit  the  eighth  line,  and  substitute  '  f.  ilseSi  sb. :  see  Cloth.' 

Clever.  What  is  perhaps  an  example  of  this  word,  of  date  1470,  and  from  Norfolk,  where  Sir  T.  Browne  located  it,  occurs  in  the  Paston 
Letters,  No.  656  (II.  415),  printed  '  if  it  be  soo  that  all  thynge  go  olyver  currant ' ;  where  '  clyver '  is  perhaps  the  reading  of  the  (now  lost;  MS.  ; 
cf.  the  dialectal  uses  under  15. 

Coincide,  and  its  derivatives,  are  treated  in  a  scholarly  monograph  by  H.  E.  Shepherd,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Philology,  vol.  I.  pp.  271- 
2S0,  in  which  the  history  of  the  words  in  the  medieval  Latin  of  Roger  Bacon  and  the  English  writers  of  the  17  c.  is  traced  with  much  fullness. 
For  the  verb,  in  sense  3,  earlier  instances  are  given  from  Berkeley  (1705)  Works  IV.  442,  and  \Y.  Wollaston  (1709)  in  Nichols  Illustr.  Lit. 
L  201. 

Corduroy  (spelt  eorderoy)  has  now  been  found,  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Trosser,  a  little  earlier.  Chadwick's  Patent,  No.  1093,  of  1774,  specifies  inter 
alia, '  cotton  corderoys,  cotton  and  linen  corderoys'. 

Cowl  si.2  Prof.  Skeat  points  out  the  OE.  form  atfel,  pi.  cuflas,  of  date  963-84,  in  Carta!.  Saxon,  (ed.  Birch)  367,  '  ii  curias  &  l>ry  trosas' 
[two  cowls  and  three  troughs].  This  makes  certain  its  relationship  to  OHG.  chubil,  whether  originally  Teutonic,  or  of  West  Germanic  adoption 
from  Latin. 


KEY  TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION. 


I.  CONSONANTS. 

b,  d,  f,  k,  1,  m,  n,  p,  t,  v,  z  have  their  usual  values. 


g  as  in  go  (go"). 

h   ...  ho !  (hou). 

r    ...  run  (rra),  terrier  (te'rioj). 

l    ...  her  (har),  farther  (fau?5aj). 

s    ...  Jee  (si"),  cetj  (ses). 

w  ...  teen  (wen). 

hw...  when  (hwen). 

y    ...  ytl  (yes). 


ORDINARY. 

a  as  in  Fr.  a  la  mode  (a  la  mod'). 
ai  ...  aye  =yts  (ai),  Isa/ah  (aizaia). 
a?  ...  man  (msen). 

pass  (pas),  chant  (tjant). 
loud  (laud),  now  (nau). 
c»t  (kct),  son  (svn). 
yet  (yet),  ten  (ten). 
survey  si.  (si;\iv<;),  Fr.  attache"  (atafe). 
Fr.  chef  (J6f). 

ever  (evaj),  naU'on  (ne'-fon). 

/,  eye,  (ai),  bj'nd  (baind). 

Fr.  eau  de  vie  (J  d?  vj"). 

s;'t  (sit),  mystic  (mistik). 

Psyche  (sai-kj),  react  (r/,je'kt). 

achor  (e'-kor),  morality  (morailiti). 

oil  (oil),  boy  (boi). 

hero  (hliTo),  zoology  (zO|plod:$i). 

what  (hwjt),  watch  (wgtf). 

got  (got),  soft  (s^Sft). 

Ger.  Koln  (koln). 

Fr.  pea  (po). 

fall  (ful),  book  (buk). 

daration  (diure''Jan). 

unto  (fnt«),  fragality  (fra-). 

Mattb/w  (mavjia),  virtae  (vaMtia). 

Ger.  Mailer  (mirier). 

a  ...  Fr.  dane  (dan). 

•  (see  Jj,  ea,  oa,  u»))  ,  T 

,      ,       ,       '     '  y  see  Vol.  I,  p.  xxiv,  note  X. 

',  »  (see  fl,  o")       j  1 

'  as  in  able  (e'b'l),  eaten  (7t'n)  =  voice-glide. 


a 
au 
v 
e 
e 

H 

3 

ai 
I* 
i 
i 
o 
oi 
o 
9 

e,l>* 

II  o 
\\o 

u 

iu 

7« 

ia 
II U 


p  as  in  Min  (}>in),  ba/h  (ba]>). 

(FOREIGN.) 

8 

...  Men  (Sen),  ba//;e  (be'S). 

n  as  in  French  nasal,  environ  (anv/ron). 

i 

...   shop  (jpp),  dish  (dij). 

Iy  ...  It.  seraglio  (strS-lfy). 

<J 

...  e/;op  (t/op),  di/e/j  (ditj). 

n*  ...  It.  si^«orc  (ithWr*). 

5 

...  virion  (vi'jan),  de/euner  (depone). 

X  ...  (ier.  a,-//  (ax),  Sc.  loch  (lox,  loxw). 

^ 

...  jadgs  (d^vdi). 

Xy  ...  Cer.  \ch  (ixy),  Sc.  nicht  (ntxyt). 

■J 

...  singing  (si-rjirj),  thi«k  (J>iijk). 

y  ...  Ger.  sageo  (za^ea). 

OS 

...  fiwfer  (firjgaj). 

...  Ger.  le^en,  re^nen  (le^'en,  rry*nen). 

II.  VOWELS. 

LONG. 

OBSCURE. 

a 

as  in  alms  (amz),  bar  (ba.i). 

a  as  in  amceba  (am;  La). 

e  (e»)... 
e(e1)... 
e 

5 


c«rl  (k5il),  far  (fvx). 
there  (5i»j),  pear,  pare  (pe*j). 
rem,  rain  (re:n),  they  (Se>). 
Fr.  fa/re  (i/r'). 

fir  (foa),  fern  (fa\m),  earth  (5j}>). 


I  (I')...  b/er  (bisj),  dear  (kll»i). 

i      ...  thief  (J>/f)»  (s»)- 

o(o»)...  boar,  bore  (bo»j),  glory  (glo-)-ri). 

o  (ou)...  so,  sow  (sou),  seal  (so°l). 

J      ...  w«/k  (wgk),  wart  (wgit). 

p      ...  short  (J(5it),  thorn  ()>pm). 

II 6      ...  Fr.  coear  (kor). 

||o      ...  Ger.  Go'the  (gote),  Fr.  je/inc  feon). 

u  (u»)  ..  poor  (pu»j),  moorish  (muo-rij). 

iu,'D...  p//re  (piu»j),  lare  (l'u»j). 

u      ...  two  moons  (t;7  mum). 

iii, !«...  few  (fi«),  late  (l'at). 

|| a      ...  Ger.  gran  (gr;7n),  Fr.  jas  ($il). 


x   ...  accept  [ikse'pt), maniac  (m^'niak). 


&  ...  datam  (d/'-tom). 

e  ...  moment  (moo  ment),  several  (several). 

e  ...  cepaiate  (adj.)  (se'par/t). 

e  ...  adddid  (jc-ded),  estate  (cst^'-t). 


...  vanj'ty  (vae'nlli). 

...  remain  (r;m£Ti-n^,  believe  (bilrv). 

...  theory  (Jjrori). 


violet  (vai'olet),  parody  (parrodi). 

aathority  (f\o  riti). 

connect  (kf?ne'kt),  amazon  (x'miipn). 


iii,  'u  verdare  (vaudiiu),  measure  (me'j'ui). 
ii  ...  altogether  (gltage'ffai). 
iu  ...  circalar  (sa'akialiu). 


*  p  the  o  in  soft,  of  medial  or  doubtful  length. 


I  Only  in  foreign  (or  earlier  English)  words. 


In  the  Etymology, 


OE.  e,  o,  representing  an  earlier  a,  are  distinguished  as  i,  p  (having  the  phonetic  value  of  e  and  p,  or  g,  above);  as  in  tnde  from  audi  (OHG.  anli, 

Goth,  andei-s),  mpnn  from  maim,  pn  from  an. 


LIST  OF 


ABBREVIATIONS,   SIGNS,  &c 


a.  [in  Etymol.]  ...  =  adoption  of,  adopted  from. 

a  (as  a  1 300)    =  ante,  before. 

a.,  adj.,  adj   =  adjective. 

absol.,  absol   —  absolutely. 

abst   =  abstract. 

acc   =  accusative. 

ad.  [in  Etymol.]...  =  adaptation  of. 

adv.,  adv   =  adverb. 

advb.  '.   —  adverbial,  -ly. 

AI\,  AFr   =  Anglo-French. 

Anat   =  in  Anatomy. 

Antiq   ■--  in  Antiquities. 

aphet   =  aphetic,  aphetized. 

app   —  apparently. 

Arab   =  Arabic. 

Arch   «=  in  Arcliitectnre. 

arch   =  archaic. 

Archteol.   =  in  Archaeology. 

asso;   =  association. 

Astr.    -  in  Astronomy. 

Astrol.    =  in  Astrology. 

atlrib   =  attributive,  -ly. 

bef.   =  before. 

Biol.    =  in  Biology. 

Boh   —  Bohemian. 

Bot.   =  in  Botany. 

Build.   =  in  Building. 

c  (as  1-1300)    =  tirca,  about. 

c  (as  13th  c.)          =  century. 

Cat   =  Catalan. 

catachr   =  catachrestically. 

Cf.|  cf.   confer,  compare 

Client   m  in  Chemistry. 

cl.  L   =  classical  Latin. 

cogn.  w   =  cognate  with. 

collect   -  collective,  -ly. 

colhij   —  colloquially. 

comb   —  combined,  -ing. 

Comb   =  Combinations. 

Conun   =  in  commercial  usage. 

comp   =  compound,  composition. 

compl   =  complement. 

Conch   =  in  Conchology. 

toner   —  concretely. 

conj.    =  conjunction. 

cons   —  consonant. 

Const.,  Const.    ...  =  Construction,  construed 
with. 

Cryst.   =»  in  Crystallography. 

(D.)    —  in  Davies  (Supp.  Eng.  » 

Glossaiy). 

Da   =  Danish. 

dat   — -  dative. 

def.    =  definite. 

deriv   —  derivative,  -ation. 

dial.,  dial.    ■  dialect,  -al. 

Diet   —  Dictionary. 

dim   -»  diminutive. 

Du   -  Dutch. 

Eccl.    in  ecclesiastical  usage. 

ellipt   =  elliptical,  -ly. 

e.  midl   —  east  midland  (dialect). 

Eng   —  English. 

Ent   =  in  Entomology. 

erron   =  erroneous,  -ly. 

esp.,  csp   —  especially. 

ctym.  ...    =  etymology. 

eiiphcm   ■  euphemistically. 

exc   —  except.  ^ 

f.  4in  Etymol. ]  ...  =  formed  on. 
f.  (in  subordinate 

entries)    =  fo:m  of. 

fern,  {rarely  f.)  ...  =  feminine. 
Jig.    —  figurative,  -ly. 

F.  ,  Fr   —  F  rench. 

freq   =  frequently. 

F"ris.    =  F'risian. 

G.  ,  Ger   —  German. 

Gael   =  Gaelic. 


gen   t-.  genitive. 

gtn   =  general,  -ly. 

gen.  sign   m  general  signification. 

Geol   *=  m  Geology. 

Geo m   —  in  Geometry. 

Goth   =  Gothic  (=  Mceso-Golhic). 

Gr   =;  Greek. 

Gram   —  in  Grammar. 

lleb   «=  Hebrew. 

Her.    in  Heraldry. 

Herb   =  with  herbalists. 

Horl   =  in  Horticulture. 

imp   =  Imperative. 

impers   =  impersonal. 

impf.    =  imperfect. 

in  J.   =  Indicative. 

indef.    -=  indefinite. 

inf.    =«  Infinitive. 

infl   —  influenced. 

int   =  interjection. 

inlr.    =  intransitive. 

It.    ^  Italian. 

J.,  (J.)    -=  Johnson  (quotation  from). 

(Jam.)   =  in  Jamieson,  Scottish  Diet. 

(Jod.)   =  Jodrell  (quoted  from). 

L   "  Latin. 

(L.)(in quotations)  —  I.atham's  edn.  of  Todd's 

lang   =  language.  [Johnson. 

LG   =  Low  German. 

lit   =  literal,  -ly. 

Lith   —  Lithuanian. 

LXX   —  Septuagint. 

Mai   =  Malay. 

masc.  (rarely  m.)    =  masculine. 

Math   =  in  Mathematics. 

ME   =  Middle  English. 

Med.    m  in  Medicine. 

med.I   =  mediaeval  Latin. 

Mech   =  in  Mechanics. 

Metaph   -*  in  Metaphysics. 

MUG   =  Middle  High  German. 

midl   —  midland  (dialect). 

Mil.    =  in  military  usage. 

Min   =  in  Mineralogy. 

mod   =  modern. 

Mus   =  in  Music. 

(N.)    —  Nares  (quoted  from). 

n.  of  action   «=  noun  of  action. 

n.  of  agent   «=  noun  of  agent. 

Nat.  Hist   =  in  Natural  History. 

Naut   =  in  nautical  language. 

neut.  {rarely  n.)     »»  neuter. 

NF..  NFr   -  Northern  French. 

N.  O   -  Natural  Order. 

nom   —  nominative. 

north   =  northern  (dialect). 

N.  T   =  New  Testament. 

Nnmism   =  in  Numismatics. 

obj   ••  object. 

Obs.,obs.,  obs.  ...  =  obsolete. 

occas   =  occasional,  -ly. 

OE.   =  Old  English  (-Anglo- 

Saxon). 

OF.,  OFr.   -  Old  French. 

OFris.    —  Old  Frisian. 

OHG   -  Old  High  German. 

Olr   =  Old  Irish. 

ON   =  Old  NorseXOld  Icelandic) 

ONF   -  Old  Northern  French. 

Opt.   -  in  Optics. 

Omith   —  in  Ornithology. 

OS   -  Old  Saxon. 

OS!   Old  Slavonic. 

O.  T   =  Old  Testament. 

OTeut   =  Original  Teutonic. 

orig   =■  original,  -ly. 

Palxont   •-=  in  Palaeontology. 

pa.  pple   =  passive  or  past  participle. 

pass   —  passive,  -ly. 


pa.  t   «  past  tense. 

Path   —  in  Pathology. 

perh   =  perhaps. 

Pers   =  Persian. 

pers   =  person,  -aU 

pf.    =  perfect. 

Pg   =  Portuguese. 

Philol.    =  in  Philology. 

phonet   =  phonetic,  -ally. 

phr.   =  phrase. 

Phren   =  in  Phrenology. 

Phys   =  in  Physiology. 

[>\.,pl.    =  plural. 

poet.   =  poetic. 

pop   —  popular,  -ly. 

a.,  ppl.  adj....  =  participial  adjective. 

pple   =  participle. 

Pr   =  Provencal. 

prec   =  preceding  (word  or  article^. 

pre/.    •«  prefix. 

prep.    ■»  preposition. 

prts   =  present. 

Prim,  sign   =  Primary  signification, 

priv   =  privative. 

prob   =  probably. 

pron   =  pronoun. 

pronunc   =  pronunciation. 

prop   =  properly. 

Pros   =  in  Prosody. 

pr.  pple   —  present  participle. 

Psych   =  in  Psychology. 

q.v   =  quod  vide,  which  see. 

(K.)    =  in  Richardson's  Diet. 

K.  C.  Ch   —  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

refash   —  refashioned,  -ing. 

tv/?.,  refl   =  reflexive. 

reg   =»  regular. 

repr   =  representative,  representing. 

Ahet   =  in  Rhetoric. 

Rom   —  Romanic,  Romance. 

sb.,  sb.    —  substantive. 

Sc   —  Scotch. 

sc   =  jf»7/V«/,understandorsiipply. 

sing.    =  singular. 

Skr   —  Sanskrit. 

Slav   =  Slavonic. 

Sp   m  Spanish. 

sp   —  spelling. 

spec   —  specifically. 

subj   =  subject,  subjunctive. 

subord.  cl.    =  subordinate  clause. 

subseq   —  subsequently. 

subst   «•  substantively. 

suff.   =  suffix. 

superl   "  superlative. 

Surg'.    •«  in  Surgery. 

Sw   —  Swedish. 

i.w.   —  south  western  (dialect). 

T.  (T.)    -  in  Todd's  Johnson. 

techn   =  technical,  -ly. 

Theol.   =  in  Theology. 

tr.    —  translation  of. 

trans   —  transitive. 

trans/.    =  transferred  sense. 

Trig.    —  in  Trigonometry. 

Typog.    -  in  Typography. 

ult   =  ultimate,  -ly. 

unkn   «=  unknown. 

U.S   -  United  States. 

v.,  vb   =  verb. 

v.  sir.,  or  iv   «=  verb  strong,  or  weak. 

vbl.  sb   =  verbal  substantive. 

var   =  variant  o£ 

wd   —  word. 

WGer   =  West  Germanic. 

w.midl   —  west  midland  (dialect). 

WS   -  West  Saxon. 

(Y.)   —  in  Col.  Yule's  Glossary. 

'/.ool.    =  in  Zoology. 


Before  a  word  or  sense. 

f  ■  obsolete. 

.  «  not  naturalized. 

In  the  quotations. 
•  sometimes  points  out  the  word  illustrated. 


In  the  list  of  Forms. 

1  =  before  1100. 

2  —  1 2th  c.  (1100  to  1200). 

3  «=  13th  c.  (1200  to  1300). 

5-7  "  15th  to  17th  century.   (See  General  Explan- 
ations, Vol.  I,  p.  xx.) 


In  the  Etymol. 
*  indicates  a  word  or  form  not  actually  found,  but 

of  which  the  existence  is  inferred. 
:—  =  extant  representative,  or  regular  phonetic 

descendant  of. 


The  printing  of  a  word  in  Small  Capitals  indicates  that  further  information  will  b2  found  under  the  word  so  referred  to. 


C(si),  the  third  letterof  the  Roman  alphabet,  was 
originally  identical  with  the  Greek  Gamma, 
r,  and  Semitic  Gimcl,  whence  it  derived  its  form 
through  the  successive  types  l~,  <,  C.  The  Greek 
Kappa,  K,  being  from  the  first  little  used  by  the 
Romans,  C  functioned  in  earlier  Latin  both  as  (g) 
and  (k) ;  the  latter  sound  being  the  more  frequent 
came  to  be  viewed  as  the  more  appropriate  to  C, 
and  about  300-230  B.C.,  a  modified  character,  Q 
or  Q,  was  introduced  for  the  (g)  sound,  and  C 
itself  retained  for  the  (k)  sound.  Hence,  in  the 
classical  period  and  after,  Q  was  treated  as  the 
phonetic  representative  of  Gamma,  and  C  as  the 
equivalent  of  Kappa,  in  the  transliteration  of  Greek 
words  into  Roman  spelling,  as  in  KAAMOS, 
KTPOS,  4-HKI2,  in  Roman  letters  CADMVS, 
CYRVS,  PHOCIS. 

fWhen  the  Roman  alphabet  was  introduced  into 
llritain,  C  had  only  the  sound  (k) ;  and  this  value  of 
the  letter  has  been  retained  by  all  the  insular  Celts : 
in  Welsh,  Irish,  Gaelic,  C,  c,  is  still  only  =  (.k). 
The  Old  English  or  '  Anglo-Saxon '  writing  was 
learned  from  the  Celts,  apparently  of  Ireland ;  hence 
C,  c,  in  Old  English,  was  also  originally  =  (k)  J 
the  words  kin,  break,  broken,  thick,  seek,  were  in 
OE.  written  cyn,  brecan,  brocen,  pice,  Si'oc.  But 
during  the  course  of  the  OE.  period,  the  k-sound 
before  e  and  i  became  palatalized,  and  had  by  the 
10th  c.  advanced  nearly  or  quite  to  the  sound  oF 
(tj),  though  still  written  c,  as  in  cir(i)ce,  ivrecc{e)a. 
On  the  continent,  meanwhile,  a  similar  phonetic 
change  had  also  been  going  on.  ("Original  Latin 
C  (  =  k)  before  c,  i,  had  by  palatalization  advanced 
in  Italy  to  the  sound  of  (tj),  and  in  France  still 
further  to  that  of  (ts).  «  Yet  for  these  new  sounds 
the  old  character  C,  c,  was  still  retained  before  e 
and  i,  the  letter  thus  acquiring  two  distinct  values. 
Moreover  the  sound  (k)  also  occurred  in  French 
before  e  and  I  (chiefly  as  a  representative  of  Latin 
qu) ;  this  was  now  expressed  in  Northern  French 
by  the  Greek  letter  K,  k  ;  so  that  the  sound  (k) 
had  two  symbols,  k  and  Cywhile  the  symbol  c  had 
two  sounds  (k  and  ts).JrThese  French  inconsis- 
tencies as  to  C  and  K  were,  after  the  Norman 
Conquest,  applied  to  the  writing  of  English,  which 
caused  a  considerable  re-spelling  of  the  Old  Eng- 
lish words._)  Thus  while  OE.  candel,  clif,  com, 
crop,  at,  remained  unchanged,  Cent,  aeg  (ceg),  cynz, 
brece,  scoce,  were  now  (without  any  change  of  sound) 
spelt  Kent,  ie),  kyng,  breke,\  seoke ;  even  cniht 
was  subsequently  spelt  kniHt,  knight,  and  pic,  pice, 
became  thik,  thikk,  thick,  i^he  OE.  cm-  was  also 
at  length  (very  unnecessarily)  displaced  by  the  Fr. 
quo,  qu,  so  that  the  OE.  cwen,  civic,  became  ME. 
qwen,  quen,  qivik,  quik,  now  queen,  quick.  The 
sound  (tj)  to  which  OE.  palatalized  c  had  ad- 
vanced, also  occurred  in  French,  chiefly  (in  Central 
French)  from  Latin  c  before  a.  In  French  it  was 
represented  by  eh,  as  in  champ,  cher :— L.  camp-um, 
car-urn  ;  and  this  spelling  was  now  introduced  into 
English  :  the  Hatton  Gospels,  written  about  1160, 
have  in  Matt,  i-iii,  child,  chyld,  riche,  mychel,  for 
the  Hid,  rice,  mycel,  of  the  OE.  version  whence 
they  were  copied  :  this  was,  phonetically,  an  im- 
provement. Jn  these  cases,  the  OE.  c  gave  place 
to  k,  qu,  ch  ;  Tlut,  on  the  other  hand,  c  in  its  new 
value  of  (ts)  came  in  largely  in  Fr.  words  like  pro- 
Vox,.  II. 


c. 


cessiun,  cmperice,  grace,  and  was*  also  substituted 
for  ts  in  a  few  OE.  words,  as  millse,  bletsien,  in 
early  ME.  milce,  blecicn.  By  the  end  of  the  13th  c. 
both  in  France  and  England,  this  sound  (ts)  was 
reduced  to  simple  (s) ;  and  from  that  date  c  before 
e,  i,  y,  has  been,  phonetically,  a  duplicate  or  sub- 
sidiary letter  to  s  ;  used  either  for  '  etymological' 
reasons,  as  in  lance,  cent,  or  (in  defiance  of  ety- 
mology) to  avoid  the  ambiguity  due  to  the 
'  etymological '  use  of  s  for  (z),  as  in  ace,  mice, 
once,  pence,  defencej 

Thus,  on  the  plea  ofshowing  the  etymology,  we  write  cut- 
vise,  devise,  instead  of  advize,  devize,  which  obliges  us  to 
write  advice,  device,  dice,  ice,  mice,  twice,  etc.,  in  defiance 
of  the  etymology  ;  bad  example  has  extended  this  to  hem  e, 
pence,  defence,  etc.,  where  there  is  no  plea  whatever  for  c. 
Former  generations  also  wrote  settee  for  sense. 

Hence,  in  modern  English,  C  has  ( 1 )  the  '  hard ' 
sound  (k)  before  a,  0,  u,  before  a  consonant  (except 
h),  and  when  final,  as  in  cab,  col,  cut,  claw,  crow, 
acme,  cycle,  sac,  tic,  epic  ;  (3)  before  e,  i,y,  it  has  the 
'  soft '  sound  (s).  In  all  words  from  Old  Bjiglish 
or  Old  French,  final  c  is  avoided :  the  (k)  sound 
being  written  k  or  ck,  as  in  beak,  meek,  oak,  book, 
bark,  balk,  bank,  pack,  peck,  pick,  rock.  This 
is  probably  due  to  the  claims  of  derivatives  like 
meeker,  oaken,  barking,  rocky,  where  c  could  not 
be  used.  Final  c  however  is  written  in  modern 
words  from  Latin,  Greek,  or  other  languages,  and 
(of  late)  in  the  ending  -ic,  as  in  sac,  tic,  epic,  critic, 
music,  pic-nic.  In  the  rare  cases  in  which  this  c 
is  followed  in  inflexion  by  e  or  i,  it  is  necessary  to 
change  it  to  ck,  as  in  physicking,  mimicking,  frolick- 
ing, trafficker,  pic-nicker.  When  the  (s)  sound 
is  final,  it  must  be  written  -ce,  as  in  trace,  ice, 
thrice,  and  this  final  e  must  be  retained  in  compo- 
sition before  a,  0,  u,  as  in  trace-able,  peace-able. 
(3)  Ci  (rarely  ce)  preceding  another  vowel  has 
frequently  the  sound  of  ( J ),  esp.  in  the  endings 
-cious,  -cial,  -cion,  as  atrocious,  glacial,  coercion 
{ocean).  This  sound  (which  is  also  taken  by  t  in 
the  same  position)  has  been  developed  in  com- 
paratively modern  times  by  palatalization  of  (s). 

In  a  few  words  from  foreign  languages,  c  retains 
the  foreign  pronunciation,  as  in  It.  cicerone 
(tJVtJirnrnd). 

The  combination  CII  virtually  constitutes  a  dis- 
tinct letter,  having  a  history  and  sound  of  its  own, 
and  as  such  it  receives  a  separate  place  in  the  alpha 
bet  of  some  languages,  e.g.  Spanish,  Welsh.  In  Eng- 
lish it  is  not  so  treated,  and  the  CH-  words  art- 
placed  in  Dictionaries  and  alphabetical  lists  be- 
tween Ce-  and  Ci-.  This  inclusion  of  CH  in  the 
middle  of  C  is  one  reason  why  the  latter  occupies 
so  large  a  space  in  the  Dictionary  :  C  is  virtually 
two  letters  in  one,  since  beside  the  series  ca-,  ce-, 
ci-,  el-,  etc.,  there  is  the  parallel  series  cha-,  che-, 
chi-,chl-,  etc.  For  the  history  and  sounds  of  CH, 
see  before  the  beginning  of  the  Ch-  words. 

c  1000  ^Elfric  Gram.  iii.  (Z.)  6  B,  c,  d,  g,  p,  t,  geendjaS  on 
«'.  1588  J.  Mellis  Briefe  Instr.  D  vij,  Goe  to  your  Calen- 
der to  the  letter  C.  and  there  enter  Chyst.  a  1682  Sir  T. 
Browne  Tracts  126  The  long  poem  of  Hugbaldus  the 
Monk,  wherein  every  word  beginneth  with  a  C.  1885 
Goschen  in  Pall  Mall  G.  5  Nov.  6/1  The  '  Three  C's'  of 
Foreign  Policy,  .cleanhandedness,  continuity,  and  courage. 
1887  Spectator  19  Mar.  395/1  [He]  writes  Corinthians  now 
with  a  '  C ',  as  Professor  Jowett  writes  it. 

2.  C  springs  :  see  Cee  (springs). 
II.  1.  Used  like  the  other  letters  of  the  alphabet 


(see  A,  li)  to  denote  serial  order,  with  the  value 
of  third,  as  quire  C,  the  third  'quire'  or  sheet  of 
a  book,  'Horse  Artillery,  li  Brigade,  13  and  C 
Batteries,  Woolwich'.  So  with  the  subdivisions 
of  the  longer  articles  in  this  Dictionary  (see 
General  Explanations,  p.  xi.). 

2.  spec.  a.  in  Music  :  The  name  of  the  first  note, 
or  key-note,  of  the  '  natural '  major  scale  ;  called 
also  C  in  Germany,  in  France  Ut,  in  Italy  Do. 
Also,  the  scale  or  key  which  has  that  note  ^or  its 
tonic. 

1596  SHAKS.  Tarn.  Shr.  III.  i.  76  C  fa  vt,  that  loues  with  all 
,  affection.  178a  Burhey  Hist.  Music  II.  13  The  sounds  be- 
longing to  the  key  of  C.  natural.  1864  Browning  Abt 
Voglefxu,  For  my  resting-place  is  found,  The  C  Major  of 
this  life.  1879  Grove  Diet,  of  us.  I.  205  The  famous  Quartet 
in  C,  dedicated  to  Haydn. 

b.  In  abstract  reasoning,  hypothetical  argu- 
mentation, law,  etc.  C  is  put  for  a  third  person 
or  thing.    (Cf.  A  II.  4.) 

1864  liowEN  Logic(i%jo)  243  If  B  is  A  and  B  is  C,  the  two 
conclusions  A  is  C,  or  C  is  A  are  equally  competent. 

3.  In  Algebra  ;  (see  A  II.  5).  In  the  higher 
mathematics,  c  is  especially  used  to  denote  a  con- 
stant, as  distinguished  from  a  variable  quantity. 

III.  Abbreviations. 

1.  C,  now  rarely  c.  =  L.  centum  a  hundred  ;  the 
common  sign  for  100  in  Roman  numerals,  as  in 
dates,  numbering  of  books  or  chapters  ;  so  CC  = 
200,  CCCC  or  CD  =  400 ;  formerly  written  ii.e, 
etc.    Also  formerly  =  hundredweight,  now  cwt. 

1420  E.  E.  Wilts  (1882)  46  Also  iij.c  of  ledyn  wyjtis.  1509 
Hawes  Past.  Pleas,  xix.  xxii,  The  shyp  was  great  fyve  c. 
tonne  to  charge.  "535  Coverdale  2  Sam.  xxi.  16  Thre  C. 
weight  of  brasse.  — judg.  xvi.sSowyllwegeuetheeuery 
man  a  M.  and  an  C.  syluerlinges.  1709  Loud.  Gaz.  No. 
4509/3  About  2S.  per  C.    Mod.  The  year  of  our  Lord 

MDCCCI.XXXVIl. 

2.  Music.  '  As  a  sign  of  time  C  stands  for  com- 
mon time,  4  crotchets  in  a  bar  ;  and  (j*  for  allabreve 
time,  with  2  or  4  minims  in  a  bar '  (Grove  Diet. 
Music).  C  =  Counter-tenor,  or  Contralto;  C.F.  = 
canto  fermo. 

3.  C.  =  various  proper  names,  as  Charles,  Caius  ; 
C.  =Cardinal  {obs.).  C  (Chem.) Carbon;  C  {Electri- 
city) current;  C.  =  Centigrade  (thermometer);  c. 
chapter;  c.  century;  c.  {Cricket)  caught ;  c.  (before 
adate)  =  Lat.  circa  about ;  c.  (in  a  dental  formula 
in  Zoology)  canine  teeth.  C  A.  Chartered  Ac- 
countant (Scotland)  ;  C.B.  Companion  of  the 
Bath;  CE.  Civil  Engineer;  CM.  Master  of  Sur- 
gery ;  also  in  Hymns  -  common  metre ;  CP.  '  con- 
victed poacher  ' ;  CS.  Civil  Service. 

1549  Latimer  Serm.  bef.Ediv.  VI,  v.  (Arb.)  133  M.  Latimer 
lamentes  the  defection  of  C.  Pole.  1842  E.  Turner  Mem. 
Chem.  11.  ii.  179  Carbon  C.  . .  it  is  much  to  be  wished  that 
these  symbols,  being  now  generally  known,  should  be  rigor- 
ously adhered  to.  Berzelius  has  properly  selected  them  from 
Latin  names,  as  being  knownto  all  civilized  nations.  1881 
Thompson  Electr.  <$•  Magti,  vi.  307  The  number  of  webers 
per  second  of  current  flowing  through  a  circuit  is  equal  to 
the  number  of  volts  of  electromotive-force  divided  by  the 

number  of  ohms  of  resistance  in  the  entire  circuit.   C=  j^. 

1882  Daily  News  30  May  3/7  G.  B.  Studd  was  missed 
twice— first  by  Palmer  from  an  easy  chance  of  'c  and  b.' 
1884  Lillywhite's,.0/CAV/v-tM«.  76  C.  R.  Seymour  c  Chester 
b  Barratt  34.    1855  Owen  Siet.      Teeth  304  The  homolo- 

I   gies  of  the  typical  formula  may  be  signified  by  /  1,  i  2  ; 

j  e  ;  £  3,  /  4 ;  m  1,  M  2,  m  3.    a  1848  Makrvat  B.  Reefer 
xxxii,  The  fellow  was  put  on  board  with  '  C.  1*.'  before  his 
name.   Mod.  Water  bolls  at  ioo°C. 
Ca,  obs.  form  of  Kae,  n  jackdaw. 
Ca,  ca',  Sc.  form  ot  Cai  k 

1 


CAABA. 


2 


CABALA. 


Ca*(  mod. Sc.  form  of  Call  sb.  and  v.  call,  drive. 

II  Caaba  (kl  abaj.  AlsoKaaba,Kaabeh.  [Arab. 
a.        katbah  square  (or  cubical  house.] 

The  sacred  edifice  at  Mecca,  which  contains  the 
venerated  1  black  stone and  is  the  '  Holy  of 
Holies'  of  Islam.  (See  quot.  1883,  an^  a  photo- 
graphic view  in  the  work  cited.) 

1734  Sale  Koran  16  This  is  the  Caaba,  which  is  usually 
called,  by  way  of  eminence,  the  House.  1761  Gibbon 
Decl.tfF.  L  1798  in  Wellesley's  Desp.  82  The  illustrious 
Kaaba  is  the  object  of  veneration  to  the  followers  of 
truth.  1 855  Milman  Lat.  CAr.(i86>t  II.  tv.  i.  180  The  temple 
of  the  Caaba  was  at  once  the  centre  of  the  commerce 
and  of  the  religion  of  Arabia.  1856  Emerson  Eng.  Traits 
viii.  Wits.  (Bohn>  II.  59  Every  cell  of  the  Inquisition,  every 
Turkish  caaba,  every  Holy  of  holies.  1883  Sunday  at  Home 
1 1  The  Kaabeh . .  is  a  plain  unornamentea  oblong  of  massive 
masonry,  38  feet  by  30  square,  and  40  feet  high,  covered 
with  a  heavy  black  cloth,  of  a  fabric  of  mixed  silk  and 
cotton,  which  has  a  richly  embroidered  band  worked  in 
bullion,  about  two  and  a  half  feet  deep,  encircling  it  about 
ten  feet  from  the  top,  with  the  Kalumna,  the  Moslem  pro- 
fession of  faith,  wrought  in  gold  letters. 

Caal,  Caas,  obs.  forms  of  Call,  Case. 

Caam  kam).  Also  Calm.  [By  Jamieson  iden- 
tified with  Calm  sb-  a  mould,  or  frame ;  but  this 
is  doubtful.]  The  HBDDLn  of  a  loom.  Hence 
Caaming  vol.  sb. 

1792  Adam  Rom.  Antia.  523  The  principal  part  of  the 
machinery  of  a  loom,  vulgarly  called  the  Caam  or  Hiddles. 
composed  of  eyed  or  hooked  threads  through  which  the  warp 
passes,  and  which,  teing  alternately  raised  and  depressed 
by  the  motion  of  the  feet  on  the  Treadles,  raises  or  de- 
presses the  warp,  and  makes  the  shed Tor  transmitting  the 
shuttle  with  the  weft,  seems  also  to  have  been  called  Licia. 
1808  Jamieson  s.v.  Calm.  1874  KmOHT Diet.  Mech.,Caam, 
the  weaver's  reed.  The  sley  or  slaie.  Caaming,  the  setting 
of  the  reed  by  the  disposing  of  the  warp-threads. 

II  Cab  (ka;b),  sbX  Also  kab.  [Heb.  3?  qab,  prop, 
hollow  or  concave  vessel,  f.  up  to  curve,  hollow  out.] 
A  Hebrew  dry  measure,  according  to  the  Rabbins 
the  sixth  part  of  a  seah  ;  about  a|  imperial  pints. 

1535  Coverdale  2  Kings  vi,  25  The  fourth  parte  of  a  Cab 
of  douesdonge  worth  fyue  syluer  pens.  i6xx  ibid.  kab.  1631 
K.  H.  Arraignm.  Whole  Creat.  iv.  29  Worse  meate  than 
huskes  . .  yea  old  Shooes  and  leather  . .  yea,  Cabs,  and 
Doves  dung.  1710  Palmer  Proverbs  364  In  two  %bs  of 
dates  there  is  one  cab  of  stones. 

t  Cab,  sb?  Obs.  An  abridged  and  corrupted 
form  of  cavalier  (or  Sp.  cabatlero),  in  the  17th  c. 

1650  A.  BL  Mutat.  Potemo  16  The  poor  Cabbs  had  been 
all  surprised,  if  not  surrendred  to  our  Parliament  Army. 
Ibid.  18  A  convention  of  the  Scots  States  in  Parliament 
which  puts  the  Cabs,  .into  a  shrewd  fright. 

Cab  (kaeb),j*.* 

1.  A  shortened  form  of  Cabriolet,  applied  not 
only  to  the  original  vehicle  so  named  and  its 
improved  successor  the  'hansom',  but  also  to 
four-wheeled  carriages  shaped  like  broughams; 
thus,  a  public  carriage  with  two  or  four  wheels, 
drawn  by  one  horse,  and  seating  two  or  four  per- 
sons, of  which  various  types  are  used  in  different 
towns,    b.  for  Cabman. 

18*7  Hone  Every-day  Bk.  II.  461  Some  [were]  in  gigs, 
some  in  cabs,  some  in  drags.  1831  Macaulav  Letter  28 
May,  I  dressed,  called  a  cab,  and  was  whisked  away  to  Hill 
Street.  183a  B.  Hall  Fragm.  I'oy.fy  Trav.  Ser.  ti.  V.  115 
Off  I  hurried  in  a  cab,  or  more  probably  in  a  chariot,  for 
this  was  some  years  before  the  glorious  era  of  cabs.  1858 
Lytton  What  will  he  do,  iyc.  vi.  1,  My  cab  is  waiting  yonder. 
1868  Daily  Nexus  30  Dec.  5  Cabs — or  cabriolets,  as  they 
were  first  called — were  not  known  to  us  until  1820.  1850 
Thackeray  Pendennis  x\\\, '  Driveto Shepherd's  Inn,  Cab*. 

2.  A  small  erection,  somewhat  like  the  head 
of  a  cabriolet,  serving  as  a  shelter  to  the  drivers 
of  locomotive  engines. 

1864  in  Webster  s.  v.  Locomotive.  1877  M.  Reynolds 
Locom.  Engine  Driving  (1882)  47  The  cab,  or  covering  for 
the  engine-driver  and  stoker,  is  erected  over  the  foot  plate. 
1883  Harptr's  Mag.  Jan.  198/2  There  is  no  cab,  or  place 
to  put  one. 

3.  attrib.  and  in  Comb.,  as  cab-driver,  -drivings 
-kite,  ■hirer,  -master,  -owner,  -proprietor  ^  -trade  ; 
cab-box,  the  driver's  seat  on  a  cab;  cab  boy, 
a  boy  in  livery  who  attends  his  master  when 
driving  to  hold  the  horse,  etc.,  a  'tiger';  cab- 
car,  a  larger  vehicle  than  a  cab  (see  quot.) ;  cab- 
horse,  a  horse  that  draws  a  cab ;  cab-rank,  a 
row  of  cabs  on  a  stand ;  cab-runner,  cab-tout, 
one  who  makes  a  living  by  calling  cat>s ;  cab- 
stand, a  place  where  cabs  are  authorized  to  stand 
while  waiting  for  hire ;  cab-yard,  a  yard  where 
cabs  are  kept  when  off  duty.    Also  Cabman,  etc. 

1868  Once  a  Week  it  Apr.  32a  Planted  upon  a  London 
*cab-box.  1 8*7  Lytton  Pelkam  xlv,  I  sent  my  Vab-boy 
(vulgo  Tigerltu  inquire  of  the  groom  whether  the  horse  was 
to  be  sold,  and  to  whom  it  belonged.  1882  Daily  News  14 
Jan.  31/4  The  cab  is  termed  a  '  "cab-car  * . .  the  weight . .  is 
balanced  upon  the  two  hind  wheels.  The  cab,  which  will 
contain  five  or  six  persons,  is  entered  from  the  front.  1842 
T.  Martin  in  Erasers  Mag.  Dec.,  A  dozen  or  two  of  "cab- 
drivers.  i860  L».  Lytton  Luc  He  11.  iv.  iv.  7  The  com- 
plaint of  a  much  disappointed  cab-driver,  i860  All  V. 
Round  So.  44.  416  The  business  and  trials  of  Vab-driving. 
1885  Law  Times  LXXIX.  328/2  The  cabdriving  class. 
1840  Thackeray  Paris  Sk.  Bk.  (1885*  134  A  prancing  "cab- 
horse.  1858  Lytton  What  null  he  do,  •  <i86o»  III.  vrt.  vii. 
$8  The  finest  cab  hor*e  'i  Ix>ndnn.     1864  S*f,  Siienit- 


Rev.  I.  407  The  relations  of  "cab-masters  and  cab-men  . . 
*  cab-owners  and  cab-hirers.  1884  St.  James's  Gaz.  25 
Jan.  «/|  Madness  may  be  more  common  on  the  *  cab-rank 
than  is  suspected.  1883  Ibid.  1  June,  The  *cab-runner.  .is 
a  very  undesirable  addition  to  modern  civilization,  i860 
Tristram  67.  Sahara  L  4  Place  Mahon,  now  merely  the 
'cab-stand  of  Algiers.    1863  Ld.  Lytton  RingAmasis  I.  1. 

11.  viii.  190  Order  a  carriage  from  the  nearest  cabstand. 
1883  Daily  Neius  6  June  5/2  When  the  cab  reaches  its  goal 
the  ''cab-tout  makes  himself  busy  in  unlading  the  luggage. 

Cab  (kxb),  sb*  slang,  [short  for  Cabbage  sb.-] 
A  translation  clandestinely  used  by  a  student  in 
getting  up  his  lessons  ;  a  crib. 

1876^  Academy  4  Nov.  448/2  The  use  of  translations, 
'cribs'  or  'cabs',  as  boys  call  them,  must  at  some  time  or 
other  engage  the  serious  attention  of  school-masters. 

Cab,  sb.5  dial,  [short  for  Cabal.]  *  A  small 
number  of  persons  secretly  united  in  the  perform- 
'  ance  of  some  undertaking*.  Parish  Sussex  Dial. 

Cab  (kaeb \  v.1  colloq.  [f.  Cab  sb.$]  intr.  (also 
I  to  cab  it  :  To  travel  or  go  in  a  cab. 

1858  Bailey  Afe  30  Cabbing  from  Hyde  Park  Corner  to 
the  Tower,  i860  Chamb.  Jml.  XIV.  116  We  may  'cab' 
it  . .  we  may  'bus  it ;  or  we  may  go  by  boat.  1866  C.  H. 
Robinson  Diary  III.  520,  I  cabbed  it  home.  x88a  Blackiv. 
Mag.  Feb.  238/1  He.  .cabs  off  to  take  advice. 

Ca,h, v.- s/ang.  [?short  for  Cabbage:  cf.CABj/j.*] 
To  pilfer,  snatch  dishonestly  or  meanly  ;  to  'crib  . 

Mod.  Schoolboy  slang.  You've  cabbed  that  apple  on  your 
way  up. 

Caba.  U.  S.  [ad.  F.  cabas  basket,  panier.}  A 
small  satchel  or  hand-bag. 

1885  Boston  (Mass.)  Jrnl.  7  Sept.  2/4  The  origin  of  the 
word  '  caba '  applying  to  the  small  hand-bag  or  satchel .  .The 
French  cabas,  a  frail  basket,  hand  basket,  etc,  was  used 
1   upon  ladies'  work-boxes  imported  thirty  years  ago. 

liCabaan,  caban  (kaba  n).  [a.  Arab.  &  Pert. 
;   *L*i  qabd*  a  man's  outer  tunic] 

A  white  cloth  worn  by  Arabs  over  their  shoulders. 

1693  Ray  TVar.  (17051 II.  13  Sitting,  .with  a  delicate  white 
turbant,  and  a  long  red  lined  caban.  1863  Kinglake  Crimea 
(1877)  II.  xii.  158  The  gleam  of  his  epaulettes,  half  hidden 
and  half  revealed  by  the  graceful  white  cabaan. 

Cabache,  -a(dlge,  obs.  flf.  Cabbage, Cabochk. 
Caback  (kabx  k).  [Kuss.  kaba'k,  dram-shop.] 
A  Russian  dram-shop  or  pot-house. 

1591  G.  Fletcher  Russe  Co/nmw.  1 18361  58  In  every  great 
towne  of  his  realme  he  hath  a  caback  or  drinking  house, 
i  where  is  sold,  .mead,  beere,  etc.    1678  in  Phillips. 

1  Cabage,".  Obsr0  [?  var.  of  Cabochk.] 

1570  Levins  Mam'/.  11  To  cabage,  mac  tare. 

t  Ca'baging.  Obs.  (See  Cabbage  sb.i  4,  and 
Caboche  V.) 

i575Tl*rberv.  Bk.  Venerie  xluL  130  The  huntsman,  .shall 
take  the  cabaging  of  the  heade,  and  the  heart  of  the  Dearc 
'.   to  reward  hisbloud  hound  first. 

Cabal  (kabx  l),  sb.*  Also  7-8  caball,  cabbal. 
[a.  F.  cabale  (16th  c.  in  Littre),  used  in  all  the 
English  senses,  ad.  med.L.  cab[b)ala  (It.,  Sp.,  Pg. 
cabala),  Cabbala,  q.v.  In  17th  c.  at  first  pro- 
nounced ca  bal  'whence  the  abridged  Cab  aM)  ; 
I  the  current  pronunciation  was  evidently  reintro- 
!  duced  from  h,  perh.  with  sense  5  or  6.J 

+  1.  =  Cabbala  I :  The  Jewish  tradition  as  to  the 
interpretation  of  the  Old  Testament.  Obs. 
1616  Bcllokar,  Cabal,  the  tradition  of  the  Jewes  doctrine 
I  of  religion.  1660  Howell  Lex.  Tetragl.,  Words  do  involve 
the  deepest  Mysteries,  By  them  the  Jew  into  his  Caball  pries. 
1663  Butler  find.  1.  1.  530  For  Mystick  Learning,  wondrous 
able  In  Magick,  Talisman,  and  Cabal. 

1 2.  =  Cabbala  2  :  a.  Any  tradition  or  special 
private  interpretation,    b.  A  secret.  Obs. 

a  1637  li.  Jonson  lO.)  The  measuring  of  the  temple,  a 
I  cabal  found  out  but  lately.  1635  Person  Varieties  1.  Introd. 
I  3  An  insight  in  the  Cabals  ana  secrets  of  Nature  1660  3 
J.  Spencer  Prodigies  11665)  344  If  the  truth,  .had  been  sti'l 
reserved  asa  Cabbal  amongst  men.  1663  J.  Heath  Flagel- 
lum  or  O.  Cromwell  192  How  the  whole  mystery  and  cabal 
of  this  business  was  managed  by  the  . .  Committee,  a  1763 
Shenstone  Ess.  220  To  suppose  that  He  will  regulate  His 
government  according  to  the  cabals  of  human  wisdom. 

8.  A  secret  or  private  intrigue  of  a  sinister  char- 
acter formed  by  a  small  body  of  persons  ;  '  some 
thing  less  than  conspiracy'  (J.). 

1646  7  Clarendon  Hist.  Reb.  (170a)  I.  v.  439  The  King 
.  .aslccu  him,  whether  he  were  engaged  in  any  Cabal  con- 
j  ceming  the  army?  1663  J.  Heath  Ftageltum  or  O.  Crom- 
wen.  He  was  no  sooner  rid  of  the  danger  of  this  but  he 
was  HUM  with  Lambert's  cabal.  1707  Freino  Peterborv'$ 
Coud.  S/.  171  The  contrivances  and  cabals  cf  others  have 
too  often  prevail  d.  18*4  W.  Irving  T.  Trav.  II.  30  There 
were  cabals  breaking  out  in  the  company.  1876  Bancroft 
Hist.  U.  S.  VI.  xlvi.  209  The  cabal  against  Washington 
found  supporters  exclusively  in  the  north. 

b.  as  a  species  of  action  ,  —  Caballing. 
1734  tr.  Rollins  Anc.  Hist.  1827*  Hi.  22  To  advance  them* 
I   selves,  .by  cabal,  treachery  and  violence.    1701  Blrke  Tk. 
I   on  Fr.  Affairs  VII.  74  Centres  of  cabal.    1876  Bancroft 
1   Hist.  17.  S.  III.  261  Restless  activity  and  the  arts  of  cabal. 

4.  A  secret  or  private  meeting,  esp.  of  intriguers 
I  or  of  a  faction,  an  A.  or  Obs. 

1649  Bk  GonNH  Mem.  11702)  23  The  Supplicants  . .  met 
again  at  their  several  Caballs.  1656  7 Cromwell  in  Burton 
!  Diary  (18281  L  382  He  had  never  been  at  any  cabal  about 
I  the  same.  1715  Bentley  Sertn.  x.  356  A  mercenary  conclave 
!  and  nocturnal  Cabal  of  Cardinals.  1738  Warbi  rton  Dir. 
I  Legal.  I,  169  Celebrate  the  Mysteries  in  a  private  Cabal. 
i8aa  W.  ImmM  Brnceb.  Hall  iii.  23  To  tell  the  anecdote  . . 


at  those  little  cabals,  that  will  occasionally  take  place  among 
the  most  orderly  servants. 

b.  phrase.    In  cabal,  arch,  or  Obs. 
a  1678  Marvell  Poems  Wks.  I.  Pref.  8  Is  he  in  caball  in 
his  cabinett  *ett.   17*5  De  Koe  Voy.  round  World  (1840)  28 

I  The  gunner  and  second  mate  were  in  aclose  cabal  together. 
1807  Crabbe  Par.  Reg.  1.  u8io>  55  Here,  in  cabal,  a  dispu- 
tatious crew  Each  evening  meet. 
•  5.  A  small  body  of  persons  engaged  in  secret  or 
private  machination  or  intrigue  ;  a  junto,  clique, 
coterie,  party,  faction. 

1660  Trial  Regie.  175  You  were,  .of  the  cabal.  1670  Mar- 
vell Corr.  cxIvil  Wks.  1872-5  II.  326  The  governing  cabal 
are  Buckingham,  Lauderdale,  Ashly,  Orery,  and  Trevor. 

I  Not  but  the  other  cabal  [Arlington,  Clifford,  and  their  party} 
too  have  seemingly  sometimes  their  turn.    173a  Berkeley 

I  Alci/hr.  v.  5  21  A  gentleman  who  has  been  idle  at  college, 
and  kept  idle  company,  will  judge  a  whole  university  by  his 
own  cabaL  1767  G.  Canning  Poet.  Wks.  ^1827)  56  Should 
Fat  Jack  and  his  Cabal  Cry  '  Rob  us  the  Exchequer,  Hal  ! ' 
1859GULLICK  &  Timbs  Paint.  183  In  Naples,  where  a  cabal 
of  artists  was  formed. 

6.  Applied  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  to  the 
small  committee  or  junto  of  the  Privy  Council, 
otherwise  called  the  1  Committee  for  Foreign 
Affairs',  which  had  the  chief  management  of  the 
course  of  government,  and  was  the  precursor  of 
the  modem  cabinet. 

1665  Fepys  Diary  14  Oct.,  It  being  read  before  the  King, 
Duke,  and  the  Caball,  with  complete  applause.  1667  Ibid. 
31  Mar.,  Walked  to  my  Lord  Treasurer's,  where  the  King, 
Duke  of  York,  and  the  Cabal,  and  much  company  withal. 
1667  Ibid.  (1877)  V.  128  The  Cabal  at  present,  being  as  he 
says  the  King,  and  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  Lord 
Keeper,  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  and  privy  seale. 

b.  in  Hist,  applied  spec,  to  the  five  ministers  of 
Charles  II,  who  signed  the  Treaty  of  Alliance 
with  France  for  war  against  Holland  in  1672  : 
these  were  Clifford,  Arlington,  Buckingham,  Ash- 
ley (Earl  of  Shaftesbury),  and  Lauderdale,  the 
initials  of  whose  names  thus  arranged  chanced  to 
spell  the  word  cabal. 

This  was  merely  a  witticism  referring  to  sense  6 ;  in  point  of 
fact  these  five  men  did  not  constitute  the  whole  '  Cabal ',  or 
Committee  for  Foreign  Affairs ;  nor  were  they  so  closely 
united  in  policy  as  to  constitute  a  1  cabal '  in  sense  5,  where 
quot.  1670  shows  that  three  of  them  belonged  to  one  '  cabal ' 
or  clique,  and  two  to  another.  The  name  seems  to  have  been 
first  given  to  the  five  ministers  in  the  pamphlet  of  1673 
'  England's  Appeal  from  the  private  Cabal  at  White-hall  to 
the  Great  Council  of  the  nation,  .by  a  true  lover  of  his  coun- 
try.' Modern  historians  often  write  loosely  of  the  Buck' 
ingham- Arlington  administration  from  the  fail  of  Clarendon 
in  1667  to  1673  as  the  Cabal  Cabinet  or  Cabal  Ministry. 

1673  England's  A//eal  18  The  safest  way  not  to  wrong 
neither  the  cabal  nor  the  truth  is  to  Lake  a  short  survey 
of  the  carriage  of  the  chief  promoters  of  this  war.  1689 
Mem.  Cod s  29  Years  Wonders  %  25.  72  The  great  Ahi- 
tophel,  the  chiefest  head-piece  . .  of  all  the  Cabal.  1715 
Burnet  Chun  Time (1766*  I.  430 1'his  junta,  .being  called  the 
cabal,  it  was  observed  that  cabal  proved  a  technical  word, 
every  letter  in  it  being  the  first  letter  of  those  five,  Clifford, 
Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington  and  I^iuderdale.  a  1734 
North  Exam.  in.  vi.  P41.  453  The. .  Promoters  of  Popery, 
supposed  to  risebythe  Misfortunes  of  the  Karl  of  Clarendon, 
were  the  famous  CABAL.  176a  Hume  Hist.  Eng.  (1806)  V 
lxix.  163  When  the  Cabal  entered  into  the  mysterious  alli- 
ance with  France.  1848  Macau  lay  Hist.  Eng.  1 1864 1 1.  101 
It  happened  by  a  whimsical  coincidence  that,  in  1671,  the 
Cabinet  consisted  of  five  persons  the  initial  letters  of  whose 
names  made  up  the  word  Cabal  ..  These  ministers  were 
therefore  emphatically  called  the  Cabal;  and  they  soon 
made  that  appellation  so  infamous  that  it  has  never  since 
their  time  been  used  except  as  a  term  of  reproach. 

7.  attrib.  or  in  obvious  comb. 

1671  K.  Leigh  Trans/.  Reh.  36  By  this  time,  the  Politick 
Cabal-men  were  most  of  'um  set.  1674  ^*AW  9§tHU  (t8i8> 
61  I  !:<  parliament  was  jealous  of  their  caball  lords.  1678 
Trans.  Crt.  S/ain  189  They  maintain  themselves  only  by  a 
Cabal-genius,  without  any  foundation  of  justice  or  fidelity. 
1700  Concreve  Way  of  W.  1.  i,  I.ast  night  was  one  of  their 
cabal  nights.  1871  W.  Christie  Life  Shaftesbury  II.  xii. 
81  The  heavy  indictment  of  History  against  the  so-called 
Cabal  Ministry. 

+  Cabal,  sb. 'l  Obs.  (See  quot.) 

1613  Purchas  Piter-  !•  v*  *'v*  (1617'  517  The  Cabal  is  a 
wilde  Beast  in  this  Island  [Java]  whose  bones  doe  restraine 
the  blood  from  issuing  in  wounded  parties. 

Cabal  fttbcrl),  v.  [a.  F.  cabale-r,  f.  cabale  sb.  ; 
or  ?f.  the  Eng.  sb.] 

1.  intr.  To  combine  {together}  for  some  secret  or 
private  end.    (Usually  in  a  bad  sense.) 

a  1680  [see  Caballing  vbl.  sb.].    1715  Dk  Kok  Voy.  round 
\    World  11840)  46  Time  to  club  and  cabal  together.  1814 
DTsraeli  Quarrels  Autk.  <  1867)409  A  club  of  wits  caballed 
and  produced  a  collection  of  short  poems.    1885  Mam  h. 
Exam.  16  June  5/1  Caballing  together  for  their  private  ends. 

2.  intr.  To  intrigue  privately  (against). 

1680  Sir  W.  Soame  Art  Poetry  (Drydeni  iv,  Base  rivals 
..Caballing  still  against  it.  1715  De  Foe  Voy.  round 
World  11840J  28  They  would  be  ..  caballing  ana  making 
an  interest  among  the  men.  1757  Burke  Abridgm.  Eng. 
Hist.  Wks.  1842  II.  535  Elfrida  caballed  In  favour  of  her 
son.  1789  T.  Jefferson  Writ.  (1859)  III.  116  Time  has 
been  given. .  to  cabal,  to  sow  dissensions,  etc.  1818  Hai.lam 
Mid.  Ages  (1872)1.  494  The  barons ..  began  tu  cabal  against 
his  succession. 

3.  reft.  To  bring  oneself  by  caballing. 

1790  Burke  Fr.  Rev.  Wks.  V.  340  In  this  time  he  may 
cabal  himself  into  a  superiority  over  the  wisest. 
Cabala,  a  common  variant  ol  Cahbala  ;  also 
-  Cabal  rare). 


CABALIE. 

1671  H.  Stubbe  Reply  unto  Letter,  fe,  13  Though  an  en- 
tire cabala  of  the  R.  S.  did  consult  upon  this  responsory 
letter. 

Cabalatar,  var.  of  Cabulatob,  Obs. 

Cabalic\al,  -ism,  -iat,  -ize,  etc. :  see  Cabbal-. 

•  Cabalio.  Obs.  ■=  C  abbalism. 

165a  Gaule  Magastrom.  238  The  cabalie  is  an  art . .  very 
ancient.  „ 

t  Cabalist.  Obs.  [The  same  word  as  Cab- 
balist,  (which  was  formerly  spelt  with  one  b)  ;  but 
affiliated  by  sense  to  Cabal,  and  perhaps  pro- 
nounced in  1660  caba'llist.] 

One  who  cabals,  or  adheres  to  any  cabal ;  a 
secret  intriguer  or  plotter.  .... 

[1560  J.  Sanford  Agrippa's  Van.  Artes  2b,  A  disloial 
Cabalist.]  164a  Chas.  I.  Anew.  19  Proposes  Parlt.  ,  The 
Cabalists  of  this  businesse  have  with  great  Prudence  re- 
served themselves.  1660  Trial  Regie.  ttitle-pagel,  Dark 
and  Horrid  Decrees  of  those  Caballists.  1670  m  Somers 
Traits  I.  17  General  Essex  began  now  to  appear  to  the 
private  Cabalists  somewhat  wresty. 

t  Caball.  Obs.  Also  5  cabylle,  6  cable, 
eabill.  [ad.  L.  caball-us  horse,  or  rather  an  as- 
similation of  the  word  Caple,  caput,  capil  (which 
was  in  much  earlier  use,  and  is  still  dialectal)  to 
the  original  L.  form.]    A  horse. 

C1450  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  607  Hie  eaballus,  a  cabylle. 
1515  B arclay Eglogues (15701  Ciij/4  But  the  stronge  Caball 
standeth  at  the  racke.  1518  Rental  Bk.  Earl  Kildare  in 
Trans.  Kilkenny  Archxol.  Soc.  Ser.  II.  IV.  123  Every 
howse  hawing  a  cabill  to  draw  to  Dublyn  quarterly.  1538- 
48  Elyot  Lat.  Diet.,  Caballus,  a  horse ;  yet  in  some  partes  of 
England  theydocall  an  horseacable.  1570  Levins Maiiip. 
1  A  cable,  horse,  caballus.  A  caple,  idem.  1623  Cockeram, 
Caball,  a  little  horse,  a  jade.  1630  T.  Bavly  Herba  Parte- 
tisy*  This  cavalliers  caball  was  unwilling  to  clime. 

Caballer  (kabarbj; .  [f.  Cabal  v.  +  -ek  1.]  One 

who  cabals  or  intrigues. 

1686  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  11.  332  IV.  115  From  Holland  the 
Amsterdam  cabaliers  have  sent  spies.  1796  Burke  Regie. 
PeaceVfks,.  1842  II.  315  Ascourtsare  the  field  for  cabaliers, 
the  publick  is  the  theatre  for  mountebanks  and  impostors. 
1882  Times  8  Dec.  4  A  mere  puppet  in  the  hands  of  Falace 
v  cabaliers. 

II  Caballero  (faf-bal'trw).  [Sp.  caballero  knight, 
gentleman  =  F.  chevalier,  It.  cavaliere  :—L.  cabal- 
hirius  horseman,  f.  caball-us  horse.]  A  ^Spanish) 
gentleman. 

[1749  Fielding  Tom  Jones  x.  ii,  This  gentleman  was  one 
of  those  whom  the  Irish  call  a  calabalaro,  or  cavalier.]  1877 
Kingston  Yug.  Llanero  122  Now  go,  young  caballero,  and 
bring  him  here.  1878  Lady  Herbert  Hiibner's  Ramble  1. 
xii.  192  He  is  a  mixture  of  a  caballero  and  an  ascetic  Cas- 
tilian. 

Caballine  ^ka-balain),  a.  [ad.  L.  caballin-us, 
f.  caballus  horse.]  Of  or  belonging  to  horses  ; 
equine.  Caballine  Aloes  (see  quot.).  Caballine 
fountain -h.  fons  caballinus,  the  fountain  Hippo- 
crene  of  Greek  poetry,  fabled  to  have  been  pro- 
duced by  a  stroke  of  the  foot  of  Pegasus  the 
winged  horse  of  the  Muses  ;  hence  —  '  fountain  of 
inspiration'. 

1430  Lydg.  Chron.  Troy  Prol.  13  In  Cirrha  by  Helycon 
the  welle.  .called,  .the  fountayne  Caballyn.  a  1500  Rolland 
Crt.  Venus  ill.  899  The  font  Caballine,  Quhair  all  vertew 
dois  flurische  withfusioun.  a  1616  Beaumont  Ex-ale-tation 
of  Ale  (R.)  Having  washed  their  throat  With  the  caballine 
spring  of  a  pot  of  good  ale.  1712  tr.  Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs 
I.  220  The  Aloes  is  divided  into  three  Kinds,  the  Succo- 
trine,  the  Hepatick,  and  the  Caballine.  1725  Bradley  ft*. 
Diet.  L  s.  v.  Aloes,  The  Cabaline  Aloes  . .  call'd  Cabaline, 
because  it's  given  to  diseased  Horses.  1803  'C.  Caustic' 
Terr.  Tractor,  m.  101  note,  For  his  services  to  the  caballine 
race.  1878  J.  Thomson  Plenip.  Key  9  This  bottle  ;  it's  my 
true  and  only  Helicon  ;  it's  my  caballine  fountain. 

Caballing  (kabue-lirj),  vbl.  sb.  [cf.  Cabal  v. 
+  1NG1.]    Petty  plotting,  intriguing. 

a  1680  Butler  Rem.  (1759)  1. 425  Their  caballing  is  thesame 
thing  exactly  with  packing  of  Cards.  1714  Mandeville 
Fab.  Bees  (17331 II.  34  The  court  of  Rome  is.  .the  best  school 
to  learn  the  art  of  caballing.  1712  Minute-Bk.  in  A.  M'  Kay 
Hist.  Kilmarnock  11864}  36  To  prevent  cabbawlling  ..  by 
the  servants.  1866  Cornh.  Mag.  Oct.  435  That  petty  par- 
tisanship  and  caballing  which  are  the  curse  of  convents. 

Caba  lling,  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ing^.]  That 
cabals  or  intrigues. 

a  1700  Dryden  (J.)  What  those  caballing  captains  may 
design.  1831  Lytton  Godolph.  xviii,  A  sordid  and  caballing 
faction. 

Cabalmute,  var.  form  of  Cafilmute. 

Cabaii,  cabane,  earliest  forms  of  Cabin. 
Still  sometimes  used  for  the  sake  of  local  colouring 
^French  or  Canadian  \ 

1866  W.  R.  King  Sportsm.  *  Nat.  Canada  xii.  316  Huts 
or  cabans  are  built  for  this  purpose  on  the  frozen  surface  of 
the  river.  1866  Cornh.  Mag.  Nov.  533  He  could  sit  con- 
tentedly talking  for  hours  ill  his  cabane. 

II  Cabana  ,kaba'na).  A  cigar,  so  called  from 
the  name  of  a  Spanish  exporting  house. 

1864  Sala  in  Daily  Tel.  23  Aug.,  To  order  champagne 
cocktails  and  fifty  cent  cabanas.  1865  Miss  Braudon  Only 
a  Clod  i.  5  The  last  of  a  case  of  choice  cabanas. 

Cabanet,  earlier  form  of  Cabinet  sb. 

II  Cabaret 1  (ka  barjO.  Also  7  -ett.  [F.  :  of 
unknown  origin  :  see  Littre  and  Schcler.] 

+  1.  A  wooden  dwelling,  a  booth,  shed  ;  =  L.  to- 
berna.    [Here  pcrh.  Useu  on  account  uf  the  con- 


3 

nexion  of  taberna  and  tavern  :  but  pcrh.  an  error 
of  some  kind  for  cabanet.']  Obs. 

1632  Sir  T.  Hawkins  Unluip.  Prosper.  261  The  greatest 
houses  were  heretofore  but  Cabarets,  the  Capitoll  was  at  first 
covered  with  thatch. 

2.  A  drinking  house,  a  pot-house,  ilsow  almost 
exclusively  an  alien  word  referring  to  France, 
etc.  ;  but  formerly  somewhat  naturalized.1) 

16SS  Bp.  Bkamhall^/.  Hobbes  (J.)  Suppose  this  servant 
passing  by  some  cabaret,  or  tennis  court,  where  his  com- 
rades were  drinking  or  playing.  1662  Pepys  Diary  23 
Sept.,  In  most  cabaretts  in  France  they  have  writ  upon 
the  walls  . .  '  Dieu  te  regarde '.  1673  Dryden  Marr.  a  la 
Mode  v.  i.  328  Sung  two  or  three  years  ago  in  cabarets. 
1682  Wheler  Journ.  Greece  11.  203  At  Gallata  are  some 
Christian  Cabarets;  but  the  Wine  is  dear.  1858  De  Quin- 
cey  Autobiog.  Sk.  Wks.  II.  iv.  197  The  little  homely  cabaret, 
which  had  been  the  scene  of  her  brief  romance. 

||  Cabaret  -.  Obs.  [Fr. :  Littre  gives  a  con- 
jecture of  Saumaise  that  it  represents  L.  combretum 
or  cobrctum  '  a  kind  of  rush' :  but  there  is  no 
approach  in  sense.]  A  plant  :  the  Asarabacca 
(Asarum  Europxum). 

1580  Baret  Ah:  H  208  An  hearbe  called  Haselwort,  or 
Cabaret,  Pcrpcnfi  . .  Bacchar.  1678  A.  Littleton  Lat. 
Diet  Cabarick,  or  hazlcwort,  Perpensa.  1712  tr.  /  omel  s 
Hist.  Drugs  I.  50  Cabaret  or  Wild  Spikenard,  grows  in 
most  parts  of  the  Levant. 

II  Cabarr,  -e.  Obs.  [F.  caban  e,  var.  gabare.] 
A  lighter. 

a  1670  Spalding  Trout:  Chas.  1,1.  59  They  sent  down 
six  barks  or  cabarrs  full  of  ammunition. 

t  Ca'basset.  Obs.  rare.  [Fr. ;  dim.  of  cabas 
basket,  panier,  etc.]    A  kind  of  small  helmet. 

1622  Peacham  Compl.  Centl.  ill.  (1634)  150  Keyes,  loekes, 
buckles,  cabassets  or  morians,  helmets  and  the  like.  1874 
Boutell  Arms  <t  Arm.  ix.  162. 

Cabazed,  obs.  form  of  Caboched  ///.  a. 
Cabback,  variant  of  Kebbuck,  Sc.,  cheese. 
Cabbage  karbcdjO,  sb.x  Forms  :  5  caboehe, 
cabache,  5-6  cabage,  6  cabbysshe,  cabish,  6-7 
cabidge,  7'cabige,  cabadge,  cabbadge,  cabbach. 
eabbish,  7- cabbage.  [ME.  caboehe,  a.  F.  caboehe 
head  (in  the  Channel  Islands  'cabbage')  =  It. 
capocchia,  a  derivative  of  It.  capo :— L.  caput 
head.  But  the  actual  Fr.  name  is  choux  cabus, 
lit.  'great-headed  cole,  cabbage  cole':  F.  cabus, 
fern,  cabusse^lt.  capuccio-.-L.  type  *capuceum, 
*caputeum,  f.  caput  head. 

Cf.  also  Du.  kabuisi-koal)  cabbage;  cole',  f.  F.  cabus  : 
OHG.  chain*,  chapu*.  MHG.  kappa*,  kappfts,  iaie*,  mod. 
G.kappes^kappus  '  cabbage  ',  is  taken  by  Grimm  and  Kluge 
as  a  direct  adoption  of  I,  caput  itself,  though  no  use  of  this 
in  the  required  sense  is  known.  It  is  possible  that  the  Eng. 
cabbage-cole  was  really  an  adaptation  of  the  Du.  kabuis- 
kool  influenced  by  F.'  caboc/te.} 
1.  A  well-known  culinary  vegetable  :  a  plane- 
leaved  cultivated  variety  of  Brassica  oleracca,  the 
unexpanded  leaves  of  which  form  a  compact  glo- 
bular heart  or  head.  Originally  the  'cabbage' 
was  the  head  thus  formed  (cf.  cabbage-head  in  5), 
the  plant  being  apparently  called  cabbage-cole  or 
colewort;  now  the  name  'cabbage'  is  sometimes 
extended  to  the  whole  species  or  genus,  whether 
hearting  or  not,  as  in  Savoy  Cabbage,  Wild  C abbage, 
Isle  of  Man  Cabbage  {Brassica  Monensis). 

C1440  Anc.  Cookery  in  Househ.  Ord.  11790)  426  Take 
cabaches  and  cut  hom  on  foure  . .  and  let  hit  boyle.  1495 
Caxton  Vitas  Patr.  118  He  laboured  the  gardins,  sewctbe 
seedes  for  cabochis,  and  colewortes.  1570  Levins  Manip. 
1 1  A  cabage,  herbe.  1580  Baret  A  Iv.  Cabage,  or  colewoort, 
brassica  Cabage,  or  cole  cabeee,  brassica  capitata.  1580 
Lyly  Euphites  (Arb.)373  As  little  agreement,  .as  is  betwixt 
the  Vine  and  the  Cabish.  1598  Shaks.  Merry  IV.  I.  1.  124 
Good  worts?  good  Cabidge.  1620  Venner  Via  Recta  vu. 
135  The  great,  hard,  and  compacted  heads  of  Cole,  com- 
monly called  Cabbage.  1624  Capt.  Smith  I  'im*$avt.  220 
Those  that  sow . .  Carrats,  Cabidge,  and  such  like.  1658  Sir 
T.  Browne  Hydriot.  Ded.,  Cato  seemed  to  dote  upon 
Cabbadge.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  III.  lit.  307  They., 
knew  how  to  save  both  their  Goat  and  their  Cabbadge. 
1688  R.  Holme  Armoury  11.  64/2  The  Colewort  is  the 
same  to  the  Cabbach.  1699  Evelyn  AcetariaJ  ,1  lis 
scarce  a  hundred  years  since  we  first  had  cabbages  out 
of  Holland.  1719  Loudon  &  Wise  Compl.  Card.  199  Pan- 
caliers,  or  Millan-Cabbages,  which  produce  small  headed 
Cabbages  for  Winter.  1832  Hawthorne  Bhthedale  Rom. 
vii.  (1885)  79  Unless  it  be  a  Savoy  cabbage.  1875  Jowett 
Plato  (ed.  2)  III.  243  Cabbages  or  any  other  vegetables 
which  are  fit  for  boiling.  . 

2.  Transferred  with  epithets  to  various  other 
plants :  Arkansas  Cabbage,  Streplanthus  obtusi- 
folius ;  Chinese  Cabbage,  Brassica  chinensis  ; 
Dog's  O,  Thelygonuni  Cynecrambe,  a  succulent 
herb  of  the  Mediterranean  ;  Kerguelen's  Land 
C,  Pringlea  antiscorbuiica  ;  Meadow  or  Skunk 
C,  Symplocarpus  fetidus,  a  North  American 
plant  with  a  garlic  odour  ;  St.  Patrick's  C.  •= 
London  Pride  ;  Sea  Cabbage  =  Sea  Kale, 
Crambe  maritima ;  Sea-otter's  C,  a  remark- 
able sea-weed,  Nereocystis,  found  in  the  North 
Pacific. .  ( Treat,  Sot.,  and  Miller  Eng.  Names  of 
Plants.)  .  , 

3.  The  tender  unexpanded  centre  or  terminal 
bud  of  palm  trees,  which  is  in  most  species  edible, 


CABBAGE. 

and  is  often  eaten,  though  its  removal  kills  the 
tree.    See  Cabbage-tree. 

1638  T.  Verney  in  I  'emey  Papers  (18531 195  Cabiges,  that 
grows  on  trees,  some  an  hundred  foot  high.  1097  Dampier 
Voy.  I.  166  The  Cabbage  itself  when  it  is  taken  out  of 
the  Leaves.,  is  as  white  as  Milk,  and  as  sweet  as  a  Nut 
if  eaten  raw.  1756  P.  Browne  Jamaica  11789!  342  lhe 
Coco-Nut  Tree.  .The  tender  shoots  at  the  top  afford  a  plea- 
sant green  or  cabbage.  1832  Veg.  Snbst.  toad  175  The 
cabbage  . .  is  white  . .  two  feet  long  . .  thick  as  a  man  s  arm. 
i860  Tennent  Ceylon  I.  109  note,  The  cabbage,  or  cluster 
of  unexpanded  leaves,  for  pickles  and  preserves. 

f  4.  The  burr  whence  spring  the  horns  of  a  deer  ; 
also  ■  Cabaging. 

c  ISSO  Lacy  Bitches  Test.,  My  cabage  I  wyll  the  hounde 
for  strife.  1611  Cotgr.,  MevU.  .the  cabbadge  of  a  Deeres 
head.  . ,  .  , 

5.  Comb.  a.  Simple  :  of  cabbage  or  cabbages, 
as  cabbage-blade,  -eater,  -flower,  -garden,  -garth, 
-ground,  -grower,  -leaf  -stalk,  -stock,  -stump; 
like  a  cabbage  in  shape,  ast  cabbage-tuff,  t  -shoe- 
string.  b.  Special,  as  cabbage  bark,  the 
narcotic  and  anthelmintic  bark  of  the  cabbage- 
bark  tree  or  Cabbage-tree,  Andira  incrmis  ,N.O. 
Leguminosst  ;  cabbage  beetle  =  cabbage  flea  ■ 
cabbage  butterfly,  the  Large  White  butterfly  of 
Fnglish  gardens  and  fields,  Pieris  Brasstcx,  some- 
limcs  also  the  Small  White  (/'.  A'a/.r) ;  cabbage- 
cole -Cabbage  1  ;  cabbage-daisy,  a  local  name 
of  the  Globe-flow  er  Trollius) ;  cabbage-flea,  a 
minute  leaping  beetle,  Haltica  consobrtna,  the 
larva;  of  which  destroy  cabbage  plants;  cabbage- 
fly  a  two-winged  flv  (Ant homy ia  Brassiere  ,  the 
grubs  of  which  destroy  the  roots  of  cabbage  : 
cabbage-head,  the  head  formed  by  the  unexpanded 
leaves  of  a  cabbage  ;  also  fig.  a  brainless  fellow, 
a  thickhead  ;  cabbage-lettuce,  a  variety  of  lettuce, 
w  ith  leaves  funning  a  cabbage-like  head ;  cabbage- 
moth,  one  of  the  Noctuina  (Mamestra  Brasstcte), 
the  caterpillar  of  which  infests  the  cabbage  ;  cab- 
bage-net, a  small  net  to  boil  cabbage  111 ;  cab- 
ba-e-palm,  Areca  oleracca,  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  etc.:  see  Cabbage-tree  ;  cabbage-plant, 
a  young  plant  or  seedling  of  the  cabbage  ;  cab- 
bage-rose, a  double  red  rose,  with  large  round 
compact  flower  (Rosa  cenlifolia)  ;  cabbage-wood, 
(a.)  the  wood  of  the  cabbage-tree,  (b.)  Enodendron 
anfractuosum,  a  tree  related  to  Bombax;  cab- 
bage-worm, anv  larva  which  devours  cabbage,  esp. 
that  of  the  Large  White  butterfly,  called  in  Scot- 
land kailwoim  ;  also  the  Cabbage-tree  worm. 

,777  Wright  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVH.  507  The  *Cabbage- 
bark  tree,  or  Wonn-bark  tree,  grows  in  . .  Jamaica^  Had- 
50S  Fresh  cabbage-bark  tastes  mucilaginous  1866  JnML 
Hot.  63  The  l  ark  is  known  as  Bastard  Cabbage  1»ark,.or 
Worm  Bark  ;  its  use  is  now  obsolete.  J816  KlRBV  tc  Sp  l:n- 
tomol.  (1843I  II-  383  The  larva  of  the  .  cabbage -butterlh 
(Pontia  Brassier.  1848  Proc.  Berw.lfat.ClnT,  II. No. 6. 
328  The  caterpillar  of  the  Common  White  Cabbage  Butter- 
fly, .is  often  injurious  to  the  Swedish  .turnip.  1865  MM. 
Observ  No.  47.  ,96  The  small  white  cabbage-butterfly 
,P  eris  RaM'  -S79  Lancham  Card.  Health [(.633)  .51 
-Cabbage  boyfe'd',  is  very  good  with  beefe.  1620  Venner 
Via  Recta  vii.  135  Coleworts  or  Cole  are  much  vsed  to  be 
eaten,  especially'. he  Cabbage- Cole  .86 1  Mrs.  Lankestek 
II  HUFbam  2oGlobe-flower . .  In  Scotland  called  Lucken 
Gowan,  or  "Cabbage-daisy.  .882  Garden  4  Mar.  M7/i/I  he 
root-eating  fly,  or  1  Cabbage  fly.  *790 Burke  i r.  «£«4 
The  tenant-right  ofa  *cabbage-garden.  .the  very  shadow  ot 
a  constructive  property.  1887  J.  K  LAUGHTONin  Diet.  Nat. 
Biog.  IX.  43S/2  During  Smith  O'Brien's  '  cabbage-garden 
rebellion.  1863  N.  Ser.  ill.  III.  344  The  old  '  Shand> 
garden.. is  staked  out  into  three  *cabbage-garths.  1884 
Athenxum  6  Dec.  725/2  The  eyes  of  those  poor  «bbage- 
growers  down  there.  1082  Mrs.  Be »»  C™"'H,"f^. 
III.  .46  Thou  foul  filthy  "cabbage-head.  1688  R.  Holme 
Armoury  .1.  .94A  The  green  Caterpdler  worm  ..  feeds  on 
•Cabbish-leaves.  !7S3  Hanway  Jrav  (.762. 1,  in. (  xl.t.  196 
They  also  use  . .  a  cabbage-leaf  under  their  hats.  1562 
Turner  Herbal*.  26a,  Called  "Cabbage  lettes,  because  it 
goeth  all  into  one  heade,  as  cabbage  cole  dothe  1741  CemPl. 
Fam.-Fiecc  ,.  ii.  .75  The  largest  and  hardest  Cabbage-Let- 
tuce you  can  get.  1848  ^  Ber~.u^\at.  C^II-  No.6. 
329  Caterpillars  of.,  the  "Cabbage  Moth.  ««  C  KWG 
Brit  Merck.  II.  136  The  Unshorn  Dozens,  the  Cabbage- 
Net  Bays,  and  other  sorry  Woollen  Manufactures  of  the 
French  Nation.  174a 

Aooleswith  Cabbage-net  y'  cover  d  oer.  1833  Marry  at 
TsLpte  xiv,  Olcers  who  boil  their  'tators  in  a  cab- 
bage-nei  hanging  in  the  ship's  coppers.  i77»-84  C°°£  t^' 
1,790)  I.  199  A  few  plants,  gathered  from  the  cabbage, 
palm  which  had  been  mistaken  for  the  cocoa-tree  ,853 
Th.  Ross  Humboldt's  Trav.  III.xxx.  2,1  lhe  cylinders  of 
palmetto,  improperly  called 'the  cabbage  palm  , 'hjee  feet 
long,  and  five  to  six  inches  thick.  1646  Evelyn  Kal.Hort 
,72S9)  ,93  Plant  forth  your  "Cabbage-Plants  1741  Compl 
Fam. Piece  11  iii.  35S  Transplant  some  Cabbage-plants  of 
tneSugar'loaf  kindV'iTM  Wolcott  (P.  Pinter,  Piudariaiia 
Wks  18,2  IV.  ,83  With  "Cabbage-roses  loaded,  glaring, 
vast '  1838  Visitor,  The  cabbage  rose  has  been  known 
as  the  hundred-leaved  rose  since  the  time  of  Pliny.  ,6,3 
Rowlands  Four  Knaves,  Paire  o/SPy,  His  cabage  ruffe, 
of  the  outrageouse  size,  Starched  in  colour  to  beholders 
eyes.  Hid.  (,843)  48  Let  us  have  standing  collers,  in 
the  fashion,  .great  "cabbage-shooestrings,  (pray  you  bigge 
enough).  1844  Disraeli  Coningsby  v.  111,  The  interrup- 
tion of  a  "cabbage-stalk  was  represented  as  a  question 
from  some  intelligent  individual  in  the  crowd.  185, 
Mayhew  Land.  Labour  I.  339,  I  picked  out  of  the  gutter, 

1-2 


CABBAGE. 


CABBLE. 


and  eat  like  a  dog — orange-peel  and  old  'cabbage-stumps. 
"843  Waterston  Cycl.  Commerce  v,  'Cabbagewood  . .  is 
sometimes  used  in  ornamental  furniture.  1885  A.  B.  Ellis 
W.  A/r.  1st.  1.  9  Tree-ferns  and  cabbage-wood  grow  luxuri- 
antly on  the  main  ridge  of  mountains  [in  St.  Helena].  1688 
R.  Holme  Armoury  jl  204/1  The  *Cabbach  or  Lettice 
Worm,  .turns  into  a  Putter-fly  all  white. 

Cabbage  (karbeds),  J<*-2  [This  and  the  ac- 
companying Cabbage  v*  appear  in  the  17th  c. 
Merrick  (1648)  uses  garbage  and  carbage,  appar- 
ently for  'shreds  and  patches  used  as  padding*. 
If  this  was  a  genuine  use  at  the  time,  carbage  may 
easily  have  been  further  corrupted  to  cabbage. 

Herrick  Hesper.  (Hazl.)  I.  79  Upon  some  Women,  Pieces, 
patches,  ropes  of  haire,  In-laid  garbage  ev'rywhere.  II.  325 
l/pon  Lupes,  His  credit  cannot  get  the  inward  carbage  for 
his  cloathes  as  yet. 

(Among  other  guesses  as  to  its  origin,  arc  that  it  is,  in 
some  unexplained  way,  identical  with  Cabbage  sb.*  ;  or  to  be 
referred  to  OF.  < abuse  imposture,  trick,  cabuser  to  deceive, 
cheat ;  or  to  F.  cabas  rush-basket,  Sp.  eabacho,  also  OF. 
cabas  cheating,  theft,  F.  cabasser  to  pack  up,  to  cheat,  steal, 
cabasseur  deceiver,  thief;  but  evidence  is  wanting.)] 

1.  Shreds  (or  larger  pieces)  of  cloth  cut  off  by 
tailors  in  the  process  of  cutting  out  clothes,  and 
appropriated  by  them  as  a  perquisite. 

1663  lludibras  (Spurious)  11.  56  <L.)  For  as  tailors  pre- 
serve their  cabbage,  So  squires  take  care  of  bag  and  baggage. 
1719  D'Urfev  Pills  (1872)  IV.  50  The  Taylor  we  know 
he  is  loth  To  take  any  Cablwge  at  all.  1812  SoVTHKV 
Omniana  II.  37  Those  philosophers  who  have  a  taylorlike 
propensity  for  cabbage.  1831  Carlyle  Sari.  A\  r.  ujl  xi, 
Living  on  Cabbage. 

f2.  slang.  A  tailor.  Obs. 

1690  It.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crrn\  Cabbage,  a  Taylor,  and  what 
they  pinch  from  the  Cloaths  they  make  up.  1708  Motteux 
Rabelais  iv.  In.  (1737)  212  Poor  Cabbage's  Hair  grows 
through  his  Hood.  1715  Neiv  Cant.  Diet.,  Cabbage  \  Tay- 
lors are  so  called,  because  of  their. .  Ix>ve  of  that  Vegetable. 
The  Cloth  they  steal  and  purloin,  .is  also  called  Cabbage. 

3.  Schoolboy  slang.  A  *  crib  *  or  key  whence  a 
pupil  surreptitiously  copies  his  exercise;  a  'cab'. 

t  Ca'bbage,  sb.%  Obs.  rare.  Also  6  cabago. 
[app.  relatedto  Cabin  {cabant  cabane,  cabbin)f  in 
sense  '  den  or  lair  of  a  beast  \]    A  den  or  lair. 

1567  Maplet6V.  Forest  92  He  hath  his  cabbage  in  the 
year  in  with  two  contrary  wayes  vndermined  to  enter  into 
it,  or  to  run  out  of  it  at  his  pleasure  :  verie  wide  at  the  com- 
ming  in,  but  as  narrow  and  straight  about  the  mid  cabbage. 
1570  Levins  Manip.  11  A  cabage,  bedde,  stega. 

Ca  bbage,  f.1  [f-  Cabbage  jA.1  ;  or  ad.  F. 
cabusser  'to  cabbadgc,  to  grow  to  a  head '  'Cotgr.}.] 

+ 1.  inir.  a.  To  grow  or  come  to  a  head,  as 
the  horns  of  a  deer.  Obs. 

a  1538  Skei.ton  A'/.  Parrot  481  Sp  bygge  a  bulke  of  brow 
auntlers  cabagyd  that  yere. 

b.  To  form  a  head,  as  a  cabb~.ge  or  lettuce. 

1601  Holland  Pliny  xix.  viii.  II.  25  To  make  them  cab- 
bage the  better  and  grow  faire  and  big.  1616  Surfu  & 
M  '.  Countr.  Farm  163  The  sooner  you  remoue  your 
Lettuce  ..  the  sooner  it  will  Cabbage.  1843  Kirby  &  Sp. 
Fntomol.  I.  155  Destroying  the  plant  before  it  cabbages. 

2.  trans.    See  Caboche  v. 

1530  Palsgr.  590/1,  I  kabage  a  deere,  je  cabahhe. .  I  wyll 
cabage  my  dere.  and  go  with  you.  1810  Scott  Br.  Lamm. 
ix,  Tne  head  of  the  stag  should  be  cabbaged  in  order  to 
reward  them. 

Ca  bbage,  r.*  [see  Cabbaok  sb.%]  trans,  (and 
absol.)  To  pilfer,  to  appropriate  surreptitiously  : 
a.  orig.  said  of  a  tailor  appropriating  part  of  the 
cloth  given  to  him  to  make  up  into  garments. 

1711  Arbuthnot  John  flu/Id-; 55)  14  Your  taylor  instead  of 
shreads,  cabages  whole  yards  of  cloath.  1793  W.  Roberts 
Looker-on  (1794*  III.  388  Hen  Uodkin,  who  had  cablwigrd 
most  notoriously  in  the  making  of  Sam  Spruce's  new  coat. 
1830  Blaekiv.  Mag.  XXVII.117  Our  Tailor  says,  1  I  like 
not  the  charge  of  plagiarism.'  ^  Nevertheless,  he  cabbages. 
1873  H.  Spencer  Stud.  Soc.  vi.  137  The  tailor  'cabbaged' 
the  cloth  he  used. 

b.  trans/.  C.  In  Schoolboy  slang  =  To  crib, 
cab. 

1837  Gfn.  P.  Thompson  F.xerc.  (1842)  IV.  234  A  speech, 
which  . .  had  l»cen  what  schoolings  call  '  cabbaged  ,  from 
some  of  the  forms  of  oration  . .  published  by  way  of  carica- 
ture. 186a  ML  Makrvat  Year  in  Sweden  II.  387  Steelyards 
..sent  by  C.ustaf  Wasa  as  checks  upon  country  dealers, 
who  cabbaged,  giving  short  weight. 

Ca  bbaged, ppl.  a\  [f.  Cabbage  z/.i  (or + 
-ED.]  Crown  cabbage  -  fashion,  formed  into  or 
having  a  head  like  a  cabbage. 

1577  B.  Googe  Heresbaeh' s  J/usb.  (1586)  25  Cabegged 
rape  sowen  after  rie.  1616  Surfl.  &  Markh.  Countr.  fim  >*' 
167  The  cabbaged  Lettuce.  1656  Dugard  Gate  Lat.  UuL 
§88.  29  Colcwort,  which,  .becometh  cabbaged.  1715  ltn ad- 
ley  Fam.  Diet.  II.  s.  v.  May,  If  any  of  the  Imperial  lat- 
tices are  cabbaged. 

Ca  bbaged,  ppl.  «.*  [f.  Cabbage  pJ\  Pil- 
fered, as  shreds  by  a  tailor. 

17J9  Coffey  Beggar's  Wed.  t.  t,  I  shall  convert  his  cab- 
baged shreads  into  a  stone  Doublet. 

Cabbage-palm  =  next :  sec  Cabbage  sbA  5. 
Ca  bbage-tree.    [f.  Cabbage  sb.1  1,  2.] 
1.  A  name  given  to  several  palm  trees,  whose 
central  uncxpanded  mass  of  leaves  or  terminal  bud 
is  eaten  like  the  head  of  a  cabbage;  esp. 

a.  The  West  Indian  tree,  Areca  or  Oreodoxa 
o/craceaf  also  called  Cabbage-palm  and  Palmetto 
Royal,  growing  to  a  height  of  150  or  200  feet. 


b.  Chamxrops  Palmetto  of  the  Southern  U.  S. 

c.  Etiterpe  oleracca  of  Brazil  and  ?  W.  Indies. 

d.  Livistona  inermis  of  Northern  Australia. 

e.  Coiypha  australis  of  Australia,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  made  into  baskets,  hats,  etc. 

1725  Sloane  Jamaica  II.  no  This  is  most  evident  in  the 
top  of  that  called  the  Cabbage  tree.  1756  P.  Hrowne 
Jamaica  342  The  Barbadoes  Cabbage  Tree  . .  is  the  most 
beautiful  tree  I  have  ever  seen,  and  may  be  esteemed  the 
queen  of  the  woods.  1779  Forrest  Voy.  N.  Guinea  123  We 
..saw  many  aneebong  or  cabbage  trees  growing  on  the 
island.  1796  Morse  Amer.  Geog.  I.  677  (S.  Carolina)  The 
palmetto  or  cabbage  tree,  the  utility  of  which,  in  the  con- 
struction of  forts  was  experienced  during  the  late  war. 

2.  Other  trees  and  plants,  so  called  for  various 
trivial  reasons,  as  the  Cabbage-bark  Tree,  An- 
ciira  inermis  of  the  West  Indies ;  a  palm-like 
liliaceous  plant  of  New  Zealand,  Cordyline  indi- 
visa,  bearing  a  head  of  narrow  leaves.  Bastard 
or  Black  C.  T.,  Andira  inermis  (see  above) ; — 
of  St.  Helena  :  Afelanodendron  integrifolium  ; — 
of  South  America:  the  leguminous  genus  Gcof- 
froya.  Canary  Island  C.  T.,  Cacolia  kleinia 
nervifoliay  a  composite  plant.  Small  TJmbelled 
C.  T.,  Commidendron  spurium.  (Miller  Plant 
Names,  1884.) 

1796  Stedman  Surinam  II.  xxiii.  164  The  black -cabbage 
tree,  the  wood  of  which  . .  is  in  high  estimation  among  car- 
penters and  joiners.  1884  Gordon-Cumming  in  Century 
Mag.  XXVII.  oioThe  settlers  with  strange  perversity  have 
dubbed  this  the  cabbage-tree. 

3.  attrib.,  as  in  cabbaged ree  hat  (short,  cabbage- 
tree)  ;  cabbage-tree  worm,  a  fat  grub  found  in 
the  decaying  cabbage  tree  eaten  in  Guiana. 

1880  Blaekiv.  Mag.  Feb.  167  The  chin-straps  of  their 
cabbage-tree  hats.  Ibid.  171  Raising  his  cabl>age-trec, 
allowed  the  chin-strap  to  drop  to  its  place.  1796  Sted- 
man Surinam  II.  23  Groe-groe,  or  cabbage-tree  worms, 
as  they  are  called  in  Surinam. .  In  taste  they  partake  of  all 
the  spices  of  India.. these  worms  are  produced  in  all  the 
palm-trees,  when  beginning  to  rot. 

Ca  bbaging,  vbl.  sb\  [f.  Cabbage  vX\  The 
growth  or  formation  of  a  head  (by  a  cabbage, 
etc.). 

1737  Miller  Gard.  Diet.  s.  v.  Brassica.  1741  Compi. 
Fam.-Piecew.  iii.  364  Transplant  Lettuce  for  Cabbaging. 

Cabbaging,  vbl.  sb?  [f. Cabbage  v$  +  -ing!.] 
Pilfering,  purloining.    Also  attrib. 

1768  Earl  Carlisle  in  Selrvyn  <y  Contemp.  II.  312  You 
had  better  come  to  Spa  ;  it  is  an  excellent  cabbaging  place. 

Cabbagy,  a.  rare,  [see  -Y1.]  Having  the 
characteristics  of  a  cabbage  ;  cabbage-like. 

1883  Lady  Hloomfif.ld  Remin.  Court  Diplom.  Life  I. 
ill  65  The  very  cabbagy  green  of  summer. 

!l  Cabbala  karbalal.  Also  6-  cabala  (7  ca- 
balla,  9  kabbala).  [a.  mcd.L.  cabbala,  ad.  Rab- 
binical Heb.  i"62p  qabbdldh  *  tradition*,  f.  (the 

biblical)  i>3p  (in  Piel)  q ibbet  1  to  receive,  accept, 
admit'.] 

1.  The  name  given  in  post-biblical  Hebrew  to 
the  oral  tradition  handed  down  from  Moses  to  the 
Rabbis  of  the  Mishnah  and  the  Talmud,  b.  To- 
wards the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century  A.n. 
applied  to  the  pretended  tradition  of  the  mystical 
interpretation  of  the  Old  Testament. 

1511  Fisher  Wks.  (1876)  332  Cabala  . .  is  derived  fro  man 
to  man  by  mouth  only  and  not  by  wrytynge.  Ibid.  336 
Also  theyr  Cabala  that  is  to  say  their  secrete  erudycyons 
not  wryten  in  the  byble.  1653  More  Conject.  Cabbaf.  (1713* 
Pref.  i,  The  Jewish  Cabbala  is  conceived  to  be  a  Traditional 
doctrine  or  exposition  of  the  Pentateuch,  which  Moses  re- 
ceived from  the  mouth  of  God.  1693  Phil.  Tmns.  XVI  I. 
801  The  real  Cabala  they  make  Two-fold,  i.  e.  The  Doctrine 
of  Sephiroth,  and  the  Doctrine  of  the  Four  Worlds.  1837-9 
Hallam  Hist.  Lit.  (1847)  I.  iii.  $  93.  202  In  the  class  of 
traditional  theology.. we  must  place  the  Jewish  Cabbala. 

2.  gen.   f  a.  An  unwritten  tradition.  Obs. 

1641 J.  Jackson  True  Evang.  T.  1.  47  H[enry]  8.  of  whom  a 
Cabala  or  tradition  goes,  that  on  his  death-bed,  he  confessed, 
hee  had  never  spared  man  in  his  wrath,  nor  woman  in  his 
lust.  1661  Stillingi  1..  Orig.  Sacr.  11.  iv.  $4  Though  the 
Jews  would  fain  make  the  gift  of  Prophecy  to  be  a  kind  of 
Cabala  too,  and  conveyed  in  a  constant  succession  from  one 
Prophet  to  another.  169a  Kentley  Boyle  Lect.  viii.  274 
Without  the  l>eneht  of  letters,  the  whole  Gospel  would  be  a 
mere  tradition  and  old  cabbala. 

b.  Mystery,  secret  or  esoteric  doctrine  or  art. 

1665  Glanvill  Seeps.  Sci.  Addr.  13  liranches  of  a  danger- 
ous Cabbala.  1676  Norris  Colt.  Misc.  (16991  59  Nor  is  it 
He  to  whom  kind  Heaven  A  secret  cabala  has  given.  1795 
ItuRKE  Let.  Wks.  1842  II.  241  Magisterial  rabbins  and  doc- 
tors in  the  cabala  of  political  science.  1810  Scott  Lsdy  0/ 
L.  lit.  vi,  Eager  he  read  whatever  tells  Of  magic,  cabala, 
and  spells.  1851  D.  Wilson  Preh.  Ann.  II.  iv.  ii.  226  Visi- 
ble signs  of  some  native  cabbala. 

t  3.  Of  cabbala  with  :  in  the  secrets  of.  Obs. 

1646  Sir  T.  ItRowNE  Pseud.  Fp.i.  iii.  11  Astrologers,  which 
pretend  to  be  of  Cabal  la  with  the  starres. 

Cabba  lic,  a.  [ad.  med.L.  cabbalic-us.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Cabbala. 

1684  N.  S.  Crit.  Eng.  Edit.  Bible  xii.  94  He  rebukes  the 
Cabbalick  Doctors.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Cabbalic 
artt  Ars  eaba/tiea,  is  used  by  some  writers  for'rtrf  palx- 
strica,  or  the  art  of  wrestling. 

Cabbalism  baliz'mV  Also  cabalism.  [f. 
CAbiiAi.A  +  -I8M  :  or  ad.  ined.L.  cabbalism  us.] 


1.  The  system  or  manner  of  the  Jewish  Cabbala. 

1614  Wilkins  Mercury  viii.  (1707*  33  Which  kind  of  Ca- 
balism is  six  Times  repeated  in  the  History  of  the  Creation. 
165a  J.  Smith  Sel.  Disc.  vi.  200  Sailing  between  Cabbalism 
and  Platonism.  1854  Kingslev  Alexandria  iv.  156  The 
cabbalism  of  the  old  Rabbis. 

2.  Mystic  or  occult  doctrine  ;  mystery. 

1590  Greene  Fr.  Bacon  (1630)  8  Sore  he  doubts  of  Hacons 
Cabalisme.  1641  I  'ind.  Smectynmuns  xiii.  141  What  Ca- 
balisme  have  we  here?  1660  3  J.  Si-encer  Prodigies  (1665) 
287  Pretty  allegories,  parables,  cabbalisms. 

3.  ?  (Cf.  Cabal,  Cabalist.) 

1847  Emerson  Repres.  Men  Wks.  (Iiohn)  I.  284  They  are 
the  exceptions  which  we  want,  where  all  grows  alike.  A 
foreign  greatness  is  the  antidote  for  cabalism.  1856- — Eng. 
Traits  xiii.  Wks.  1874  II. 99, 1  do  not  know  that  there  is  more 
Cabalism  in  the  Anglican,  than  in  other  Churches. 

Cabbalist  (.karbalist).  Also  cabalist.  [ad. 
med.L.  caltbalista  :  see  -1ST.  Cf.  also  F.  cabaliste.] 

1.  One  who  professes  acquaintance  with  and 
faith  in  the  Jewish  Cabbala. 

c  1533  Dewes  Introd.  Fr.  in  Palsgr.  1058  Of  the  whiche 
knowlege  the  cabalystes  doth  make  fyftie  gates.  1646  Sih 
T.  Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  (1650)  212  The  doctrine  of  the  Cabal- 
ists,  who  in  each  of  tne  four  banners  inscribe  a  letter  of  the 
Tetragrammaton.  1794  Sullivan  View  Nat.  II.  236  The 
Masorites  and  Cabbalists.  1876  N.  Amer.  Rev.  468  The 
cahalists  and  Talmudtsts  are  responsible  for  him  {Adam). 

2.  One  skilled  in  mystic  arts  or  learning. 

'i  1592  Greene  Dram.  Wks.  (1831)  I.  182  The  cahalists 
that  write  of  magic  spells.  1704  Swift  T.  Tub  v.  (1709)76  As 
eminent  a  Cabalist  as  his  Disciples  would  represent  him. 
1847  Kmerson  Poems,  Initial  Love,  Cupid  is  a  casuist,  A 
mystic,  and  a  cabalist.    1850  Maurice  Mor.    Met.  Philoi. 

I.  157  Plato  felt  the  temptation  to  be  a  cabbalist. 

3.  See  Cabaust. 

Cabbalistic  kiebali  stik\a.  Also  cabal-,  [f. 
prec.  +  -ic,  or  direct  ad.  F.  cabalistique.  or  med.L. 
cabbalistic-us.]  Pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of, 
or  like  the  Cabbala  or  cabbalists;  having  a  pri- 
vate or  mystic  sense  ;  mysterious. 

1624  Midoleton  Game  Chess  nr.  U,  Out  of  that  cabalistic 
bloody  riddle.  1665  J.  Spencer  Prophecies  97  The  Cabba- 
listick  sense  of  Scripture.  1684  N.  S.  Crit.  Eng.  Edit.  Bt'blt- 
xii.  95  The  Cabl>alistick,  and  Allegorical  Doctors.  1724  A. 
Collins  Gr.  Chr.  Relig.  258  The  Revelation,  .being  written 
. .  in  the  Cabalistick  style.  1865  Tylor  Early  Hist.  Man. 
vi.  129  Certain  figures  and  cabalistic  signs  upon  the  skull. 

Cabbali'stical,  a.  Also  cabal-,  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-al.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  what  is  cabbalistic  ;  also 
=  Cabbalistic. 

a  1593  H-  Smith  Wks.  (1867)  II.  382  By  art  cabalistical. 
1713  Niather  Find.  Bible  300  A  Cabalistical  explanation  of 
Deut.  iv.  4.  1830  Scott  Demonol.  vi.  189  To  snow  the  ex- 
tent of  his  cabalistical  knowledge.  1838  9  Hallam  Hist. 
Lit.  I.  1.  iii.  (  96.  208  His  famous  900  theses  logical,  ethical 
.  .and  cabhalistical. 

Cabbali-stically,  adv.  [f.  prec.  + -ly*.]  In 

a  cabbalistic  manner  ;  according  to  the  Cabbala. 

1634  Sir  T.  Herbert  7'rav.  123  <T.)  Rabbi  Elias,  from 
the  first  verse  of  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis,  where  the  letter 
aleph  is  six  times  found,  cabalistically  concludes  that  the 
world  shall  endure  just  six  thousand  years.  1693  W.  Khkki 
Sel.  Ess.  iv.  23  Who  but  a  Madman  would  think  the  Num- 
l>er  Five  Cabalistically  sanctified,  because  a  Man  has  Five 
Fingers,  Five  Toes,  etc.    1856  R.  Vaughan  Mystics  (i86u> 

II.  107  How  to  pronounce  cabbalistically  the  potent  name. 
Caobalistico-  in  comb.  Cabbalistically. 

1831  Carlyle  Sart.  R.  1.  v,  Disqui  sit  ions  of  a  cabalistico- 
sartorial  and  quite  antediluvian  cast 

tCa'bbalize,  v.  Obs.  Also  cabal-,  [ad.  F. 
cabalise-r  (1 6th  c.  in  Littre),  or  med.L.  cabbalizdre  : 
see  -izk.]  intr.  To  use  or  affect  the  manner  of  the 
cabbalists  ;  to  speak  mystically. 

1660  H.  More  Myst.  Cntdt.  1.  viii.  23  Here  St.  John  seems 
to  cabbalize,  as  in  several  places  of  the  Apocalypse,  that  is, 
to  speak  in  the  language  of  the  learned  of  the  Jews. 

t  Ca  bbalizer.  Obs.    Also  cabal-.    One  who 

cabbalizes  ;  one  who  interprets  by  cabbala. 

1593  Nashe  Christ's  T.  (1613)  77  Not  all  thy  seuenty  Ks 
drean  Cabalizers,  who  traditionately  from  Moyses  rcceiued 
the  Laws  interpretation. 

Cabban,  -ane,  -aine,  -en,  early  ff.  Cabin. 
Cabber(karboj).  colloq.  [f.CABj£.3  +  -Eul.]  A 

cab- horse. 

1884  t  imes  27  Oct.  2/4  Sixteen  short-legged,  active,  clever, 
Young  Cabbers. 

Cabbie  (karbi).  Obs.  or  dial.  'A  sort  of  box 
made  of  laths,  which  claps  close  to  a  horse's  side, 
narrow  at  the  top  so  as  to  prevent  the  grain  in  it 
from  being  spilled'  (Jam.\  Also  'ft  small  barrow 
or  box  with  two  wheels  used  for  drawing'  ibid. 

"795  Statist.  Acc.  Scot.  XVI.  187  The  other  implements  of 
husbandry  are  harrows,  .cabbies  crook-saddles,  creels. 

Cabbin,-ine,  Cabbinet:  see  Cabin,  Cabinet. 

Ca'bbing,  vbl.  sb.  [f.  Cab  v.]  Cab-driving, 
cab-letting.    (Also  attrib.) 

1870  Pall  Malt  G.  24  Oct.  11  The  cabbing  interest  has 
suffered  from  the  war. 

Cabbie  (karb'l),  v.  Iron-smelting :  To  break 
up  Hat  pieces  of  partially  finished  iron  for  fagot- 
ling.    (See  quots.)    Hence  Cabbler,  Cabbling. 

1849  WCALS  Diet.  Terms  s.  v.,  The  process,  .which  in 
Gloucestershire  is  called  'scabbling/  or  more  correctly 
'cabbling'.  .is  simply  breaking  up  this  flat  iron  into  small 
pieces.  Men  are  especially  allocated  for  this  operation, 
and  are  named  'cabblers*.  1874  Knight  Diet.  Mech. 
418/1  The  pig  iron  is..  4.  Tilted;  making  a  flat,  oval  plate. 
5.  Cobbled;  that  is,  broken  up  into  pieces.     6.  Fagoted. 


CABBY. 


5 


CABINET. 


1875  Ure  Diet.  Arts  I.  553  Finery  iron  is  smelted  with 
charcoal,  and  when  a  soft  mass  of  about  two  hundred- 
weight is  formed  it  is  hammered  out  into  a  flat  oval  from 
two  to  four  inches  in  thickness ;  this  is  allowed  to  cool,  and 
is  then  broken  up  into  small  pieces,  which  is  the  process  of 
cabbling  or  scabbling. 

Cabbon,  Cabbonet,  early  ff.  Cabin,  Cabinet. 

Cabborne,  obs.  var.  of  cabbon,  cabon,  Cabin. 

1556  Aor.  Parker  Psalter  exxxn.  385  lie  it  my  shame  :  if 
I  go  in  My  Cabborne  house  :  in  rest  to  lygh. 

t  Ca'bby Obs.   ?  A  garden  pick  or  hoe. 

1653  Urquhart  Rabelais  1.  xxiii,  With  little  Mattocks, 
Pickaxes,  Grubbing-hooks.Cabbies  {be*ehes},  Pruning-knives, 
and  other  Instruments  requisit  for  gardning. 

Cabby  2  (karbi).  colloq.  [f.  Cab  ^.3  +  -y4.]  A 
cab-driver. 

1859  All  V.  Round  No.  34.  177  Call  the  cabby  up  for  my 
trunk  and  hat-box.  1881  Times  19  Jan.  10/2  Such  '  cabbies ' 
as  were  about,  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  anyone  who  hailed  them. 

Cabbyn,  obs.  form  of  Cabin. 

Cabbysshe,  obs.  form  of  Cabbage. 

Ca'bdom.  nonce- wd.  [f.  Cab^.3  + -dom.]  That 
part  of  the  community  specially  interested  in  cabs, 
as  owners  or  drivers. 

1868  Morn.  Her.  25  Aug.,  Calxlom  is  furious  against  the 
railway  companies.  , 

II  Cabeer  (kabiou).     [Arab.  y^S  kabtr,  lit. 

'  big,  #rw\] 

175a  Beawes  Lex  Mereat.  911  Cabeer,  a  Money  used  for 
accounts  at  Mocha,  of  which  80  may  be  reckoned  to  a 
French  Crown.    Ibid.  913  Caveers. 

Cabel,  -ell,  -elle,  obs.  forms  of  Cable. 

Caben,  early  form  of  Cabin. 

Caber  (k^  bai).  Sc.  Also  6  cabir,  kabar, 
kebber,  kebbre.  [a.  Gaelic  cabar  pole,  spar, 
rafter  =  Irish  cabar  lath,  Welsh  ceibr  beam,  rafter, 
Corn.  ceber,  keber  rafter,  beam,  Breton  9th  c.  in 
Luxemb.  fol.  'tignoc,  cepriou1.'] 

1.  A  pole,  or  spar,  usually  consisting  of  the 
stem  of  a  young  pine  or  fir-tree,  used  in  house- 
carpentry,  scaffolding,  etc. 

1513  Douglas  ACneis  XII.  v.  186  His  schaft  that  was  als 
rude  and  squair,  As  it  had  beyn  a  cabyr  or  a  spar.  1718  A. 
Ramsay  Christ's  Kirk  in.  xviii,  They  frae  a  barn  a  kabar 
raught.  1756  Mrs.  Caldekwood  Jml.  (1884)  162  To  every 
plant  they  give  a  pole,  which  is  a  tree,  like  the  smallest  sort 
of  what  we  call  cabers,  i860  G.  H.  K.  Vac.  Tour  164  They 
hung  them  [trouts]  on  the  cabers  of  their  wigwams. 

2.  esp.  as  used  in  the  Highland  athletic  exercise 
of  throwing  or  tossing  the  caber, 

1862  Standard  16  July,  Tossing  the  caber.  187a  Daily 
News  26  July,  Caber  Throwing.  1881  Boys'  Newspaper 
6  July,  The  caber  is  simply  a  roughly  hewn  pine  trunk 
denuded  of  its  branches.  .To  toss  this  skilfully  the  athlete 
poises  the  smaller  end  against  his  breast,  in  an  upright 
position,  and,  suddenly  raising  it  by  sheer  force  to  a  level 
with  his  shoulder,  throws  it  from  him  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  thick  end  touches  the  ground  first,  and  the  trunk 
falls  away  from  him. 

Cabern,  obs.  form  of  Cabin  (of  a  ship). 

Cabful  (karbful).  [f.  Cab  f£.3  +  -ful.]  As 
much  or  as  many  as  a  cab  will  hold. 

1856  Macaulay  in  Life  Lett.  (1880)  II.  432  Took  a 
cabfull  of  books  toWestbourne  Terrace. 

II  Cabiai  (ka*bi,ai).  [Fr.,  a.  Galibi  (or  Carib  of 
French  Guiana).  Martius  Brasil-Sprachenl\  A 
native  name  of  the  Capybara  {Hydrochcerus  Capy- 
bara),  sometimes  used  by  naturalists. 

1774  Golds m.  Nat  Hist.  (1862)  I.  xiv.  239  Animals  which 
seem,  .to  make  each  a  distinct  species  in  itself,  .the  Cabiai. 
Ibid.  III.  vi.  (Jod.)  The  capibara,  or  cabiai ;  it  is  a  native 
of  South  America,  and  is  chiefly  seen  in  frequenting  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  rivers  like  an  otter. 

Cabidge,  -ige,  obs.  forms  of  Cabbage. 

Cabill,  var.  form  of  Caball,  a  horse. 

Cabilvle,  obs.  form  of  Cable. 

II  Cabilliau,  cabeliau  (kcrbU^,  ka'belyau). 
Also  kabbelow.  [a.  F.  cabillaud,  cabliau,  Du. 
kabeljauzv,  a  name  used  (according  to  Franck)  by 
all  the  coast  Germans  since  the  14th  c. ;  MLG. 
kabelaw,  Ger.  kabliau,  kabelfau,  Sw.  kabetjo,  Da. 
kabeljau,  med.L.  cabellamuus  (a.  d.  i  i  33  in  Carpen- 
tier's  Du  Cange).  It  has  been  generally  regarded  as 
a  transposed  ioxmoibakeljamv,bakkeljau,  Hacalao, 
which  is  however  not  compatible  with  the  history 
of  that  word,  q.v.]  Cod-fish ;  '  codfish  which  has 
been  salted  and  hung  for  a  few  days,  but  not 
thoroughly  dried  ;  also,  a  dish  of  cod  mashed 1 
(Smyth  Sailor  s  Word-bk.). 

1696  W.  Mount  ague  Delights  Holland  36  A  good  Dish  of 
Cabilliau,  Cod-Fish,  of  which  the  Dutch  in  general  are 
great  Admirers.  1731  Medley  Kolben's  Cape  of  G.  Hope 
II.  188  At  the  Cape  there  are  several  sorts  of  the  fish  call'd 
Cabeliau.    1867  Smyth  Sailors  Word-bk.,  Kabbeloiv. 

Cabin  (karbin).  Forms :  4-7  cabane,  5-8 
caban,  5  kaban,  5-7  cabon,  6  eabban,  -ane, 

aine,  -on,  -yn,  caben,  6-8  cabbin,  7  cabben, 
cabbine,  cabine,  cabern,  7-  cabin.  [ME.  ca- 
bane, a.  F.  cabane  (=  Pr.,  Pg.  cabana,  Sp.  ca- 
bana, QzX.cabanya,  It.  capanna):— l^teL.  capanna, 
in  Isidore,  '  tugurium  parva  casa  est ;  hoc  rustici 
capanna  vocant' ;  in  Reichenau  glosses  8th  cent. 
cabanna.   Mod.F.  has  cabine  from  Eng.  in  sense  5.] 


f  i.  A  temporary  shelter  of  slight  materials ;  a 
tent,  booth,  temporary  hut.  Obs. 

? « 140a  Morte  Arth.  3099  Cabanes  coverede  for  kynges 
anoyntede  With  clothes  of  clere  golde  for  knyghtez  and 
ober.  1581  Marceck  Bk.  of  Notes  148  They  made  with 
pretie  boughs  and  twigs  of  trees,  such  little  pretie  lodgings 
as  we  call  Cabens  or  Hoothes.  1601  Shaks.  Twel.  N.  1.  v. 
287  Make  me  a  willow  Cabine  at  your  gate,  a  1649  Drumm. 
of  Hawth.  Hist.  Jam.  IV,  Wks.  (1711)  76  Cabanes  raised 
of  boughs  of  trees  and  reeds.  1857-69  Heavvsege  Saul  237 
From  the  wilderness  there  comes  a  blast,  That  casts  my 
cabin  of  assurance  down. 

+  b.  spec.  A  soldier's  tent  or  temporary  shelter. 

la  1400  Morte  Arth,  733  Tentez  and  othire  toylez,  and 
targez  fulle  ryche,  Cabanes  and  clathe  sokkes.  1553  Brende 
Q.  Curtius  Bbj,  There  fell  sodainlie  a  great  storme  .. 
within  their  cabbaines,  which  so  moche  afflicted  the  Soul- 
diours  . .  that,  etc.  1598  li.  Jonson  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  m. 
vii,  The  Courts  of  Princes,  .the  Cabbins  of  Soldiers.  1653 
Holcroft  Procopius  11.  67  The  Persians,  .fell  among  their 
Cabbins,  and  were  rifling  the  camp. 

2.  A  permanent  human  habitation  of  rude  con- 
struction. Applied  esp.  to  the  mud  or  turf-built 
hovels  of  slaves  or  impoverished  peasantry,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  more  comfortable  1  cottage' of 
working  men,  or  from  the  1  hut '  of  the  savage,  or 
temporary  'hut'  of  travellers,  explorers,  etc. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parr'.  57  Caban,  lytylle  howse,  Pretoria- 
lum,  capana.  1566  Painter  Pal.  Pleas.  I.  98  He  dwelt 
alone  in  a  little  cabane  in  the  fieldes  not  farre  from  Athenes. 
1570  Levins  Manip.  163  A  cabbon,  gurgustium.  _  1587 
Fleming  Contn.  Holiushed  III.  1356/1  Being  taken  in  his 
cabbin  by  one  of  the  Irishrie.  1618  Sir  R.  Boyle  in  Lis- 
more  Papers  (1886)  I.  196  To  give  her  a  Room  to  bwyld  her 
a  cabben  in.  1670  G.  H.  Hist.  Cardinals  1.  ni.  65  Not  a 
Mendicant,  .could  be  perswaded  to  leave  his  Cabane.  1691 
Petty  Pol.  Auat.  9  There  be  [in  Ireland]  160,000  Cabins 
without  Chimneys.  17*9  Shelvocke  Artillery  iv.  255  The 
Cabbin  of  Romulus  was  only  thatched  with  Straw,  a  1745 
Swift  Wks.  (1841)  II.  78  The  wretches  are  forced  to  pay  for  a 
filthy  cabin  and  two  ridges  of  potatoes  treble^  the  worth. 
1794  Sullivan  View  Nat.  II.  369  An  extensive  country 
covered  with  cabans.  183s  Ht.  Martineau  Ireland  i.  iA 
mud  cabin  here  and  there  ts  the  only  vestige  of  human 
habitation.  1850  Mrs.  Stowe  (title)  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 
b.  Used  rhetorically  for  1  poor  dwelling'. 

1598  B.  Jonson  Ev.  Man  in  Hum.  1.  v.  (1616)  16  Possesse 
no  gentlemen  of  our  acquaintance,  with  notice  of  my 
lodging.  .Not  that  I  need  care  who  know  it,  for  the  Cabbin 
is  conuenient.  1607  Dekker^V  T.  IVyatt  Wks.  1873  III. 
101  A  simple  Cabin,  for  so  great  a  Prince. 

1 3.  A  cell :  e.  g.  of  an  anchorite  or  hermit,  in  a 
convent  or  prison ;  a  cell  of  a  honeycomb.  Obs. 

1362  Langl.  P.  PI.  A.  xii.  35  Clergy  in  to  a  caban  crepte. 
1387  Trevisa  Higden  Rolls  Ser.  I.  221  In  the  theatre 
..cabans  and  dennes  [cellulx  mans ion u m\.  1480  Caxton 
Chron.  Eng.  ecliv.  329  They  put  hym  in  a  Cabon  and  his 
chapelyne  for  to  shryue  hym.  c  1530  More  De  gnat, 
Noviss.  Wks.  84/2  The  gailor  ..  thrusteth  your  blode  into 
some  other  caban.  1571  Hanmer  Chron.  I  re  I.  {1633)  57  Hee 
went  into  France,  and  made  them  Cabanes,  after  the  Irish 
manner,  in  stead  of  Monasteries.  1611  Bible  Jer.  xxxvii.16 
When  Ieremiah  was  entred  into  the  dungeon,  and  into  the 
cabbins.  1616  Surfl.  &  Markh.  Countr.  Farm  322  [Bees] 
busie  in  making  Combes,  and  building  of  little  Cabbins. 

+  b.  A  small  room,  a  bedroom,  a  boudoir, 
Obs. 

1594  Carew  Tasso  (1881)  38  Gay  clothing,  and  close  cab- 
banes  eke  she  flyes.  1607  R.  Wilkinson  Merchant-roy.  30 
She  that  riseth  to  dinner  . .  &  for  every  fit  of  an  idle  feuer 
betakes  her  straight  to  her  cabbin  againe.  1614  Raleigh 
Hist.  World  1.  83  Thou  shalt  make  Cabines  in  the  Arke. 
£1620  Z.  Boyd  Zion's  Flowers  (1855)  71  She  steek't  her 
cabin  doore. 

t  4.  A  natural  cave  or  grotto ;  the  den  or  hole 
of  a  wild  beast.  Obs. 

1377  Langl.  P.Pt.B.  111.  190  Ac  J>ow.  .crope  in  toakaban 
for  colde  of  bi  nailes.  1583  Stanyhurst  Aeneis  1.  (Arb.)  23 
A  eel  or  a  cabban  by  nature  formed,  is  vnder.  1589  Gold. 
Mirr.  (1851)  5  Cabbins  and  caues  in  England  and  in  Wales. 
Ibid.  14  The  beastly  belling  bull,  lay  coucht  in  cabbin 
closse.  1601  Holland  Pliny  I.  358  It  might  resemble  a 
very  cabbin  and  caue  indeed.  1794  S.  Williams  Vermont 
98  The  beavers . .  build  cabins,  or  houses  for  themselves. 

5.  A  room  or  compartment  in  a  vessel  for  sleep- 
ing or  eating  in.  An  apartment  or  small  room  in 
a  ship  for  officers  or  passengers. 

1382  Wvclif  Ezek.  xxvii.  6  Thi  seetis  of  rowers  . .  and  thi 
IitiT  cabans.  1483  Cath.  A  ngl.  50  A  Caban  of  cuke  (coke  A.) ; 
capana.  1530  Palsgk.  202/1  Cabbyn  in  a  shyppe,  cabain. 
1555  Eden  Decades  W.  Ind.  1.  v.  (Arb.)  86  Beholdinge . .  the 
toppe  castell ..  the  cabens,  the  keele.    1610  Shaks.  Temp. 

I.  1,  15  Keepe  your  Cabines  :  you  do  assist  the  storme.  1626 
Capt.  Smith  Accid.  Vng.  Seamen  10  The  Captaines  Cab- 
ben or  great  Cabben.    1718  Lady  M.  W.  Montague  Lett. 

II.  Ivi.  85  An  English  lady  . .  desired  me  to  let  her  go  over 
with  me  in  my  cabin.  1748  Anson  Voy.  1.  iii.  (ed.  4)  41 
Orellana.  .drew  towards  the  great  cabbin.  1835  Sir  J.  Ross 
N.-  W.  Pass.  xvii.  259  They  were  taken  into  the  cabin. 

f  b.  A  berth  (in  a  ship).    Hanging  cabin:  a 
hammock,  cot.  Obs. 
1598  W.  Phillips  Linschoten's  Trav.  Ind.  in  Arb.  Garner 

III.  20  Each  man  his  cabin  to  sleep  in.  1626  Capt.  Smith 
Accid.  Vng.  Seamen  11  A  cabben,  a  hanging  cabben,  a 
Hamacke.  1697  Dampier  Voy.  (1729)  III.  1.  191  Captain 
Davis  . .  was  thrown  out  of  his  Cabbin.  1733  Lediard 
Settws  II.  vii.  120  Cabbins  hung  upon  palm-trees.  1769 
Falconer  Diet.  Marine,  Cajutes,  the  cabins  or  bed-places 
.  .for  the  common  sailors. 

t  6.  A  litter.  Obs. 

1577  Holinshed  Chron.  II.  770  People  flocking  ..  some 
with  beires,  some  with  cabbins,  some  with  carts  . .  to  fetch 
awaie  the  dead  and  the  wounded.  ^1631  Donne  Poems 
(1650)  143  Some  coffin'd  in  their  cabbins  lie. 


f  7.  A  (political)  Cabinet  :  hence  cabin  council, 
counsellor,  signet.  Obs. 

1636  Ff.atly  Clavis  Myst.  xiv.  193  They  are  made  of  the 
Cabin  Councell,  and  become  leaders  in  our  vestries.  1643 
True  Informer  2  Their  Majesties  Letters  under  the  cabine 
Signet.  1644  Milton  Areop.  Wks.  1738  I.  142  Haughti- 
ness of  Prelates  and  cabin  Counsellors  that  usurp'd  of  late. 
!649  —  Eikou.  iv.  (1851)364  Putting  off  such  wholesome  acts 
ana  councels,  as  the  politic  Cabin  at  Whitehall  had  no 
mind  to.  Ibid.  xi.  425  To  vindicate  and  restore  the  Rights 
of  Parlament  invaded  by  Cabin  councels.  1676  W.  Row 
Contn.  Blair's  Autobiog.  xii.  (1848)  430  A  close  cabin  coun- 
cil plotting  and  contriving  all  things. 

8.  Comb.  Chiefly  in  sense  5,  as  cabin-keeper, 
-passage,  -passenger,  -scuttle,  -stairs,  -window,  etc  ; 
cabin-parloured  (having  a  parlour  no  bigger  than 
a  ship's  cabin)  ;  +  cabin-bed,  a  berth.  Also 
Cabin-boy,  -mate. 

1719DE  FoeO«S(?£(i84oi  II.  ii.  31  He  lay  in  a  *cabin-hcd, 
1807  Vancouver  Agric.  Devon  (18131  389  *Cabin  keepers  to 
shipwrights.  1802  W.  Tavlor  in  Robberds  Mem.  I.  6,\o 
The  squeezed,  *cabin-parloured  houselets  of  Dover.  1830 
Galt  Laurie  T.  VII.  1.(18491  3°°»  I  to°k  mv  P11^^^  ner 
— a  *cabin-passage.  1760  Wesley  frnl.  24  Aug.,  Half., 
were  'cabin  passengers.  1851  H.  Melville  Whale  xxix. 
138  The  silent  steersman  would  watch  the  "cabin-scuttle. 
1743  Fielding  J.  Wild  in.  vii.  323  Falling  down  the  "cabbin 
stairs  he  dislocated  his  shoulder. 

Cabin  (karbin),  v.    [f.  the  sb.,  q.  v.  for  Forms.j 

1.  intr.  To  dwell,  lodge,  take  shelter,  in,  or  as 
in,  a  cabin  (senses  1-4). 

1586  Fekne  Blaz.  Gentrie  49  Flying  from  their  houses, 
and  cabaning  in  woods  and  caues.  15188  Shaks.  7 A.  iv. 
ii.  179  And  sucke  the  Goate,  And  cabbin  in  a  Caue.  1602 
Fulbecke  Pandectes  32  Vnder  the  shadow  of  Scipio  the 
Citie,  the  Ladie  of  the  world  did  cabbon.  i6n  Hevwooii 
Gold.  Age  1.  i.  Wks.  1874  1 1 1.  15  Perpetual!  care  shall  cabin 
in  my  heart.  1865  Parkman  Champfain  be.  (1875)  2'J8  Bands 
of  Indians  cabined  along  the  borders  of  the  cove. 

2.  trans.  To  lodge,  entertain,  or  shelter,  as  in  a 
cabin. 

1602  Fulbecke  ind  Pt.Parall.  74Chast  learning  cabboned 
with  frugall  contentment.  1745  W.  THOMrsoN.V/(  ^v/(\s\y  p.  iv, 
Rock'd  by  the  blast,  and  cabin'd  in  the  storm. 

3.  trans.  To  shut  up  or  confine  within  narrow  and 
hampering  bounds.    (Mostly  after  Shakspere.) 

1605  Shaks.  Macb.  111.  iv.  24  Now  I  am  cabin'd,  crib'd, 
confin'd,  bound  in.  1818  Byron  Ch.  Har.  iv.  exxvi,  The 
faculty  divine  Is  chain'd  and  tortured  —  cabin'd,  cribb'd, 
confined.  1846  Lytton  Lucretia  (1853)  253  [One  who]  had 
the  authority  to  cabin  his  mind  in  the  walls  of  form.  1871 
Freeman  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  IV.  xvii.  58  The  newer  foun- 
dation was  cabined,  cribbed,  and  confined  in  a  very  narrow 
space  between  the  Cathedral  Church  and  the  buildings  of 
the  City. 

b.  with  in. 

1780  IiuRKE  Sp.  Bristol ^  Wks.  III.  417  They  imagine  that 
their  souls  are  cooped  and  cabined  in,  unless  they  have 
some  man.  .dependent  on  their  mercy. 

4.  trans.  To  partition  off  '\w\.o  small  apartments. 
1815  Hist.  J.  Decastro  I.  79  The  inside  of  it  . .  is  . .  cab- 

bined  off  into  small  apartments. 

Ca  bin  boy.  [f.  Cabin  sb.  5  +  Boy.]  A  boy 
who  waits  on  the  officers  and  passengers  on  board. 

1726  Amherst  Terra;  Fit.  xiii.  67,  I  was  sent  to  Oxford, 
scholar  of  a  college,  and  my  elder  brother  a  cabbin  boy  to 
the  West-Indies.  1773  Gentl.  Mag.  XLIII.  467  Every  soul 
on  board  perished,  except  the  cabbin-boy.  1848  Macaulay 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  iii.  303  Sir  Christopher  Mings  . .  entered  the 
service  as  a  cabin  boy  . .  His  cabin  boy  was  Sir  John  Nar- 
borough,  and  the  cabin  boy  of  Sir  John  Narborough  was 
Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel. 

Cabined  (ka;-bind),  ppl.  a.  [f.  Cabin  sb.  and 
v.  +  -ed.]  a.  Made  like  a  cabin  ;  furnished  with 
a  cabin,  b.  Confined  in  narrow  space,  c.  fig. 
Cramped,  hampered,  confined  in  action,  thought,  etc. 

1592  Wvrley  Armorie  146  Cabbind  lodgings.  1634 
Milton  Comus  140  From  her  cabined  loophole  peep.  18. . 
Bp.  D.  Wilson  in  Life  (i860)  II.  xiv.  41,  I  am  in  a  bholeah 
or  cabined  boat.  1854  M.  Arnold  Poems  (1877)  I.  23  Her 
cabin'd  ample  spirit.  1865  W.  Phillips  Speeches  xii.  266 
Cabined  American  civilization. 

Cabinet  (karbinet).  Forms:  6-7  cabanet, 
cabbonet,  cabonet,  6-  cabinet,  (7  cabbinet). 
[app.  Eng.  dim.  of  Cabin,  as  seen  by  the  earlier 
forms  cabanet,  cabonet,  which  go  with  the  earlier 
forms  of  cabin ;  but  in  senses  3-6  largely  influenced 
by  F.  cabinet,  which  according  to  Scheler  and 
Brachet  is  not  a  direct  derivative  of  F.  cabane, 
but  ad.  It.  gabinetto  ( =  Sp.  gabinete)  'closet,  press, 
chest  of  drawers1,  app.  a  dialectal  It.  word  going 
back  to  the  same  origin  as  Cabin.] 

I.  A  little  cabin,  room,  repository.  (Senses  1-3 
run  parallel  to  those  of  Bower  1-3.) 

fX.  A  little  cabin,  hut,  soldier's  tent;  a  rustic 
cottage  ;  a  dwelling,  lodging,  tabernacle ;  a  den 
or  hole  of  a  beast.  Obs. 

1572  Digges  Straliot.  (1579)  120  The  Lance  Knights  en- 
camp always  in  the  field  very  strongly,  two  or  three  to  a 
Cabbonet.  1597  Lylv  Worn,  in  Moone  iv.  i.  194  He  hath 
thrust  me  from  his  cabanet.  1607  Topsell  Four-f.  Beasts  105 
A  flock  of.,  four-footed  beasts,  came  about  their  cabanet. 

0-  X579  Fenton  Gnicciard.  iv.  (1599)  178  The  whole 
campe  was  constrained  . .  to  pitch  their  Cabinets  within  the 
ditches.  1391  Spenser  Daphn.  558, 1  him  desyrde  sith  daje 
was  overcast . .  To  turne  aside  unto  my  cabinet,  And  staie 
with  me.  159s  Shaks.  Ven.  $  Ad.  853  The  gentle  larke  . . 
From  his  moyst  cabinet  mounts  vp  on  hie.  a  1640  Day 
Peregr.Schol.  (1881)  54  Where  snakes . .  and  half-starvd  croco- 
diles made  them  sominer  beds  and  winter  cabbinets. 


CABINET. 

t  b.  fig.  •  Tabernacle  '.  Obs. 
?6;4  F'  Adams  Deiitts  Banq.  205  Whereas  the  Soule 
might  dwell  in  the  body  . .  shee  findes  it  a  crazy,  sickish, 
rotten  cabinet.  1630  Brathwait  Eng.  Gentl.  (1641)  413/1 
1  heir  bodies  . .  were  too  fraile  Cabonets  for  such  rich  emin- 
ences to  lodge  in. 

1 2.  A  summer-house  or  bower  in  a  garden.  Obs. 

■579  Spenser  Shefh.  Col.  Dec.  17  The  greene  cabinet. 
>»°  —  F.  Q.  11.  xiL  83  Their  Gardens  did  deface,  Their 
Arbers  spoyld,  their  Cabinets  suppresse.  1610  Folkingham 
Art  of  Survey  1.  xiL  44  Externall,  as  Groues,  Arbours, 
Bowers,  Cabinets,  Allies,  Ambulatories.  1737  Miller  Card. 
Did.,  Cabinet,  in  a  Garden,  is  a  Conveniency  which  differs 
from  an  Arbour,  in  this;  that  an  Arbour.. is  of  a  great 
Length  . .  but  a  Cabinet  is  either  square,  circular,  or  in 
Cants,  making  a  kind  of  a  Salon. 

3.  A  small  chamber  or  room  ;  a  private  apart- 
ment, a  boudoir,  arch,  or  Obs. 

156s  Karl  Bedford  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  L  186  II.  aioTher 
is  a  cabinet  abowte  xii  footes  square,  in  the  same  a  lyttle 
lowe  reposmgc  bedde,  and  a  table,  at  the  which  ther  were 
syttinge  at  the  supper  the  Quene  . .  and  David  [Rkzio]. 
1003  Holland  Plutarch's  Mar.  1 133  Sending  us  unto 
womens  chambers  and  cabinets.  1600  Bible  (Douayl  Gen. 
vi.  14  Cabinets  shall  thou  make  in  the  arke.  17*7  Swift 
Gulliver  a.  iii.  118  The  king,  who  was  then  retired  to  his 
cabinet.  1814  Scott  H-'nv.  I.  ii.  20  The  stained  window  of 
the  gloomy  cabinet  in  which  they  were  seated.  i8xa  W. 
Irving  Braceb.  Hall  ii.  9  A  small  cabinet  which  he  calls  his 
study. 

1 4.  A  room  devoted  to  the  arrangement  or  display 
of  works  of  art  and  objects  of  vertu ;  a  museum, 
picture-gallery,  etc.  Obs.  or  arch. 

1676  Hobbes  tlimddttSl  Pref.  7  Which  [a  painting),  .will 
not  be  worthy  to  be  plac'd  in  a  Cabinet.  1717  Pope,  etc. 
Art  Sinking  101  A  curious  person  in  a  cabinet  of  antique 
statues,  etc.  1796  J.  Owen  Trav.  Europe  II.  124  The  Mu- 
sxum  at  Portia  is  the  most  interesting  cabinet  tn  Europe, 
to  a  man  not  professedly  scientific.  The  generality  of 
cabinets  are  schools  of  study,  rather  than  exhibitions. 

5.  A  case  for  the  safe  custody  of  jewels,  or  other 
valuables,  letters,  documents,  etc. ;  and  thus,  a  re- 
pository or  case,  often  itself  forming  an  orna- 
mental piece  of  furniture,  fitted  with  compartments, 
drawers,  shelves,  etc.,  for  the  proper  preservation 
and  display  of  a  collection  of  specimens. 

.1550  in  Our  Eng.  Home  (1861)  164  Fayre  large  cabonett, 
covered  with  crimson  vellet.  .with  the  Kings  armes  crowned. 
.1 1631  Donne  Select.  (1840)  24  The  best  Jewel  in  the  best 
cabinet.  1680  Sir  C.  Lyttelton  in  Hat  ton  Corr.  (1878)  232 
I  other  day,  in  shifting  of  a  cabinet. .  I  found  abundance  of 
yr  letter-,.  174a  Chesterk.  Lett.  I.  lxxxix.  250  That  fine 
y,  0o^t°f  which  you  see  screens,  cabinets,  and  tea-tables. 
1839  Th  irlwall  Greece  III.  129  Papers  had  been  found  in 
Alexander's  cabinet,  containing  the  outlines  of  some  vast 
projects.  187s  Jevons  Money  (18781  44  In  innumerable 
cabinets  may  be  found  series  of  tin  coins. 

t  6-  fig-  A  secret  receptacle,  treasure-chamber, 
store-house  ;  arcanum,  etc.  Obs. 

IS49  Com p I.  Scot.  (187 3)  7,  I  socht  all  the  secreit  comeris 
of  my  gazophlle . .  vitht  in  the  cabinet  of  my  interior  thochtis. 
1634  Sanderson  Serin.  1 1.  312  That  counsel  of  His.  which  is 
lockt  up  in  the  cabinet  of  His  secret  will.  1660  Trial  , 
Regie.  173,  I  look  upon  the  Nation  as  the  Cabinet  of  the  I 
world.  1667  Oldenburg  in  Phil.  Trans.  1 1.  41 1  By  Anatomy 
we  have  sometimes  enter  d  into  the  Chambers  and  Cabinets 
of  Animal  Functions. 

H  Short  for  Cabinet  photograph  (11,  14). 
II.  In  politics. 

7.  a.  As  a  specific  use  of  3 :  The  private  room 
in  which  the  confidential  advisers  of  the  sovereign 
or  chief  ministers  of  a  country  meet ;  the  council - 
chamber.  Originally  in  the  literal  sense ;  now 
taken  chiefly  for  what  goes  on  or  is  transacted 
there,  i.  e.  political  consultation  and  action,  as 
'  the  field  '  is  taken  for  '  fighting,  warlike  action '. 

1607-ia  [see  8  a).  1615  W.  Yonge  Diary  (1848)  83  The 
King  made  choice  of  six  of  the  nobility  for  his  Council 
of  the  Cabinet.  1691  Drvden  St.  Euremont's  Ess.  90 
Weak,  unactive,  and  purely  for  the  Cabinet.  1603  Mem. 
Ct-  Teckely  11.  117  Neither  a  Man  of  the  Cabinet,  nor 
of  the  War.  1700  Dryden  Fabl.  Ded.,  You  began  in 
the  Cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practis'd  in  the  Camp. 
1804  Wellington  Let.  in  Gurw.  Dis/.  III.  145  Equally 
great  in  the  cabinet  as  in  the  field,  i860  Trollope  Frant- 
ley  P.  In  Harold  in  early  life  had  intended  himself  for  the 
cabinet. 

b.  The  body  of  ]>ersons  who  meet  in  such  a 
cabinet  ;  that  limited  number  of  the  ministers  of 
the  sovereign  or  head  of  the  state  who  are  in  a  more 
confidential  position  and  have,  in  effect,  with  the 
head  of  the  state,  the  determination  and  adminis- 
tration of  affairs. 

Formerly  called  more  fully  the  Cabinet  Council,  as  dis. 
tinguLshed  from  the  Privy  Council,  and  as  meeting  in  the 
1  abinet^;  the  later  abbreviation  is  like  the  use  of  '  the 
House',  'the  field',  for  those  who  fill  or  frequent  it,  and 
would  be  encouraged  by  such  expressions  as  'he  is  of  the 
cabinet '  used  of  Vane  by  Roe,  163a  Member  of  the 
cabinet  is  later. 

1644  Mercurius  Brit.  44.  347  According  to . .  the  practice  of 
yourCabinetor  Junto;  but  our  State  Committee  know  better. 
169a  Dryden  Si.  Euremont's  Ess.  108  Every  thing  was 
then  managed  by  the  jealousie  of  her  Mysterious  Cabinet. 
a  1734  North  Lives  I.  380  As  for  his  lordship's  being  taken 
into  the  cabinet.  1796  Morse  Amer.  Geog.  II.  6  The 
cabinets  of  Europe  . .  have  endeavoured  to  keep  up  a  con- 
slant  equilibrium  between  the  different  states.  1844  H.  H. 
Wilson  Brit.  India  11.  i,  He  had  been  authorised  by  the 
Prince  Regent  to  attempt  the  formation  of  a  cabinet.  1848 
Macallay  Hist.  Eng.  I.  211  Few  things  in  our  history  arc  | 


6 

more  curious  than  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  power  now 
possessed  by  the  Cabinet.  1874  Bancroft  Pootpr.  Time 
in.  236  I  he  members  of  the  President's  Cabinet. 

to.  A  meeting  of  this  body.    Now  called  a 
1  Cabinet  council or  1  meeting  of  the  Cabinet '. 

(What  is  now  called  'the  Cabinet'  was  formerly  'the 
Cabinet  Council and  what  is  now  '  a  Cabinet  Council ' 
was  formerly  termed  'a  Cabinet'.) 

1711  Swift  Lett.  (17681  III.  195  To  day  the  duke  was 
forced  to  go  to  the  race  while  the  cabinet  was  held.  1788  9 
Dk.  Leeds  Polit.  Mem.  {1884)  140  There  was  a  Cabinet 
at  my  office.  1805  Pitt  in  Ld.  Stanhope  Life  III.  318  A 
Cabinet  b  summoned  for  twelve  to-morrow. 

8.  Cabinet  Council :  a.  the  earlier  appellation 
of  the  body  now  styled  the  Cabinet :  see  7  b. 

Apparently  introduced,  at  the  accession  of  Charles  I,  in 
1625 ;  but  the  expression  cabinet  counsel  m  counsel  given 
privately  or  secretly  in  the  cabinet  or  private  apartment, 
occurs  earlier  and,  from  the  confusion  of  cowwWand  council, 
was  prob.  a  factor  in  the  name  :  see  Cabinet  Counsellor  in  9. 

[1607  1 2  Bacon  Counsel,  Ess.  (Arb.)  318  For  which  in- 
coveniences  the  doctrine  of  Italy,  and  practize  of  Fraunce, 
(ed.  1625  in  some  Kings  times]  hath  introduced  Cabanett 
Councelles  [ed.  1612  Cabanet  counsels  ;  1625  Cabinet  coun- 
sels!, a  remedy  worse  than  the  disease.  1633  Massincer 
Dk.  Milan  11.  V  10  No,  those  are  cabinet  councils,  And  not 
to  be  communicated,  but  To  such  as  are  his  own,  and  sure.] 

163a  Massincer  Maid  of  Hon.  1.  L  6  Though  a  counsellor 
of  state,  I  am  not  of  the  cabinet  council.  1646-7  Clarendon 
Hist.Reb.  (1702)  1. 11.  1:7  These  persons  made  up  the  Com- 
mittee of  State  (which  was  reproachfully  after  call'd  the 
Juncto,  and  enviously  then  in  the  Court  the  Cabinet  Council). 
Ibid.  n.  §  61  That  Committee  of  the  Council  which  used  to 
be  consulted  in  secret  affairs.  1649  Selden  Laws  Eng.  1. 
(1739)  20^  The  sense  of  State  once  contracted  into  a  Privy 
Council,  is  soon  recontracted  into  a  Cabinet-Council,  and 
last  of  all  into  a  Favourite  or  two.  x668  Howe  Bless. 
Righteous  Wks.  (1834)  250/2  To  know  his  [i.  e.  God's]  Secrets; 
to  be  as  it  were  of  the  Cabinet-Council.  17J7  Swift  To 
very  yng.  Lady%  Never  take  a  favourite  waiting-maid  into 
your  cabinet-council.  01734  North  Lives  II.  51  Thus  the 
cabinet  council  which  at  first  was  but  in  the  nature  of  a 
private  conversation,  came  to  be  a  formal  council,  and  had 
the  direction  of  most  transactions  of  the  Government.  1846 
McCulloch  Acc.  Brit.  Empire  (1854)  II.  143  Cabinet  Coun- 
cil.— This  body,  though  without  any  recognised  legal  exist- 
ence, constitutes,  in  effect,  the  government  of  the  country. 
It  consists  of  a  certain  number  of  privy  councillors,  com- 
prising the  principal  ministers  of  the  Crown  for  the  time 
being,  who  are  summoned  to  attend  at  each  meeting. 

b.  now,  A  meeting  or  consultation  of  the 
'  cabinet 

1679  J.  Goodman  Penitent  Pardon.  1.  iii.  (1713)  54  God 
Almighty,  .never,  .leaves  them  to  guess  at  the  transactions 
in  his  Cabinet -Council.  1688  Evelyn  Mem.  (1857)  II.  295 
Carried  to  Newgate,  after  examination  at  the  Cabinet 
Council.  i7»6  Berkeley  in  Fraser  Life  iv.  (1871)  138  The 
point  was  carried,  .in  the  cabinet  council. 

9.  Cabinet  Counsellor,  a  private  counsellor ; 
a  member  of  the  Cabinet. 

161!  Speed  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  ix.  vi.  3  For  a  Cabanet-Coun- 
sellour  at  all  times,  he  had  his  owne  Mother,  Matildis  the 
Empresse.  1633  Massincer  Guardian  11.  iii,  You  are  still 
my  cabinet  counsellors.  1640  Bastwick  Lord  Bps.  j.  A  iv, 
It  seems  he  is  one  of  Christs  Cabinet  Counsellors,  that  he  i- 
so  intimately  privie  to  his  thoughts. 
III.  Attrib.  and  in  Comb. 

10.  Of  the  cabinet,  as  a  private  place  ;  private, 
secret.  • 

i6o7-»3  Cabinet  Counsel  [see  8].  1611  40  Cabinet  Coun- 
sellor (see  9}  1638  Penit.  Con/,  vi.  (1657)  06  That  laid  open 
their  Cabinet  sins.  1654  Warren  Unbelievers  no  1  here 
are  some  Cabinet,  secret  thoughts,  and  purposes  in  God. 
1655  Fuller  Ck.  Hist.  1.  37  As  if  others  had  not  received 
such  private  Instructions  as  themselves,  being  Cabinet- 
Historians.  0x674  Clarendon  Hist,  /■/,■'.  (1704)  III.  xi. 
197  He  was  likew  ise  very  strict  in  observing  the  hours  of 
his  private  Cabinet  Devotions. 

11.  Of  such  value,  beauty,  or  size,  as  to  be  fitted 
for  a  private  chamber,  or  kept  in  a  cabinet.  Some- 
times more  or  less  technical,  as  in  cabinet  edition, 
one  smaller  and  less  costly  than  a  library  edition, 
but  tastefully  rather  than  cheaply  got  up ;  cabinet 
organ,  1  a  superior  class  and  size  of  reed  organ  ' ; 
cabinet  photograph  ^see  cabinet-sized  in  14);  cabi- 
net piano,  etc. 

1696  Phillips,  Cabinet  Organ,  a  Portative  Organ.  1708 
Kersey,  Cabinet-organ,  a  little  Organ,  that  may  be  easily 
carry'd,  or  remov'd  from  one  Place  to  another.  1711 
Shaftesb.  Charac.  (1737)  I'*43°  One  admires  musick  and 
paintings,  cabinet -curiosity's,  and  in-door  ornaments.  1750 
Beawes  Lex  Mercat.  (1752)  859  Cabinet  Wares.  1817 
[*  Hunt  Let.  in  Gentl.  Mag.  May  (1876)  601  A  cabinet 
piano.  18*4  Miss  Mitfokd  Village  Ser.  1.(1863)147  It  is 
quite  a  cabinet  picture.  1859  Gullick  &  Timbs  Paint.  18 
Cabinet  pictures  are  so  named  because  they  are  so  small 
in  size  as  to  be  readily  contained  in  a  cabinet.  Mod.  The 
Cabinet  edition  of  Macaulay. 

12.  Fit  for  cabinet-making. 

1849  Freese  Comm.  Class-bk.  17  Cabinet  woods,  are  the 
qualities  used  for  making  all  kinds  of  household  furniture, 
as  mahogany,  rose-wood,  cedar,  satin-wood. 

13.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  political  cabinet,  as 
cabinet  minister,  etc. 

1817  Parl.  Deb.  1556  Did  any  body  suppose  that  three 
years  spent  in  a  cabinet  office  were  sufficient  to  entitle  the 
individual  to  a  cabinet  pension  7 

14.  Comb,  cabinet-box  ■  Cabinet  5  :  cabinet- 
founder  ;  cabinet-sized  a.,  of  fit  size  for  placing 
in  a  cabinet ;  (a  photograph)  of  the  size  larger 
than  a  cnrte-ole-visite. 

1655  Mk<j.  Wokc  Cent.  Inv.  Index  7  A  total  locking  of 


CABLE. 

Cabinet-boxes.  1800  Him  Ann.  Directory  Underhill,  J., 
Cabinet-founder  and  Ironmonger.  1883  Lloyd  Ebb  4  Menu 
II.  186  A  nice  cabinet -sized  photograph  of  her. 

Ca  binet,  v.  Pa.  t.  and  pple.  -eted.  [f.  prec] 
trans.  To  enclose  in  or  as  in  a  cabinet. 

C1641  Observalor  Defended  11  That  government,  which 
our  Laws  are  lockt  and  cabenetted  in.  a  1658  Hewytt 
Semi.  87  (R.  i  To  adore  the  casket,  and  contemn  the  jewel 
that  is  cabinetted  in  it.  1660  Charac.  Italy  80  The  Priest, 
who  as  yet  was  cabinetted  up  in  the  Merchants  house.  1854 
J.  Warter  Last  of  Old  So.  v.  44  That  a  heart  of  hearts 
was  cabinetted  in  a  person  the  most  attractive. 

Cabineted,  a.  rare.  Enclosed  as  in  a 
cabinet ;  shut  up. 

1680  Charnock  Wks.  11864)  L  53  Good  men  have  provi- 
dence cabineted  in  a  promise.  18..  Blackie  Poems,  The 
cabineted  skeleton  Of  fallen  majesty  ! 

CabineteeT.  nonce-zvd.  One  who  has  official 
connexion  with  a  cabinet. 

1837  Eraser's  Mag.  XVI.  531  Hume  is  the  sole  historian 
of  whom  the  Cabineteer  ever  heard. 

Cabinet-ma  ker. 

1.  One  whose  business  it  is  to  make  cabinets 
(sense  5),  and  the  finer  kind  of  joiner's  work. 

1681  Trials.  Colledge  59  Mr.  Alt.  Gen.  What  Trade  are 
you?  Mr.  Hickman.  A  Cabinet-maker.  1689  Luttrell 
Brief  Jlel.  11857)  L  D14  One  Johnson,  a  popish  cabinet 
maker.  1717  Swift  Gulliver  11.  iii,  The  queen  commanded 
her  own  cabinet-maker  to  contrive  a  box.  1871  Yeats 
Techn.  Hist.  Comm.  43  Joiners'  and  cabinet-makers'  work. 

2.  casual.  One  who  constructs  a  political  cabinet. 
1884  Boston  ■  Mass.  ■  Jrnl.  22  Nov.  2/4  The  Cabinet-makers, 

office-seekers,  and  schemers  who  abound  in  Washington. 

Hence  Ca  binet  marking,  the  cabinet-maker's 
occupation  ;  the  construction  of  a  political  cabinet. 

1813  in  Examiner  1  Feb.  71/2  They'll  fit  you ..  whatever 
your  trade  is  ;  (Except  it  be  Cabinet-making'.  188a  BnMI 
All  Sorts  116  The  gentle  craft  of  cabinet-making.  1885 
Pall  Mall  G.  16  June  1/2  Hitches  are  inevitable  whenever 
Cabinet-making  is  undertaken. 

Cabir,  obs.  form  of  Caber. 

Cabish,  obs.  form  of  Cabbage. 

Cable  (k^i-b'l), sb.  Forms:  3-4  kable,  5-7  ca- 
bultle,  cabyl,  -il,  -ille,  -el,  -ell,  -elle,  (5-6 
gable,  gabyll  ,  3-  cable.  [ME.  cable,  cabel, 
table,  identical  with  Du.  kabel,  MDu.raiW,  MLG. 
kabel,  MHli.  and  Ger.  kabel,  all  app.  from 
Romanic:  cf.  F.  cdble,  Sp.  cable,  l'g.  cabre,  all 
meaning  1  cable ',  It.  cappio  sliding  knot,  noose, 
gin  :— late  L.  capulum,  cnplum  a  halter  for  catch- 
ing or  fastening  cattle,  according  to  Isidore  f. 
caplre  to  take  'quod  eo  indomita  jumeuta  com- 
prehendantur ' :  cf.  capulum,  -us,  '  handle,  haft ', 
capuld-re  to  take,  catch,  etc. 

(There  are  difficulties  as  to  F.  cable,  older  forms  of  which 
were  caable,  chaable,  ch/able,  chdbte,  which  point,  through 
'cadable,  to  a  L.  *catabola  a  kind  of  Ballista  for  hurling 
stones,  etc,  in  which  sense  chaable  also  occurs :  see  Cabu- 
lus  in  Du  Cange.  Littre*  supposes  an  early  confusion  be- 
tween this  and  *cable  from  Isidore's  capulum  ;  others  think 
that  as  the  catabola  was  put  in  motion  with  ropes,  it  may 
be  the  real  source.  But  this  docs  not  account  for  the  Sp. 
and  It.  words.  ■} 

1.  A  strong  thick  rope,  originally  of  hemp  or 
other  fibre,  now  also  of  strands  of  iron  wire. 

Originally  a  stout  rope  of  any  thickness,  but  now,  in 
nautical  use,  a  cable  (of  hemp,  jute,  etc)  is  10  inches  in  cir- 
cumference and  upwards ;  ropes  of  less  thickness  being  called 
cablets  or  hawsers.  In  other  than  nautical  use  (see  2),  rope 
is  commonly  used  when  the  material  is  hemp  or  fibre  las  in 
the  '  rope  '  by  which  a  train  is  drawn  up  an  incline*,  and 
cable  when  the  material  is  wire. 

1  iaoj  Lay.  1338  He  hihte  hondlicn  kablcn  [1  U75  cables). 
<■  1320  Sir  Guy  4613  Sche  come  . .  Doun  of  te  caste!  in  sel. 
coube  wise  Bi  on  cable  alle  sleyelichc.  c  1340  Cursor  M. 
24848  (Fairf.)  pe  mast  hit  shoke,  be  cablis  [earlier  MSS. 
cordis)  brast.  1  139a  Chaucer  Compl.  V  enus  33  paughe 
Ialousye  wer  hanged  by  a  Kable  Sneo  wolde  al  Vnowe. 
.  1410  Chron.  Vilod.  86a  Alle  be  gables  of  be  shippe  bey 
broston  a  to.  1535  Coverdale  hceles.  iv.  12  A  tnrefolde 
cable  is  not  liglitly  broken.  1598  Barret  Theor.  Warres 
v.  iii.  135  Sinai  cables  for  the  artillery.  i6»6  G.  Sasdvs 
Ovid's  Met.  vill.  170  He  ..  ouerthrowes  With  cabels, 
and  innumerable  blowes,  The  sturdy  Oke.  1708  J.  C. 
Compl.  Collier  (1845)  34  A  Cable  of  three  inches  round  and 
of  good  Stuff,  will  do  better  for  Coal-work.  184a  Penny 
Cycl.  XXIII.  336/2  The  platform  (of  a  suspension-bridge  at 
the  Isle,  of  Bourbon)  is  suspended  from  four  cables  . .  and 
each  cable  consists  of  fifteen  bundles  of  eighty  wires  each. 

h.fig. 

1600  Hooker  Eccl.  Pol.  vn.  xviii.  t  10  The  whole  body 
politic  should  be.. a  threefold  cable.  1604  Shaks.  Oth.  1. 
li.  17  He  will  . .  put  vpon  you  what  restraint  or  greeuance 
The  Law.,  will  giue  him  Cable.  1609  Holland  Amm. 
Marcell.  xxix.  i.  351  He  unfolded  . .  a  huge  long  cable  of 
villanies.  1616R.C.  Times'  Whis.  vi.  2343  Linckt  together 
with  sinnes  ougly  cable. 

c.  It  is  easier  for  a  cable  to  go  through  the  eye 
of  a  needle,  a  variant  rendering  of  Matt.  xix.  34, 
Mark  x.  35,  Luke  xviii.  35,  adopted  by  Sir  J. 
C'heke,  and  cited  by  many  writers. 

IThis  represents  a  variant  interpretation  of  Gr.  <ra|A>jAov  in 
this  passage,  mentioned  already  by  Cyril  of  Alexandria  in 
the  5th  c.  Subsequently  a  variant  reading  itinlXm  (found 
in  several  late  cursive  MSS.)  was  associated  with  this 
rendering,  and  Suidas(T  11th  c)  makes  distinct  words  of  ko- 
/AtAof  1  cable ',  «x/x»)Aos  camel.  Some  Mod.Gr.  dictionaries 
have  also  icofiiAos*  cable.) 

.  1530  More  De  Quatnor  Xouisi.  Wks.  11557)92  It  were 
us  harde  for  the  nche  manne  to  conic  into  heauen,  as  a 


CABLE. 


7 


CABOCHED. 


great  cable  or  a  Camel  to  go  through  a  nedles  eye.    C  1550  | 
Cheke  Matt.  xix.  24  It  is  easier  for  a  cable  to  passe  thorough  j 
a  nedels  eie,  yen  for  a  rich  man  to  enter  in  to  >*  kingdoom  of  . 
heaven.    \Marg.  note.  Although  y*  Suidas  seem  to  sai 
ko/ziaos  to  be  for  a  cable  roop,  and  «af»jAo«  for  y°  beest,  iet 
theophylactus  . .  and  Celius  . .  taak  ctffUfAor  to  be  booy  y° 
beest  and  y"  cable,  as  moost  season  agreeabli  serveth  heer.] 
1581  Marbeck  Bk.  of  Notes  540  It  is  impossible  for  a  Camell 
(or  Cable,  that  is  a  great  rope  of  a  ship) .  -  to  go  through  a 
needles  eye.    1637  Colvil  Whig's  SnppUc.  (1695)  49  An 
honest  Clergyman  will  be  When  Cable  passeth  Needles  eye. 
x84o  Marryat  Olla  Podr.,  S.  W.  #  by  W.  j  W.,  If  he  were 
as  incompetent  as  a  camel  (or,  as  they  say  at  sea,  a  cable)  to 
pass  through  the  eye  of  a  needle. 

2.  spec.  (Naut.)  The  strong  thick  rope  to  which 
a  ship's  anchor  is  fastened  ;  and  by  transference, 
anything  used  for  the  same  purpose,  as  a  chain  of 
iron  links  {chain  cable). 

f  Slream-cable,a.hav,ser  or  rope  something  smaller  than  the 
bower,  used  to  move  or  hold  the  ship  temporarily  during: 
a  calm  in  a  river  or  haven,  sheltered  from  the  wind  and 
sea,  etc'  (Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk.) 

c  13*5  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  418  With-outen  mast,  ober  myke, 
ober  myry  bawe-lyne,  Kable,  ober  capstan  to  clyppe  to  her 
ankrez.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  2848  pai  caste  ancres  full  kene 
with  cables  to  grounde.  1490  Caxton  Encydos  xxvii.  96 
Eneas,  .cutte  asondre  the  cables  that  with  helde  the  shippe 
within  the  hauen.  1593  Shaks.  3  Hen.  VI,  v.  iv.  4  The 
Cable  broke,  the  holding-Anchor  lost.  1627  Capt.  Smith 
Seaman's  Gram.  vii.  30  The  Cables  also  carry  a  proportion 
to  the  Anchors,  but  if  it  be  not  three  strond,  it  is  accounted 
but  a  Hawser.  1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  11789)  s.v. 
Admiral,  They  may  be  ready  to  cut  or  slip  the  cables  when 
they  shall  be  too  much  hurried  to  weigh  their  anchors.  1836 
W.  Irving  Astoria  I.  185  Slip  the  cable  and  endeavour  to 
get  to  sea.  1885  Annandale  Imp.  Diet.  s.v\,  Chain-cables 
have  now  almost  superseded  rope-cables. 
\>.fig. 

1635  Quarles  Embl.  in.  xi.  (1718)  169  Pray'r  is  the  Cable, 
at  whose  end  appears  The  anchor  hope.  1677  Yarranton 
Engl.  Improv.  22  The  grand  Banks  . .  shall  be  the  Anchor 
and  Cable  of  all  smaller  Banks.  1851  Mayhkw  Loud.  Labour 
I.  360  Her  cable  had  run  out,  and  she  died. 

C.  A  cable  or  cable's  length,  as  a  unit  of  measure- 
ment, 'about  100  fathoms  ;  in  marine  charts  60756 
feet,  or  one-tenth  of  a  sea  mile*  (Adml.  Smyth). 

1555  Eden  Decades  W.  hid.  (Arb.)  381  Redde  cliffes  with 
white  strakes  like  wayes  a  cable  length  a  piece.  1665  Duke 
of  York's  Fight.  Instr.  xiv,  To  keep  about  the  distance  of 
half  a  cable  from  one  another.  1702  Loud.  Gas.  No.  3844/4 
The  Two  Buoys.. being  distant  near  the  Length  of  Two 
Cables.  1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  (1789)  Cable.,  a. 
measure  of  120  fathoms,  called  by  the  English  seamen  a 
cable's  length.  1778  Capt.  Miller  in  Nicolas  Disp.  Nelson 
(1846)  VII.  Introd.  159  We  got  within  a  cable  and  a  half  of 
her.  1813  South ey  Nelson  (1854)  167  He  veered  half  a 
cable,  and  instantly  opened  a  tremendous  fire.  1840  R. 
Dana  Bef  Mast  xi.  26  Within  two  cable  lengths  of  the  shore. 

3.  Telegraphy.  A  rope-like  line  used  for  sub- 
marine telegraphs,  containing  the  wires  along 
which  the  electric  current  passes,  embedded  in 
gutta  percha  or  other  insulating  substance,  and 
encased  in  an  external  sheathing  of  strong  wire 
strands,  resembling  the  wire  cable  of  sense  1. 
Alsob.  a  bundle  of  insulated  wires,  passing  through 
a  pipe  laid  underground  in  streets,  etc. 

1854  Specif.  Brett's  Patent  No.  10939.  21  This  said  cable 
or  rope  I  denominate  my  Oceanic  Line.  1852  Leisure  Hour 
Sept.  591  Complimentary  messages  were  transmitted  by 
means  of  the  cable  through  the  waters  to  Dover.  1855 
Wheatstone  Roy.  Soc.  Proc.  VII.  328  Experiment's  made 
with  the  submarine  cable  of  the  Mediterranean  Electric 
Telegraph.  1858  Tii?ies  Ann.  Summary  89  The  unfortu- 
nate fracture  of  the  oceanic  cable.  1864  W.  Crookes  Q. 
Jrnl.  Science  I.  44  The  Atlantic  Cable  and  its  Teachings. 
1865  Russell  A  tlautic  Telegr.  2  Mr.  Wheatstone.  .as  early 
as  1840  brought  before  the  House  of  Commons  the  project 
of  a  cable  to  be  laid  between  Dover  and  Calais.  1880  Times 
17  Dec.  5/6  [She]  is  reported  by  cable  to  have  put  into  St. 
Thomas.  1887  Telegr.  Jrnl.  4  Mar.  203/2  In  pur  system, 
the  cables  can  be  easily  drawn  out  of  the  iron  pipes  if  occa- 
sion demands  it. 

c.  A  cable  message,  a  Cablegram. 

1883  Bread-Winners  175  It  riled  me  to  have  to  pay  for  two 
cables.  1884  Pall  Mall  G.  6  Aug.  11/1,  I  was  desired  by  my 
chief  in  New  York  to  . .  give  them  a  long  '  cable  '.  1886 
Daily  News  4  June  6/4  The  General  . .  had  received  cables 
of  greeting  from  the  1  comrades '  in  Australasia  and  America. 

4.  Arch.,  Goldsmith's  7vork,  etc.  (also  cable- 
moulding)  \  A  convex  moulding  or  ornament  made 
in  the  form  of  a  rope. 

1859  Turner  Dom.Archit.  III.  i.  9  Norman  ornaments. . 
particularly  the  billet  and  the  cable.  Ibid.  11.  vii.  359  The 
cornice  is  the  cable-moulding  on  a  large  scale.  1862 
Athenaeum  30  Aug.  277  A  figure  of  Science,  on  a  coral  base, 
with  a  cable  border.  1877  W.  Jones  Fiuger-ring  L.  140  The 
outer  edge . .  is  also  decorated  with  a  heavy  cable-moulding. 

5.  (.See  quot.) 

1877  Peacock  N.  W.  Lincoln.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.  )  Cable,  a 
long  narrow  strip  of  ground. 

6.  Alt  rib.  and  Comb.,  as  (senses  1,  2)  cable-chain, 
-coil,  -maker,  -roots ;  (sense  3)  cable-advice,  -des- 
patch, -?nan,  -message,  -tank ;  (sense  4)  cable- 
bonkr,  moulding,  pattern,  etc. 

1882  Mod.  Trade  Circular,  Further  "cable  advices  from  the 
Colonies.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  27  Aug.  11/2  The  *cable-chain 
makers .  .factory  men,  who  make  the  marine  or  cable  chains. 
1667  Denham  Direct.  Painter  11.  ix.  24  See  that  thou . .  spoil 
All  their  Sea-market,  and  their  *Cable-coyl.  1483  Caxton 
G.  de  la  Tour  Fj,  A  roper  or  *cable  maker.  186$  Daily 
Tel.  19  Aug.  4/4  Mr.  Canning  showed  the  cable  and  the 
stab  to  the  *cablemen.  1877  Daily  Neivs  3  Nov.  6/5  The 
following  *cable  message  has  been  received  . .  from  New 


York.  1611  Beaum.  &  Fl.  Philaster  v.  Hi,  Pines,  whose 
"cable  roots  Held  out  a  thousand  storms.  1865  Sat.  Rev. 
12  Aug.  192  The  first  defect  was  occasioned— [by]  the  drop- 
ping of  a  fragment  of  wire  into  the  'cable-tank, 

7.  Special  comb. :  cable-bends,  cable-buoy, 
cable-hanger  (see  quots.)  ;  cable -hatband,  a 
twisted  cord  of  gold,  silver,  or  silk,  worn  round 
the  hat  Jlalliw.) ;  cable-laid  a.  (see  quot.) ; 
cable-range,  a  given  length  of  cable ;  a  range 
of  coils  or  rolls  of  cable  ;  cable-rope  -  sense  1  ; 
also,  cable-laid  rope ;  cable-stock,  the  capstan ; 
cable-tier,  the  place  in  a  hold,  or  between  decks, 
where  the  cables  are  coiled  away ;  cable-tools 
(see  quot.). 

1867  Smvth  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  *Cable-bends,  two  small 
ropes  for  lashing  the  end  of  a  hempen  cable  to  its  own  part, 
in  order  to  secure  the  clinch  by  which  it  is  fastened  to  the 
anchor-ring.  1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  {1789)  *Cable- 
Buoys,  common  casks  employed  to  buoy  up  the  cables. 
1732  De  Foe  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  (17691  I.  149  Persons  who 
dredge  or  fish  for  Oysters  [on  the  Medway],  not  being  free 
of  the  Fishery,  are  called  *Cable-hangers.  1599  B.  Jonson 
Ev.  Man  out  Hum.  Induct.,  Wearing  a  pyed  feather 
The*cable  hatband,  or  the  three-piled  ruff.  1602  Marston 
Ant.  <y  Melt.  11.  i.  (N.)  More  cable,  till  he  had  as  much  as 
my  cable-hatband  to  fence  him.  1723  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  6129/3 
Stolen  from  the  Fifth  Moorings,  Eleven  Fathom  of  Eleven 
Inch  *Cable  laid  Pendant.  1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine 
11789)  s.v.  Ropes,  Ropes  are  either  cable-laid  or  hawser-laid  : 
the  former  are  composed  of  nine  strands,  viz.  three  great 
strands,  each  of  which  is  composed  of  three  smaller  strands. 
1883  W.  C.  Russell  Sea  Queen  II.  ii.  34  The  men  were  set 
to  work  to  get  the  *cable-range  along,  ready  for  bringing  up. 
1523  Skelton  Garl.  Laurel 833  From  the  anker  he  kutteth 
the  *gabyll  rope.  1556  Chron.  Gr.  Friars  (1852)  53  At  the 
west  ende  of  Powlles  stepull  was  tayed  a  cabelle  roppe. 
1711  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  4882/3  About  sixty  Fathom  of  Cable 
Rope,  about  nine  Inches  Circumference.  1549  Compl.  Scot. 
vi.  40  The  maister.  .bald  the  marynalis  lay  the  cabil  to  the 
■  cabilstok.  1833  Marryat  P.  Simple  (1863)  62  Knocking 
the  man  down  into  the  *cable  tier,  i860  H.  Stuart  Sea- 
man's  Catech.  62  The  hemp  cables  are  coiled  in  the  cable 
tiers.  1881  Raymond  Mining  Gloss.,  ^Cable-tools,  the  ap- 
paratus used  in  drilling  deep  holes,  such  as  artesian  wells, 
with  a  rope,  instead  of  rods,  to  connect  the  drill  with  the 
machine  on  the  surface. 

Cable  (k^i-b'l),  v.  [f.  the  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  furnish  with  a  cable  or  cables  ;  to 
fasten  with  or  as  with  a  cable,  to  tie  up. 

c  1500  Dunbar  Tua  Mariit  Went.  354  Se  how  I  cabeld 
;one  cout  with  a  kene  brydill  !  1530  Palsgr.  473/1,  1 
cable,  I  store  a  shyppe  of  cables.  1598  Florio,  Gomenare 
.  .to  cable  an  anker.  1605  T.  Ryves  Vicar  s  Plea  (1620)  31 
They  are  . .  fortefied  and  cabled  vp  with  the  graunts  and 
priuiledges  of  Gregory  the  14.  1634  Shirley  Example  1.  i, 
Here  I  am  cabled  up  above  their  shot.  1640  —  Imposture 
1.  ii,  I  hope  she's  not  turned  nun . .  I  do  not  like  The  women 
should  be  cabled  up.  1800  Naval  Chron.  IV,  218  His 
Majesty's  ships  are  insufficiently  cabled.  1863  Ld.  Lytton 
Ring  Amasis  II.  11.  lit  xi.  273  The  motive  power  of  his 
being  was  cabled  to  Superstition. 

2.  Arch.  To  furnish  (a  column)  with  vertical 
convex  circular  mouldings,  which  should  properly 
occupy  the  lower  part  of  the  flutings,  so  as  to 
represent  a  rope  or  staff  placed  in  the  flute  (Gwilt). 

1766  Entick  London  IV.  91  Cabled  with  small  pillars 
bound  round  it,  with  a  kind  of  arched  work  and  subdivisions 
between.  1848  Rickman  Archit.  13  These  channels  are 
sometimes  partly  filled  by  a  lesser  round  moulding  ;  this  is 
called  cabling  the  flutes.  1875  Gwilt  Archit.  Gloss,  s.v. 
Cabling.  In  modern  times  an  occasional  abuse  has  been 
practised  of  cabling  without  fluting,  as  in  the  church  delta 
Sapienza  at  Rome. 

3.  trans,  and  intr.  To  transmit  (a  message,  news, 
etc.)?  or  communicate,  by  submarine  telegraph. 
(Const,  as  in  to  telegraph.) 

1871  Schele  de  Vere  Americanisms  (1872)  559  A  late 
telegram  by  Atlantic  Cable  from  the  British  Premier,  .said  : 
'Cable  how  match-tax  works'.  1880  Times  28  Oct.,  The 
exciting  news  cabled  from  Ireland.  1881  Ionia  Standard  24 
Mar.,  He  [i.  e.  Secretary  Blaine]  has  been  cabling  con- 
stantly with  Lord  Granville.  1882  Times  14  Apr.  5/3  The 
Secretary  of  State . .  cabled  the  substance  of  them  to  Minister 
Lowell.  1884  Kendal  Merc.  1  Nov.  5  Mr.  Henry  Irving 
cabled  me  from  Boston,  .that,  etc. 

Cable,  obs.  f.  of  Caball,  horse. 

Cabled  (k^-b'ld),       a.    [f.  Cable  sb.  and  v. 

+  -ED.]  a.  Furnished  or  fastened  with  a  cable  or 
cables,    b.  Arch.    C.  Her.  (See  quots.) 

1530  Palsgr.  473/1  My  shyppe  is  as  wel  cabled  as  any  in 
all  the  fleete.  1664  Evelyn  tr.  Freart's  Archit.  130  Some- 
times we  find  the  Striges  to  be  fill'd  up  with  a  swelling,  .and 
these  we  may  call  Stav'd  or  Cabl'd  Columns.  1751  Cham- 
bers CycL,  Cabled  flutes,  in  architecture  ..  filled  up  with 
raised  or  swelling  pieces  in  form  of  Cables.  Ibid.  Cabled, 
in  Heraldry,  is  applied  to  a  cross  formed  of  the  two  ends  of 
a  ship's  cable.  1757  Dyer  Fleece  11,  In  Myrina's  port  [they] 
Cast  out  the  cabled  stone  upon-  the  strand. 

Cablegram  kt^-b'lgrcem).  [f.  Cable  sb.  +■ 
-gram,  by  superficial  analogy  with  Telegkam  ; 
(in  which  both  elements  are  Greek).  (The  sub- 
stitution of  Calogram  has  been  vainly  urged  by 
various  writers.)]  A  message  sent  by  submarine 
telegraph  cable. 

1868  Daily  News  26  Sept.,  The  new  word  cablegram  is 
used  by  a  New  York  contemporary  to  characterise  a  tele- 
j  graphic  despatch.  1873  in  Times  (D.)  This  libel  appears  in 
i  your  journal  as  a  cablegram,  New  York,  20th.  1879  Let. 
i  m  Daily  News  14  Oct.  6/2  If  there  is  any  necessity  for  a 
!  word  to  distinguish  a  telegram  sent  by'cable . .  I  would  suggest 
1    that  the  word  'Calogram'  be  u«ed  in  the  place  of '  Cable- 


gram*.  1880  Athenseum  No.  2764.  505/2  A  cablegram  has 
been  received,  .from  America,  announcing  the  discovery  of 
a  '  large  comet '  by  Mr.  Lewis  Swift.  1883  High  Commiss. 
of  Canada  in  Times  13  Aug.,  It  may  interest  your  associa- 
tion to  be  made  acquainted  with  the  following  cablegram. 

Cablegraph  (k^'b'lgroef),  v.  [f.  prec.  after 
telegraph^ 

1887  Standard  14  Oct.  2/6  [He]  cablegraphed  from  Loon. 
Cabless  ^kre-bles),  a.  [f.  Cab  sb.%  +  -less.] 
Unprovided  with  a  cab  or  cabs. 

1834  Eraser's  Mag.  X.  365  The  cabless  condition  of  St. 
James's  Street.  1857  Chamb.  Jrnl.  VIII.  82  Ill-paved,  un- 
lighted,  cabless  regions. 

Cablet  '^k^-blet).  [f.  Cable  sb.  +  -et.]  A  small 
cable  or  cable-laid  rope  less  than  10  inches  in 
circumference. 

1575-6  in  Report  Commiss.  Hist.  MSS.  (1874)  114/1 
An  Act  for  the  true  making  of  great  cables  and  cabletts. 
1613  I'oy.  Guiana  in  Hart.  Misc.  tMalh.)  III.  176  By  the 
.  .fury  of  the  wind  and  sea,  the  cablet  broke.  1794  Rigging 

Seamanship  I.  54  Cablets,  cable-laid  ropes,  under  nine 
inches  in  circumference.  1800  Naval  Chron.  III.  65  Made 
fast  to  the  principal  cablet,  or  hawser.  1803  Rep.  Com- 
miss. in  Naval  Chron.  X.  48  Cablets -  Inches,  9J,  9,  8, 
7-J..3.  i860  H.  Stuart  Seaman's  Catech.  52  When  three 
cablets  are  laid  up  together,  it  is  called  'hawser-laid  rope'. 

Cabling  k^blirj),  vbl.  sb.1  [f.  Cable  v.  + 
-ING1.]  The  filling  up  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
flutes  of  a  column  with  cylindrical  mouldings. 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.,  There  are  also  cablings  in 
relievo  without  fluting,  especially  on  certain  pilasters,  as  in 
the  church  of  Sapienza  at  Rome. 

Cabling,  erroneous  or  dial,  form  of  Cavelling. 

1885  Times  ( Weekly  ed.)  4  Sept.  6/1  This  process  known  as 
cabling,  .the  only  fair  method  of  allotting  the  work. 

t  Ca'blish.  Obs.  [prob.  a.  Anglo-Fr.  *cab/is  = 
F.  chablis,  OF.  chaablis,  med.L.  cablicium,  pi. 
cablicia,  in  the  Forest  Laws,  in  same  sense  ;  of 
doubtful  derivation  :  see  Littre  ;  but  app.  related 
to  OF.  chaable,  and  thus  with  L.  *catabola,  see 
Cable,  and  cf.  Littre  chablis  and  Du  Cange  calm- 
lusA  Strictly,  trees  blown  down,  or  branches 
blown  off  by  the  wind,  but  explained  by  the  legal 
antiquaries  of  the  16th  c.  as  brushwood. 

1594  R.  Crompton  Jurisdict.  196  Cablicia  is  properly 
brushwood.  T.  claimed  the  drie  woods  &  cablish  in  his 
owne  woods.  1664  SijELMAN,Crt^/iV;Vi, Cablish. .  .Angl.  Brush- 
wood. Rectius  .  .Windfalls.  1688  R.  Holme  Armoury  in. 
75/2  Cablish  is  all  sorts  of  Brushwood.  185a  Smith  Eng.  $ 
Fr.  Diet.,  Cablish.  .bois  chablis,  broussailles. 

Cabman  (kre-bms:n,>.  [f.  Cab  sb.%]  A  man 
whose  occupation  is  to  drive  a  public  cab. 

1850  Mrs.  Brownin'g  Poems  II.  191  The  cabman's  cry  to 
get  out  of  the  way,  i860  Vacat.  Tour.  59  Haifa  dozen  cab- 
men shouting  in  my  ears.  Ibid.  137  They  know  them  as 
well  as  a  London  cabman  does  the  streets. 

Cabob  (katyrb).  Also  kabob.  [Arab.  iJ-aS 
kabdb  (also  in  Pers.  and  Urdu),  in  same  sense.] 

1.  An  oriental  dish  (see  the  quotations)  ;  also 
used  in  India  for  roast  meat  in  general.  (Now 
always  in  plur.) 

1698  Fryer  Acc.  E.  hid.  4-  P.  404  (Y.)  Cabob  is  Rostmeat 
on  Skewers,  cut  in  little  round  pieces  no  bigger  than  a  Six- 
pence,  and  Ginger  and  Garlick  put  between  each.  1743  R. 
PocoCke  Egypt  in  Pinkerton  Voy.  XIV.  211  Cabobs,  or 
meat  rosted  in  small  pieces,  that  may  be  eat  without  dividing, 
1814  Forbes  Orient.  Mem.  II.  480  (Y.),  I  often  partook  with 
my  Arabs  of  a  dish  common  in  Arabia  called  Kabob  or 
Kab-ab.  1854  Thackeray  Newcomes  II.  242  Eats  cabobs 
with  city  nabobs. 

2.  '  A  leg  of  mutton  stuffed  with  white  herrings 
and  sweet  herbs'  (Halliwell). 

1690  B.  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Crew,  Cabob,  a  Loin  of  Mutton 
Roasted  with  anOnyon  betwixt  each  joint  ;  a  Turkish  and 
Persian  Dish.. now  used  in  England. 

Hence  Cabo  b  v.  To  cook  in  the  manner  de- 
scribed.   (Webster  cites  Sir  T.  Herbert.) 

II  Caboceer  (k^b(?si3,i).  [ad.  Pg.  cabociero, 
f.  cabo,  fabeca  head.]  The  headman  (of  a  West 
African  village  or  tribe). 

1836  Marryat  Midsh.  Easy  xvi,  My  father  appointed  me 
a  Caboceer.  1864  R.  Burton  Dahome  II.  38  The  type  of  a 
Dahoman  Caboceer.  1866  Engel  Nat.  Music  i.  4  The 
melodies  produced  by  a  Caboceer,  or  chief  of  Dahomey, 
upon  his  sanko,  deserve  our  attention. 

t  Caboche,  sb.  Obs.  [see  next  and  Cabot.] 
A  fish  ;  the  Bull-head,  or  Miller's  Thumb. 

-1425  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  641  Hie  caput,  caboche. 
c  1440  Promp.  Part'.  57  Caboche,  currulia. 

t  Cabo'clie,  ^-  ?  Obs.  Also  6  cabage.  [f. 
F.  cabocher  (in  same  sense)  implied  in  pple.  adj. 
caboche  Caboched,  and  used  (as  cabacher)  by 
Palsgr.,  f.  caboche -It.  capocchia  augm.  and  pejora- 
tive of  capo  head.  The  form  cabage  is  identified 
with  Cabbage  p.1,  which  is  ultimately  the  same 
word.]  trans.  To  cut  off  the  head  of  (a  deer) 
close  behind  the  horns. 

a  1425  Bk.  Hunting  MS.  Bodl.  546  fol.  93  per  nedeth  no 
more  but  to  caboche  his  heed.  1530  Palsgr.  596, 1  kabage 
a  deere,  je  cabaiche.  I  wyll  cabage  my  dere .  .j'e  cabachcray 
ma  beste.  1575  Turberv.  Bk.  Vetierie  xliii.  134  It  is  cut  oft 
near  to  the  head.  And  then  the  heade  is  cabaged  [i.e.]  cut 
close  by  the  homes  through  the  braine  pan.untill  you  come 
vndemeath  the  eyes,  and  ther  it  is  cut  off. 

Caboched,  caboshed,  cabossed  (kab^  Jt. 

kabfst",  ppl.  a.  Her.    Also  cabazed,  cabaged, 


CABOCHING. 


8 


CACHE. 


[f.  prec. ;  or  ad.  F.  caboche1  in  same  sense.]  Borne 
(as  the  head  of  a  stag,  bull,  or  other  beast)  full- 
faced,  and  cut  off  close  behind  the  ears  so  as  to 
show  no  part  of  the  neck  ;  trunked. 

IJ7»  Bossewell  Armorie  XL  59  An  hartes  heade  cabazed 
d'Ur.  1610  Guillim  Heraldry  in.  xiv.  (1660)  162  These 
horned  beasts  . .  have  also  their  heads  borne  Trunked : 
Which  of  some  Armorists  is  blazoned  Cabossed.  1751  Cham- 
bers Cycl.,  Caboched,  caboshed  or  cabossed.  1761  Brit. 
Mag.  II.  76  Three  harts  heads,  caboshed,  argent.  1797 
Ckurchw.  Acc.  St.  Mary  Hill,  Lond.  (Nichofis)  95  note, 
A  bull's  head  cabost.  1866  Peacock  Eng.  Ch.  Furniture 
36  A  chevron  between  three  bucks'  heads  cabossed  argent. 

Caboching,  cabo'ssing,  vbl.  sb.  Her.  [f. 

as  prec.  + -ing1.]    (See  quot.) 

17*7  Bradley  Fam.  Diet.  I.  s.v.  Cabosed,  A  Term  in 
Heraldry,  for  the  Head  of  any  Beast,  being  just  cut  off  be- 
hind the  Ears,  by  a  Section  parallel  to  the  Face,  or  by  a 
perpendicular  Section  ;  whereas  Couping  is  usually  ex- 
press'd  by  a  Horizontal  one,  and  is  never  so  close  to  the 
Ears  as  Cabosing. 

Cabochon  (kab^rr).  Also  6  Sc.  cabos- 
choun,  coboiachoun,  coboschoun.  [Ft.  :  aug- 
mentative of  caboche ;  see  above.]  A  precious 
stone  when  merely  polished,  without  being  cut  into 
facets  or  receiving  any  regular  figure  but  that 
which  belongs  to  the  stone  itself,  the  rough  parts 
only  being  removed.  This  fashion  is  chiefly  ap- 
plied to  the  garnet  (carbuncle),  ruby,  sapphire  and 
amethyst.  Chiefly  atlrib.j  as  in  cabochon  shape, 
crystal,  emerald,  etc. 

1578  Inventories  265  (Jam.)  Tua  tabled  diamantis,  and  tua 
rubyis  coboischoun.  Ibid.  266  Foure  rubyis  coboschoun. 
187J  Kllacomhe  Hells  of  Ch.  vii.  174  Under  the  foot  of  the 
cross  is  a  large  uncut  crystal  •  :it  one  side  of  this  cabochon 
is  a  mitred  figure.  1877  W.^Jones  Finger-ring  L.  220  A  pale 
cabochon  sapphire.  1883  Times  14  July  7  The  centre  stone 
..is  encircled  by  ruby,  emerald,  sapphire,  and  five  other 
stones,  cut  cabochon  shape. 

fCabod,  v.  Obs.  rare-1,  trans.  ?To  edge  or 
border. 

X7SJ  Songs  Costume  {1849)  231  With  fringes  of  knotting 
yourDickey  cabod. 

Cabok,  obs.  f.  of  Kkbbuck,  Sc.,  cheese. 

Cabon,  -et,  early  forms  of  Cabin,  -et. 

Caboose  (k&b£*s).  Also  cam-,  cau-,  coboose. 
[Identical  with  Do.  kabuis,  kombuis,  earlier  Du. 
comb&se,  cabiise,  MLG.  kabhuse  (whence  mod.G. 
kabuse),  also  F.  cambuse  'app.  introduced  into  the 
navy  about  the  middle  of  the  i8thc.'  (Littre). 
The  original  lang.  was  perh.  LG. ;  but  the  history 
and  etymology  are  altogether  obscure.] 

1.  *  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  merchantmen 
on  deck  ;  a  diminutive  substitute  for  the  galley  of 
a  man-of-war.  It  is  generally  furnished  with  cast- 
iron  apparatus  for  cooking*  (Smyth  Sailor  s 
IVord-bk.). 

1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  (1789*,  Caboose,  a  sort  of  box 
or  house  to  cover  the  chimney  of  some  merchant -ships.  It 
somewhat  resembles  a  centry-l>ox,  and  generally  stands 
against  the  Itarricade  on  the  fore  part  of  the  quarter-deck. 
1805  N.  YorkChron.  in  Naval  Chron.  XI 1 1.  122  William 
Cameron  drifted  aboard  on  the  canboose.  1805  Duncan 
Marin.  Chron.  IV.  70  A  sea  broke  . .  and  swept  away  the 
caboose  and  all  its  utensils  from  the  deck.  1833  M.  Scott 
Tom  Cringle  (1862)  6  Fishing  boats  at  anchor,  all  with 
their  tiny  cabooses.   1844  Ord. .  X  rmy  341  A  sentry 

is  constantly  to  l>e  placed  at  the  cooking-place  or  caboose. 
1879  Farrar  St.  Paul  II.  375  The  caboose  and  utensils 
must  long  ago  have  been  washed  overl>oard. 

b.  A  cooking-oven  or  fireplace  erected  on  land. 

1859  Autobiog.  Beggar-boy  93  The  man.  .requested  me  to 
put  his  pannikin  on  the  caboose  fire.  188*  Harper's  Mag. 
Feb.  3ji  Outside  are  '  cambooses'  for  preparing  fish  in  the 
open  air.  1883  Century  Mag,  XXVI.  550  The  lawn  is 
studded  with  cabooses. 

2.  U.  S.  A  van  or  car  on  a  freight  train  used  by 
workmen  or  the  men  in  charge. 

1 88 1  Chicago  Times  18  June,  The  caboose  of  the  construc- 
tion train,  containing  workmen  and  several  boys.  1884 
Dakota  paper  Jan.,  Four  cars  and  a  caboose  running  down 
the  track. 

Cabos :  see  Cabot. 

Cabosh,  -ed,  cabossed,  var.  ft".  Caboche,  -d. 

II  Cabot  kalw,  karbat).  [Earlier and  N.Kr.  cabot, 
mod.K.  chabot.  f.  Romanic  cabo,  capo  head  (-  -ot.] 

+ 1.  A  fish  :  the  Bull-head  or  Miller's  Thumb. 

1611  Cotgk.,  Poisson  royal,  the  white  Cal>ot. 

2.  A  measure  of  d ry  goods  i n  the  C han ncl 
Islands  ;  cf.  the  Sc.  Cap. 

*835  H.  I).  Ingus  Channel  1st.  124  In  Jersey  . .  sixteen 
cabots  per  perch,  has  been  known  to  be  obtained.  1862 
Ansied  Channel  1st.  iv.  App.  A  (ed.  2>  566  In  Jersey,  the 
measure  of  dry  goods  is  the  caliot,  or  half-bushel,  .contain- 
ing 43  lbs.  7  ozs,  of  distilled  water. 

Cabotage  kartxfted:;).  Naut.    [a.  F.  cabotage 

also  Sp.,  in  It.  cabotaggio)  in  same  sense;  f.  F. 
caboter  to  coast ;  whence  F.  has  also  cabotcur,  ca- 
botier,  cabotin,  cabotinage,  cabothtcr.  Derivation 
uncertain. 

Originally  a  shipping  term  of  the  north  of  France :  M .  Paul 
Meyer  rejects  Littre"  s  guess  from  Sp.  cabo  cape,  headland, 
as  if  '  to  sail  from  cape  to  cape',  as  untenable  phonetically 
and  historically,  and  thinks  the  verb  must  l>e  from  the  name 
of  a  kind  of  boat.  The  gloss  'cabo,  trabe,  nave  '  occurs  in 
(MS.  Kibl.  Nat.  1646  If.  83  b)  a  13th  c.  copy  of  an  older 


glossary*;  and  Littre'  has  cabot,  chabot  as  north  French 
equivalents  of  sabot,  which  is  still  applied  to  a  small  vessel 
running  two  or  three  knots  an  hour.  1  Brachet  guesses  that 
caboter  may  be  from  the  surname  Cabot ;  which  may  have 
had  the  same  origin,  but  cf.  prec.)) 

Coasting ;  coast -pilotage  ;  the  coast  carrying 
trade  by  sea. 

1831  Sir  J.  Sinclair  Corr.  II.  186  The  Cabotage,  as  they 
call  it,  or  carrying  trade.  1876  R.  Burton  Gorilla  L.  I.  6 
Small  vessels  belonging  to  foreigners,  and  employed  in 
cabotage.  1885  Standard  2  Jan.  (Article)  The  Cabotage  in 
China.  (From  Shanghai  correspondent.] 

f  Cabow.  Obs.    Also  cabbowe. 

1489  Will  of  Rowley,  Bristol  (Somerset  Ho.)  All  my 
Cabowe  or  Stuf  in  Marchaundise.  1501  Will  of  Barre 
(Somerset  Ho.)  The  Cabow  that  I  haue  in  her  [a  ship].  1501 
Bristol  Wills  (Wadley)  173,  xx  marke  of  my  Cabbowe  in 
money  or  dettes . .  the  Residue  of  my  Cabbowe. 

t  Cabre,  v.  Obs.  [a.  F.  cabrer,  f.  Sp.  cabra 
goat :  see  Caper.]    intr.  To  caper  (as  a  hone). 

1600  Holland  Livy  VBL  vii.  285  At  the  smart  of  which  the 
horse  reared  and  cabred  with  his  forefeet. 

II  Cabre  (kabre),a.  Her.  [Fr. ;  f.cabrer:  see  prec] 
Said  of  a  horse:  Capering,  rearing  on  the  hind  legs. 

IlCa'brie,  ca  brit.  Also  cabree.  [cf.  Sp. 
cabrilokid,  dim.  of  cabra  goat.]  The  Pronghom 
Antelope,  Antilope  Americana  ( furci/erd). 

1624  I  Scott  ind Pt.  Vox  Populin  A  peece  of  leane  Kid, 
or  Cabrito.J  1807  Pike  Sources  Mississ.  11.  136  Killed  one 
cabrie,  two  deer,  two  turkies.  1834  Penny  Cyc  I.  II.  71/1 
The  Prongbuck.  .called  cabree  by  the  Canadian  voyageurs. 

t  Ca  briole.  Obs.  [In  sense  1,  a.  F.  cabriole 
(16th  c.)  a  leap  like  that  of  a  goat.  Senses  2,  3, 
appear  to  be  old  errors  for  Cabriolkt.] 

1.  A  capriole,  a  caper  (of  a  horse). 

1814  Scott  Wav.  I.  viii.  103  The  occasional  cabrioles 
which  his  charger  exhibited. 

2.  A  kind  of  small  arm-chair  (Littr6). 

1785  Mackenzie:  Lounger  No.  36  p8  Sofas  and  stuffed 
chairs  in  the  drawing-room,  which  my  Lady  has  made  her 
change  for  cabrioles. 

3.  =  Cabriolet. 

1797  Hoi-croft  Stolberg's  Trav.  (ed.  2)  II.  UL  403  The 
coaches  are  ..  less  dangerous  than  the  little  one  horse 
cabrioles.  1801  W.  Felton  Carriages  1 1.  180  The  Cabriole 
is  a  two  wheeled  Carriage  with  the  body  like  a  Chariot, 
mostly  used  in  France. 

Cabriolet  (kabrijob/i-).  [a.  F.  cabriolet,  deriv. 
of  cabriole,  so  called  from  its  elastic  bounding 
motion.]  A  light  two- wheeled  chaise  drawn  by  one 
horse,  having  a  large  hood  of  wood  or  leather,  and 
an  ample  apron  to  cover  the  lap  and  legs  of  the 
occupant.  Contracted  by  1830  to  Cab,  and  in  later 
times  applied  to  any  vehicle  known  by  that  name. 

[1789  Lct.fr.  Paris  in  Public  Advertiser  3  Crushed  to 
death  by  one  of  those  machines  called  Cabriolets  ;  on  ac- 
count of  which  infernal  vehicles,  the  inhabitants  ..  can  no 
longer  venture  on  foot  at  any  hour.  1816  .-!««.  Peg.  339 
Lavalette  was  . .  conducted  by  Sir  R.  Wilson  beyond  the 
barriers  in  an  Knglish  cabriolet.]  1823  I  >i '.'  '.'1 
April  23  Cabriolets  were,  in  honour  of  his  Majesty  s  birth- 
day, introduced  to  the  public  this  morning.  1840  Bakham 
Ingot.  Leg.  194  His  lordship  rang  for  his  cabriolet  \rime 
day),  a  1845  Hood  Lost  Iieir,  1  m  scared  when  I  think 
of  them  Cabroleys.  1863  Miss  II  r  addon  J.  Marihmont 
I.  ii.  41  Kdward  Arundel  had  driven  over  in  a  cabriolet. 

Cabul  le,  -bylf  obs.  ff.  of  Cablb. 

Caburn  vkxbaan).  Naut.  [?  connected  with 
Cable.]  (//.)  '  Spun  rope-yarn  lines,  for  worm- 
ing a  cable,  seizing,  winding  tacks,  and  the  like  * 
(Smyth  Sailors  Wonl-bk.\ 

i6a6  Cai*t.  Smith  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  16  Cables  seme  . . 
for  rope  yarne,  cabum,  sinnit,  an[d]  okum.  1617  —  Sea- 
man's Cram.  v.  25  Caburne  is  a  small  line  made  of  spun 
yarne  to  make  a  bend  of  two  Cables,  or  to  scase  the  Taclcels, 
or  the  like.    1678  in  Phillips;  also  in  mod.  Diets. 

II  Cacafue  go.  Also  7  cacafugo,  -fogo,  caco- 

fuego.  [f.  L.  caca-re,  Sp.  and  Pg.  cagar  to  dis- 
charge excrement  f  Sp.  fuego  {V g.  fogo)  fire  :— L. 
focus  hearth.]  A  spitfire;  a  braggart. 
{The  name  of  the  Spanish  galleon  taken  by  I>rake  in  1577.^ 
1615  Fletcher  Fair  Maui  111.  i.  She  will  be  ravish t  before 
our  faces  by  rascalls  and  cacafugos,  wife,  cacafugoes ! 
(-1661  Argyle's  Wilt  in  Hart.  Misc.  (1746)  VIII.  27/2 
Presbytery  will  soon  lose  a  prating,  nonsensical  Caca- 
fuego.  1696  Phillips,  Caeqfuego,  a  Spanish  word  signifying 
Shitefire ;  and  it  is  used  for  a  bragging  vapouring  fellow. 
1721  91  in  Kailkv.  17*5  in  Neiv  Cant.  D&t,  l»775  Ash, 
Lacafuego,  an  insect  in  Sj>ain  said  to  dart  fire  from  its 
tail.] 

Cacagogue,  erroneous  form  of  Caccagogur. 

Cacao  <,kak<7i"0,  kakatj).  Also  (6-7  cacoao), 
6-8  cacoa,  K  caco,  cocao ;  and  see  Cocoa.  [Sp. 
cacaot  ad.  Mexican  caca-uatl '  caca-tree  \] 

1.  The  seed  of  a  tropical  American  tree  ( Theo- 
broma  Cacao,  N.  O.  Byttneriacete),  from  which 
cocoa  and  chocolate  are  prepared. 

1555  Kden  Decades  W.  Ind.  (Arb.)  342  In  the  steade  [of 
money]  the  halfe  shelles  of  almonds,  whiche  kynde  of  bar- 
barous money  they  [the  Mexicans]  caule  cacao  or  cacan- 
guate.  1594  Hlundevii.  Exerc.  v.  fed.  7)  568  Fruit,  which 
the  Inhabitants  cal  in  their  tongue  Cacaco,  it  is  like  to  an 
Almond,  .of  it  they  make  a  ccrtaine  drinke  which  they  love 
marvelous  well,  a  1687  I'ettv  Pol.  Arith.  iv.  (1691)  83  The 
value  of  Sugar,  Indico,  Tobacco,  Cotton,  ana  Caccao, 
brought  from  the  Southward  parts  of  America.  170a  Lond. 
Gas.  No.  3842/3  A  French  Prize  . .  laden  with  Sugar,  Caco 
ami  Indigo  from  Martinico.  1748  Anson  I'oy.  11.  v.  (ed.  4) 
248  Her  load  consisted  of  timber,  cocao,  coco-nuts,  tobacco, 


hides.  1836  Macgillivrav  Humboldt's  Trav.  viii  106 
Cacao  and  sugar  were  also  raised  to  a  considerable  extent. 
1849  W.  Irving  Columbus  II.  315. 

t  2.  The  powder  produced  by  grinding  the  seeds, 
often  with  other  substances  mixed ;  also  the  drink 
prepared  from  the  seeds  or  powder ;  =  Cocoa. 

165a  Wadsworth  Chocolate  2  Cacao.,  is  cold  and  dry- 
166a  H.  Stvbbe  Ind.  Nectar  ii.  8  They  had  brought  to 
them  jarrs  of  Cacao. 

3.  The  tree  whose  fruit  yields  this  seed,  more 
fully  called  Cacao-tree. 

1756  P.  Browne  Jamaica  11  They  supply  the  most  agree- 
able soils  for  the  cacao.  1778  Robertson  Hist.  Amer. 
II.  vii.  296  The  value.,  was  estimated  by  the  number 
of  nuts  of  the  cacao,  which  he  might  expect  in  exchange. 
183a  Veg.  Subst.  Food  372  The  seeds  ol  the  cacao  were 
made  use  of  as  money  in  Kfexico. 

4.  attrib.,  as  in  caeao-nut,  -tree,  etc.  ;  also  cacao- 
butter,  a  fatty  matter  obtained  from  the  cacao-nut, 
used  for  making  pomades,  candles,  etc. ;  cacao- 
walk,  a  plantation  of  cacao-trees. 

165a  Wadsworth  Chocolate  13  When  they  are  growne  up 
to  a  good  hight,  then  they  plant  the  Cacao-trees.  1661 
Hickeringill  Jamaica  30  Two  of  these  little  Cacoa  Nuts 
(or  Kernells)  passe  currant  for  one  farthing.  Ibid.  24  Cacoa- 
Walks.. containing  ten  or  twelve  Acres  of  Ground.  1661 

H.  Stubbe  Ind.  Nectar  ii.  9  They  made  a  certain  cooling- 
drinlt  of  the  Cacao  nuts.  1776  Robebtson  Hist.  A  mtr.  \  I . 
vim.  412  The  cacao-tree  grows  spontaneously  in  several  parts 
of  the  torrid  zone.  1885  Ladv  Brassey  TJu  Tradtt  140 
The  ground  is  then  prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  cacao 
pods,  which  are  planted  in  rows  called  1  cacao-walks '. 

Cacarootch,  obs.  form  of  Cockroach. 

tCa'catory,  a.  Obs  rare-1,  [ad.  mod.  L. 
cacaldrius,  f.  cacdre  to  evacuate  the  towels ;  see 
-okv.]    Attended  with  looseness  of  the  bowels. 

1684  tr.  Botufs  Merc.  Compit.  vi.  183  Cacatory,  Dejectory, 
or  Loose-fevers . .  ought  wholly  to  be  imputed  to  Choler. 
1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Cacatory-fever. 

Caccagogne  (ka:-kag/)g).  Med.  [mod.  f.  Gr. 
Kaxict)  excrement  +  -ayaryos  leading,  leading  away, 
f.  ay-tiv  to  lead,  drive.  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp. 
1753  has  mod. L.  cacagoga.]  An  ointment  made 
of  alum  and  honey,  and  used  to  promote  stool. 

Caccao,  obs.  f.  of  Cacao. 

Cacche  n,  obs.  f.  Catch  v. 

Cace,  obs.  form  of  Case. 

t  Cace  niphaton.  Obs.  rare.  [Gr.  tcaxifi^a- 
rov  1  ill-sounding,  equivocal '.]  An  ill-sounding 
expression. 

1 1589  Puttenham  Eng.  Poesie  (ArbJ  260  This  vice  is  called 
by  the  Greekes  Cacemphaton,  we  call  it  the  vnshamefast  or 
figure  of  foule  speech.]  1622  IV ac ham  Compt.  Gentl.  (1661) 
174  It  had  becne  an  harsh  and  unpleasing  Cacemphaton, as 
your  own  care  will  tell  you.    1721  90  in  Hailey. 

Cachalot  ^kne-Jal^t,  karjab).  Also  8-9  -elot. 
[a.  F.  couhalot,  in  the  Hayonne  dial,  of  1 7th  c. 
cachalut,  app.  meaning, 1  toothed*,  from  a  Romanic 
word  for  *  tooth  1  or  *  grinder  j  in  Gascon  cachau, 
Carcassone  caichal,  Cat.  caxal,  Pr.  dials,  caissal, 
caysal.  The  first  notice  of  the  word  in  Eng.  writers 
is  quoted  from  the  French  of  Anderson's  Histoire 
Naturelle  de  Islami,  etc.  (Hamburg  1746).  The 
word  is  now  found  in  most  European  langs.,  as  Ger. 
kachaht,  Da.  kaskelot,  Sw.  kaselct,  I)u.  kazilot,  etc. 

tin  Miscellanea  Curiosa,  1670  (Frankfort,  and  I^ip/ie 
1681-,  observation  cxxxvL  (p.  2661  treats  of  this  whale  'qui 
in  llayonna,  Hyaris,  et  in  insula  S.  Johannis  de  Luca,  et  in 
locis  ubi  capitur  Cachalut,  latinc  urea  dicitur'.t  A  differ- 
ent derivation  is  proposed  by  Zobler,  Zeitsch.f.  Pom.  Philol. 
IV.  176,  whereby  he  would  connect  it  with  Sp.  caehuelo, 
which  derives  from  I .  catulus.] 

A  genus  of  whales,  belonging  to  the  family  Cato- 
dotitidjk',  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  teeth  in 
the  lower  jaw.  The  Common  Cachalot,  orSj>erm 
Whale,  which  yields  sj>ennaciti,  grows  to  the 
length  of  70  feet,  and  has  a  head  nearly  one-hall 
of  the  length  of  the  body ;  it  occurs  in  all  sens, 
but  its  home  is  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

1747  Gentl.  Mag.  XVII.  174  The  figure  which  Mr.  Ander- 
son gives  of  the  Cachclot . .  has  the  air  of  a  monster.  1769 
Pennant  Zool.  III.  46  This  genus . .  the  French  call  Ca- 
chalot, a  name  we  have  adopted.  1832  I.YELL  Print  .  Grot. 
II.  279  A  herd  of  Cachalots,  upwards  of  one  hundred  in 
number,  were  found  stranded  at  Kairston,  Orkney.  1833 
Sik  C.  Hell  Itamt  (18341  298  The  physeter  or  cachelut 
whale  .  .  has  a  very  large  head  and  is  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing teeth.    1847  Carpenter  Zool.  }2i3. 

Cache  .koj),  sb.  Also  6  casshe.  [a.  F. 
cache,  f.  cacher  to  hide.] 

I.  A  hiding  place,  esp.  of  goods,  treasure,  etc. 
'595  Drake  I'oy.  12  The  inhabitants  havinge  intelligence 

of  our  cominge,  had  . .  hid  theyr  treasure  in  casshes.  i860 
C.  Innes  Scott,  in  Mid.  Ages  x.  310  The  little  cache  on 
the  Orkney  sea-shore,  produced  16  pound  weight  of  silver. 
1866  W.  K.  King  Sportsm.  *  Nat.  in  Canasta  iii.  57 
Crouched  in  his  cache  of  green  boughs. 

b.  esp,  A  hole  or  mound  made  by  American 
pioneers  and  Arctic  explorers  to  hide  stores  of 
provisions,  ammunition,  etc. 

1837  \V.  Irving  Capt.  Bonneville  I.  267  Captain  Bonne, 
ville. .  prevailed  upon  them  to  proceed,  .to  the  caches.  1856 
Kane  A  ret.  Expl.  I.  xii.  138  The  power  of  the  bear  in 
breaking  up  a  provision  cache  is  extraordinary.  1878  Mark- 
ham  Gt.  Frozen  Sea  v.  6a  Every  cairn  and  cache  was 
thoroughly  examined. 


CACHE. 


9 


CACKLE. 


2.  The  store  of  provisions  so  hidden. 

183. .  Back  Jrnl.  Arctic  Voy.  (Bartlettl,  I  took  advantage 
of  a  detached  heap  of  stones,  to  make  a  cache  of  a  bag  of 
pemmican.  184a  Fremont  Report  Exp.  Rocky  Mts.  11845) 
22  As  this  was  to  be  a  point  in  our  homeward  journey,  I 
made  a  cache  (a  term  used  in  all  this  country  for  what  is 
hidden  in  the  ground)  of  a  barrel  of  pork.  1865  Lubbock 
Preh.  Times  xiv.  (1869)  484  The  Esquimaux  . .  they  all  of 
them  make  '  caches '  of  meat  under  stone  cairns. 

Cache  (keif),  v.  [f.  Cache  sb.:  cf.  F.  cacher.] 
trans.  To  put  in  a  cache;  to  store  (provisions) 
under  ground  ;  said  also  of  animals. 

1856  Kane  .4  ret.  Expl.  L  xxiii.  288  He  accordingly  cached 
enough  provision  to  last  them  back.  1865  Ld.  Milton  & 
W.  Cheadle  N.  West  Pass.  v.  75  We  now  proceeded  ..  to 
remove  the  cask  from  its  hiding-place,  and  . .  to  cache  it 
safelyat  some  distance.  1877  Coues  Fur  Anim.  ii.  51  When 
they  [wolverenes]  can  eat  no  more,  they  continue  to  steal 
the  baits  and  cache  them. 

Cache,  obs.  form  of  Cash,  Chinese  money. 

Cache(n,  obs.  form  of  Catch  v. 

Cachectic  (kake'ktik),  a.  Also  7-8  -iek. 
[Ultimately  ad.  Gr.  kclxctik-os  in  a  bad  habit  of 
body.  Cf.  Cachexy.  Cachectique  occurs  in  F. 
in  16th  c. ;  mod.L.  cachecticus  is  prob.  still  earlier.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  cachexy ;  affected  with  or 
characterized  by  cachexy  or  a  bad  state  of  body. 

1634  T.  Johnson  tr.  Parey's  Chirurg.  xx.  vii.  (1678!  461  A 
melancholick  cachectick  disposition  of  the  whole  body.  1744 
Berkeley  Siris  §  94  The  good  effect  of  this  medicine  on 
cachectic  and  scorbutic  persons.  1861  O.  W.  Holmes  Elsie 
V.  210  The  fiat-chested  and  cachectic  pattern  which  is  the 
classical  type  of  certain  excellent  young  females. 

Cachectical,  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -aiA]  =prec. 

1625  Hart  Anat.  Ur.  iv.  43  She  was  of  a  whitish  bleake 
colour,  and  of  a  cachecticall  disposition.  1733  Arbuthnot 
Air  (  J.)  Young  and  florid  blood,  rather  than  vapid  and_  ca- 
chectical. 175s  in  Johnson  ;  also  in  Craig  and  mod.  Diets. 

fCachekow.  Sc.  Obs.  [f.  Catch  v.  +  Cow.] 
A  cow-catcher  or  cattle-pounder ;  hence  gen.  a 
bailiff.    Cf.  Catch-poll. 

1513  Douglas  sEneis  vm.  Prol.  136  Sum  wald  be  court 
man,  sum  clerk,  and  sum  a  cachekow,  Sum  knycht,  sum 
capitane,  sum  Caiser,  sum  King. 

I  Ca'chere.  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  ONF.  cachire, 
cacheor  (mod.F.  chasseur),  f.  cacher  to  Chase  :  cf. 
Catcher.]    A  hunter. 

6- 1340  Gain,  tf  Cr.  Kt.  1 139  penne  bise  cacheres  bat  coupe, 
cowpled  hor  houndez. 

t  Ca'cher el.  Obs.  Also  4  kaeherel.  [f.  prec. 
+ -el.  Cf.  scoundrel.wastreL]  A  catchpoll,  beagle, 
'  bnll-dog'. 

a  1325  Pol.  Songs  (1839)  151  Aleyn  this  cachereles  cometh 
thus  y  mot  care,  a  1340  Ayenb.  263  pe  dyeuel  a-ye  huam 
and  his  kachereles .  .his  hous  mid  greate  strengbe  wolde  loky. 

t  Cachespell,  -pule.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  6  cache- 
puyll,  -pill,  -spale,  caiohpule,  kaiehspell,  7 
catchpule.  [app.  corrupt  form  of  MFlem.  caelse- 
speel,  f.  caetse  (^Fr.  chasse,  Eng.  Chase),  Du. 
kaats  place  where  the  ball  falls  +  speel  play.  The 
Flem.  was  evidently  from  a  north.  Fr.  cache  :  cf. 
Picard  cacher  to  chase.] 

1.  The  game  of  tennis  ;  also  attrib. 

1568  Woman's  Truth  in  Sc.  Pasquils  (1868)  4  Ane  handles 
man  I  saw  but  dreid,  In  caichpule  faste  playene.  1611 
Rates  (Jam.)  Balles  called  Catchpule  [1670  Tennis]  balls  the 
thousand  viij/.  1818  G.  Chalmers  Life  Q.  Mary  I.  255 
Cachepole,  or  Tennis  was  much  enjoyed  by  the  prince. 

2.  A  tennis-court. 

1526  St.  Ld.  Treasurer's  Acc.  in  Pitcairn  Crimin.  Trials 
I.  271  Item,  for  ballisin  Crummisecache-puyll.  1538  Aber- 
deen Registers  XVI.  (Jam.)  The  bigging  of  the  said  Alex'ris 
cachespale  wall.  1563  Ibid.  XXV.  (Jam.)  The  fluir  of  his 
cachepill  laitly  biggit.  1597  Sc.  Act  Jas.  VI  (1814)  155 
(Jam.)  Orcherdis,  yardis,  doucattis,  kaiehspell,  cloistour  . . 
cituat  within  the  boundis.  .of  the  priorie.  .of  Sanctandrois. 

II  Cachet  (kajj).  Also  6-7  catchet.  [Fr. ;  f. 
cacher  to  conceal :  in  18th  c.  treated  as  English.] 

1.  A  seal.  Letter  of  cachet  (F.  Icttre  de  cachet) : 
a  letter  under  the  private  seal  of  the  French  king, 
containing  an  order,  often  of  exile  or  imprisonment. 

if  1639  Spottiswood  Hist.  Ch.  Scotl.  IV.  (1677)  193  She  had 
appointed,  in  stead  of  his  hand,  a  Cachet  to  be  used  in  the 
signing  of  Letters.  1754  Erskine  Princ.  Sc.  Lain  (1809)  177 
On  the  accession  of  James  VI.  to  the  crown  of  England,  a 
catchet  or  seal  was  made,  having  the  King's  name  engraved 
on  it,  with  which  all  signatures  were  to  be  afterwards 
sealed.  1753  Scots  Mag.  XV.  62/2  He  obtained  a  letter  of 
cachet. 

2.  fig.  Stamp,  distinguishing  mark,  'sign  manual '. 
1840  Thackeray  Paris  Sk.  Bk.  (1885)  60  All  his  works 

[pictures]  have  a  grand  cachet :  he  never  dicf  anything  mean. 
1882  Pebody  Eng.  Journalism  xxii.  176  The  journal  in 
which  the  cachet  of  fashionable  life  is  to  be  distinguished. 

3.  attrib.  Done  under  letter  of  cachet;  privy,  secret. 
1837  Eraser's  Mag.  XVI.  293  Abominators  of  all  close, 

cachet,  muffled,  .proceedings. 

tCachexicate,  cacexicate,  v.  Obs.  rarer-1. 
[f.  next ;  see  -ate.]    trans.  To  render  cachectic. 

1650  Bulwer  Anthropomet.  ii.  (1653)  71  Cacexicate  their 
petty  Corpusculums. 

Cachexy  (see  below).  Also  7  eacexy,  -ie, 
cachexe,  -ie,  cakexy ;  and  in  mod.Lat.  form 
eache-xia,  (8  cacexia).  [ad.  mod.L.  cachexia  or 
F.  cachexie  (16th  c.  in  Pare),  ad.  Gr.  /caxffia,  f. 
naic-os  bad  +  -4£ia  =  tfis  habit  or  state,  f.  ex-c"/  to 
Vol.  II. 


have,  have  oneself,  be  in  condition.  Walker  ac- 
cents (kae  keksi)  which  is  according  to  Eng.  analo- 
gies ;  but  mod.  Diets,  have  mostly  (kakeksi).] 

'  A  depraved  condition  of  the  body,  in  which 
nutrition  is  everywhere  defective.'  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

1541  R.  Copland  Galyen's  Terap.  2  D  iij.  The  euyll  haby- 
tude  of  the  body  (whiche  the  Grekes  call  Cachexie).  1555 
Eden  Decades  W.  Ind.  (Arb.)  58  The  dysease  which  the 
phisicianscaule  Cachexia.  1651  Witt;  tr.  Primrose's  Pop. 
Err.  iv.  xii.  262  Who  can  in  a  Cachexie  draw  all  the  vitious 
humours  out  of  the  body  at  once.  X775  Sir  E.  Barry  Ob. 
sent.  Wines  417  Liable  to.  .cachexies,  .etc.  1843  BeTHUKE 
Sc.  Fire-side  Stor.  65  Affected  with  fevers  and  cachexy, 
b.  A  depraved  habit  of  mind  or  feeling. 

1652  L.  S.  People's  Lib.  xvi.  40  The  Israelites  desiring  a 
King  . .  out  of  a  Cacexie  and  evill  frame  of  spirit.  1657 
Reeve  God's  Plea  Ep.  Ded.  5,  I  see.  .a  cakexy  of  evill  life 
amongst  you.  1843  F.  E.  Paget  Warden  0/  Birkingholt 
161  He  would  think  that  a  cachexy  of  chattering  had  be- 
come epidemic  among  the  clergy  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
1868  Symonds  in  Fortn.  Rent.  Dec.  IV.  602  Both  poets 
[Clough  and  De  Musset]  describe  the  maladie  du  Steele, 
the  nondescript  cachexy,  in  which  aspiration  mingles  with 
disenchantment,  satire  and  scepticism  with  a  childlike  de- 
sire for  the  tranquillity  of  reverence  and  belief. 
C.  Said  of  a  body  politic. 

1654  L'Estrange  Clias.  1, 187  Her  high  repletion  brought 
her  [the  City]  into  a  Cachexy.  1883  Macm.  Mag.  Nov.  33 
Ireland  . .  lies  fretful  and  wrathful  under  a  grim  social  ca- 
chexy of  distressful  centuries. 

Cachinnate  (kje'ldn^'t),  v.  [f.  L.  cachinnd-re : 
see  -ate.]    inlr.  To  laugh  loudly  or  immoderately. 

1824  De  Quincey  Walladmor  in  London  Mag.  X.  354  Not 
a  publisher  but  cachinnates  from  Leipsic  to  Moscow.  1837 
Eraser's  Mag.  XVI.  432  Groggan  . .  only  cachinnated  the 
more  vehemently. 

Cachinnation  (ka'kin^'-Jan).  [ad.  L.  cachin- 
ndtidn-em,  n.  of  action  f.  cachinnate  :  see  prec] 
Loud  or  immoderate  laughter. 

1623  Cockeram,  Cachinnation,  a  great  laughter.  1635 
Person  Varieties  11.  60  These  Cachinnations  or  laugh- 
ings  . .  v/hich  we  heare,  are  rather  Aerall  spirits.  1815 
Scott  Guy  M.  iii,  The  hideous  grimaces  which  attended 
this  unusual  cachinnation.  1868  Browning  A'  ing  $  Bk.  111. 
vm.  767  He  moved  to  mirth  and  cachinnation  all. 

Caxhinnator.  [agent-noun  f.  L.  vb.  in  prec  ] 
A  loud  or  immoderate  laugher. 

18. .  R.  Chambers  Wlicesht,  They  mark  a  cachinnator  as 
a  man  to  be  avoided. 

Cachinnatory  (karkinata:ri),  a.  [f.  prec. :  see 
-ory.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with  loud 
or  immoderate  laughter.  • 

1828  Blackw.  Mag.  XXIV.  188  Shall  our  cachinnatory 
muscles  remain  rigid?  1846  Hawthorne  Mosses  11.  iii.  (1864) 
61  Which  threatened  instant  death  on  the  slightest  cachin- 
natory indulgence. 

Cachique,  obs.  form  of  Cacique. 

Cacholong  ,kartf(>Vn).  Min.  [« Kaschtschilon 
=  "beautiful  stone  of  Kalmucks  and  Tartars' 
(Dana).]  A  variety  of  the  opal,  opaque,  bluish- 
white,  porcelain-white,  pale  yellowish  or  reddish. 

1791  Macif.  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXI.  369  That  variety 
of  calcedony  which  is  known  to  mineralogists  by  the  name 
of  Cacholong.  1868-80  Dana  Min.  199  Cacholong  . .  often 
adheres  to  the  tongue,  and  contains  a  little  alumina. 

II  Cachou  (kaj«).    Also  8  cashou.  [Fr.] 

1.  =  Catechu. 

1708  Motteux  Rabelais  v.  viii,  Store  of  Mirabolans, 
Cashou,  Green  Ginger  preserv'd.  1750  Beawes  Lex  Mercat. 
(1752)  787  Cardamome,  Long  Pepper,  Cachou,  etc. 

2.  A  sweetmeat,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill, 
made  of  cashew-nut,  extract  of  liquorice,  etc., 
used  by  tobacco- smokers  to  sweeten  the  breath. 

||  Cachrys  kaj'kris).  Bot.  [Gr.  icdxpvs  catkin.] 
f  1.  '  The  catkin  of  nut-trees,  willows,  etc'  Obs. 

1708  in  Kersey.    1731  in  Bailey  II. 

2.  A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants. 

II  Cachucha  (katpl-tja).  Incorrectly  cachuca. 
[So.]    A  lively  Spanish  dance. 

1840  Barham  Ingot.  Leg.  480  A  Court  where  it's  thought 
in  a  lord  or  a  duke  a  Disgrace  to  fall  short  in  the  Brawls 
(their  Cachouca).  1841  Thackeray  Profess,  in  Comic  T.  $ 
Sk.  II.  154  In  a  very  short  time  Miss  Binse  . .  could  dance 
the  cachuca.  1842  Longf.  Sp.  Stud.  1.  iii,  I  see  thee  dance 
cachuchas.    1867  Miss  Braddon  Aur.  Floyd  i.  8. 

II  Cacique  (kasrk).  Forms ;  6  (L.  caccicus, 
caciquus,)  caeike,  cazike,  7  cassique,  casique, 
(easica),  8  cachique,  8-  cazique,  6-  cacique, 
[a.  Sp.  cacique,  cazique,  or  F.  cacique, native  Haytian 
word  for '  lord,  chief  (Oviedo  Hist,  de  las  Lndias).'] 

A  native  chief  or  'prince'  of  the  aborigines  in 
the  West  Indies  and  adjacent  parts  of  America. 

"555  Eden  Decades  W.  Ind.  1. 11.  (Arb.)  72  Makynge  . .  a 
brotherly  league  with  the  Caccicus  (that  is  to  saye  a  kynge). 
1577  Eden  &  Willes  Hist.  Trav.  219  b,  These  Indians 
gyue  great  honour  and  reuerence  to  theyr  Cacique.  1578 
T.  N.  tr.  Cong.  W.  Ind.  33  A  cruel  and  cursed  Cacike,  that 
is  to  say  a  Lord,  in  whose  power  we  fell,  a  1618  Raleigh 
Apol.  46  The  Mynes  which  the  Cassique  Carapana  offered 
them.  1697  Dampier  Voy.  (1698)  I.  v.  124  They  had  a  Ca- 
sica  too  ..but  he  could  neither  write  nor  speak  Spanish. 
1778  Robertson  Hist.  Amer.  I.  11.  97  Here  Columbus 
was  visited  by  a  prince  or  Cazique  of  the  country.  1796 
Morse  Amer.Geog.  I.  757  The  several  nations  are  governed 
by  their  chiefs  or  cachiques.  1799  Sheridan  Pizarro  1. 1, 
On  yonder  hill,  among  the  palm-trees,  we  have  surprised  an 
old  cacique.  1843  Prescott  Mexico  11.  i.  (1864)  73  The 
cacique  who  ruled  over  this  province. 


Hence  Caci'quesliip,  +  Cacique-sse. 

1760 tr.  Juanfy  Utloa's  Voy.v.v.  (1772)266 The caciquesses, 
or  Indian  women,  who  are  married  to  the  alcades  . .  and 
others.  1849  Eraser's  Mag.  XL.  411  The  attainment  of  the 
caciqueship  of  that  pseudo  El  Dorado  by  Gregor  McGregor. 

Cack  (kaek),  v.  Obs.  or  dial.  [app.  ad.  L.  cacd-re 
in  same  sense,  whence  also  MDu.  cacken,  Du. 
kakken,  early  mod.Ger.  kacken,  Da.  kakke;  also 
Boh.  kakati,  Pol.  kakac-.'] 

1.  intr.  To  void  excrement. 

1436  Pol.  Poems  (1859)  II.  170  Wythoute  Calise  in  ther 
buttere  the  cakked.  c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  58/1  Cakkyn,  or 
fyystyn,  caco.  c  1500  Dunbar  Fen^eit  Frier  lor  Ffor  feir 
vncunnandly  he  cawkit.  1570  Levins  Manip.  5  To  cake, 
cacare.  1611  Cotgr.,  Chier,  to  cacke.  A1710  PorE  Alley 
i,  Some  cack  against  the  wall.    1731  in  Bailey  II. 

2.  Irons.  To  void  as  excrement. 

1485  Caxton  Trevisa't  Iligden  iv.  x.  (1527)  158  One  that 
hadde  cacked  golde.  1549  Ckanmer  in  Strype  Life  (1694) 
App.  105  Because  the  Devil  could  not  get  out  at  his  mouth, 
the  man  blew  him,  or  cacked  him  out  behind. 

Cack,  sb.  Obs.  or  dial,  [f.  same  source  as  prec : 
used  already  in  OE.  in  the  comb,  cac-hus  'latrina'.] 

e  1600  L'imon  v.  v.  (1842)  89  Hee  hath  a  face  like  one's  that 
is  at  cack. 

t  Cackerel  (karkarel).  ?  Obs.  Also  7  cae- 
karel,  eackrel.  [a.  obs.  F.  caquercl  (also  cagarel, 
cagaret)  Cotgr.,  ad.  Pr.  cagarel,  cagarello  (also, 
according  to  Duhamel,  gagarel,  whence  Cuvier's 
specific  name  gagarella) ;  a])]),  f.  Pr.  cagar :— L. 
cacare  (see  Cack  v.),  with  which  the  name  is  popu- 
larly associated. 

(Variously  etymologized  as  '  a  fish  which  voids  excrements 
when  pursued  '  or  '  which  when  eaten  relaxes  the  bowels  ' ; 
M.  Paul  Meyer  suggests  that  the  name  is  merely  one  of 
contempt  = '  mediant  petit  poisson  ',  1  poisson  chetif '.  The 
allied  M.rua  is  now  in  Pr. picarel,  dim.  of  picaro  'rogue, 
rascal '.  1] 

1.  A  small  fish  of  the  Mediterranean  :  the  name  is 
applied  by  the  fishermen  of  Marseilles  and  Toulon 
to  Smart's  gagarella  (Cuv.),  and  perhaps  to  other 
similar  species  of  the  same  genus  of  small  sea- 
breams.  Early  writers  used  the  word  to  english 
Pliny's  msena  '  a  kind  of  small  sea-fish,  eaten  salted 
by  the  poor ',  now  the  name  of  a  genus  closely 
akin  to  Smaris. 

1583  J.  Higins  tr.  Junius'  Nomenclator,  Msetta . . a  cack- 
rell,  so  called,  because  it  maketh  the  eaters  laxative  :  some 
take  it  for  a  herring  or  sprat.  1601  Holland  Pliny  I.  249 
Cackarels  change  their  colour  :  for  these  fishes  being  white 
all  Winter,  wax  blacke  when  Summer  comes.  Ibid.  II. 
442  Salt  Cackerels.  1632  Sherwood  Eng.-Fr.  Diet.,  A 
cackerell  ifish),  cagarel,  caqucrel,  cagaret,  juscle  :  bocque, 
mandole,  meudole,  mene.  1634  Sir  1  Herbert  Trav.  187 
Fish,whose  ordinary  abode  is  in  salt  waters,  namely  porpoise, 
— eackrel,  skate,  soles,  etc.  1721-90  in  Bailey.  1755  John- 
son, Cackerel,  a  fish  said  to  make  those  who  eat  it  laxative. 

2.  [as  if  f.  Cack.]  Dysentery  (F.  caquesangue). 
1659  Howell  Lex.  Tetrag.  It.  Prov.  19  May  the  Cackrel 

take  him  [transl.  It.  cacasangue]. 

Cackle  (kse'k'l),  sb.  [f.  the  vb.  stem  :  cf.  Sw. 
kackel  in  same  sense.] 

1.  A  cackler.    (Or  ?  adj.  cackling.) 

a  1225  A ncr.  R.  66  UoleweS.  .noutbe  kakele  \v,  r.  chakele, 
kakelinde]  Eue.  Mod.  colloq.  or  dial.  What  a  cackle  she  is  ! 

2.  Cackling;  as  of  a  hen  or  goose. 

1674  N.  Fairfax  Bulk  t,  Selv.  To  Rdr.,  Dinn'd  &  grated 
with  the  Cackle.  1697  Dryden  ASneis  vm.  (R.)  The  silver 
goose  . .  by  her  cackle,  sav'd  the  state.  1833  Tennyson 
Goose  iii,  The  goose  let  fall  a  golden  egg  With  cackle  and 
with  clatter. 

3.  fig.  Stupid  loquacity,  silly  chatter. 

1676  '  A.  Rivetus,  Jun.'  Mr.  Smirke  18  Bedawb'd  with 
Addle  Eggs  of  the  Animadverters  own  Cackle.    1859  Ten- 
nyson Enid  276  The  rustic  cackle  of  your  bourg.  1862 
Thornbury  Turner  I.  262  The  cackle  about  Claude, 
b.  A  short  spasmodic  laugh,  a  chuckle. 

1856  Lever  Martins  of  Cro'  M.  410  '  She  hasn't  got  a  nice 
day  for  pleasuring  ! '  said  the  Jew,  with  a  vulgar  cackle. 

Cackle  kae  k'l),  D.l  Forms :  3  kakelen,  ca- 
kelen,  4-5  cackle(n,  5  cakele,  -yn,  kakyl,  5-6 
cakle,  6  cakyll,  cackyll,  -el,  cacle,  7  cakell,  6- 
cackle  ;  St.  6  kekkyl,  kekell,  7  kekcle  :  see  also 
Keckle.  [Early  ME.  cakelen :  corresp.  to  Du.  ka- 
kelen, LG.  kdkeln,  Sw.  kackla,  Da.  kagle  ;  cf.  also 
GeT.gackeln,~Du.gaggelen,  and  Gaggle.  The  evi- 
dence does  not  make  it  certain  to  what  extent  the 
word  has  arisen  separately  in  different  langs.  in  imi- 
tation of  the  animal  sounds,  or  has  been  adopted 
from  one  language  into  another.  The  word  may 
have  been  WGer.  or  at  least  Saxon  :  but  the  Eng. 
may  also  have  been  from  Scandinavian.] 

1.  intr.  To  make  a  noise  as  a  hen,  especially  after 
laying  an  egg  ;  also  to  make  a  noise  as  a  goose 
(which  is  more  specifically  to  Gaggle). 

<-!  1 225  Ancr.  R.  66  pe  hen,  hwon  heo  haueS  ileid,  ne  con 
buten  kakelen.  1393  Gower  Con/.  II.  264  Somtime  cac- 
leth  as  a  hen.  c  1440  Promp.  Par:'.  58  Cakelyn  of  hennys, 
gracillo.  c  1470  /tors,  Shepe,  $  G.  (1822)  17  The  ghoos 
may  cakle.  1549  Compl.  Scot.  vi.  39  Quhilk  gart  the  hennis 
kekkyl.  1552  Huloet,  Cakle  lyke  a  henne,  glocio.  1596 
Shaks.  Merch.  V.  v.  i.  105  If  she  should  sing  by  day 
When  euery  Goose  is  cackling.  1660  W.  Secker  Nonsuch 
Prof.  43  Some  persons  are  like  hens  that  after  laying  must 
be  cackling.  ,1  1680  Butler  Rem.  (1759)  II.  139  Like,  .a 
Wildgoose  always  cackling  when  he  is  upon  the  Wing. 


CACKLE. 


10 


CACOGENESIS. 


»8*4  W.  Irving  T.  Trav.  II.  253  A  hen  could  not  cackle 
but  she  was  on  the  alert  to  secure  the  new-laid  egg. 

b.  Said  of  the  chattering  of  other  birds,  esp. 
crows,  jackdaws,  magpies,  and  starlings.  Obs. 

a  1115  Aucr.  R.  88  Ane  rikelot  bet  cakeleS  hire  al  bet  heo 
isihS.  1530  Lyndesay  Test.  Papyngo  94  Hark  lyk  ane  Dog, 
and  kekeil  lyke  ane  Ka.  1553  T.  Wilson  Rlut.  117  b,  Some 
cackels  lyke  a  henne  or  a  Jack  dawe.  1613  Markham  Eng . 
Husbandman  1.  i.  iii.  11635'  13  If  Crowes  flocke  much  to- 
gether, and  cakell  and  talke.  1675-7  Hobbes  Homer  275 
A  cloud  of  starelings  cackle  when  they  fly. 

2.  fig.  Said  of  persons :  a.  To  be  full  of  noisy 
and  inconsequent  talk  ;  to  talk  glibly,  be  loqua- 
cious, prate,  chatter,  b.  To  talk  loudly  or  fussily 
about  a  petty  achievement,  like  a  hen  after  laying 
an  egg.    C.  To  chuckle,  '  to  laugh,  to  giggle*  (J.). 

1530  Palsgr.  473/1  Howe  these  women  cackyll  nowe  they 
have  dyned.  1599  Brougkton's  Lett.  ix.  34  Cease  cackling 
of  the  vnleamednes  of  thy  betters.  171a  Arbuthnot  Jokn 
Bull (1727)  70  Then  Nic,  grinned,  cackled,  and  laughed. 
1847  D israem  Tancred  11.  v.  (1871)  78  The  peers  cackle  as 
if  they  had  laid  an  egg.  i860  Gen.  P.  Thompson  Audi  Alt. 
III.  cxix.  59  It  is  also  the  business  of  a  sensible  govern- 
ment, not  to  cackle  on  its  discoveries.  186a  Thackeray 
Four  Georges  iii.  162  The  equerries  and  women  in  waiting 
.  .cackled  over  their  tea. 

8  trans.  To  utter  with  or  express  by  cackling. 

c  m$Ancr.  R.  66  }if  hit  nere  icakeled.  1857  Livingstone 
Trav.  vi  114  Any  man  who  ..  cackles  forth  a  torrent  of 
vocables.  1880  Howells  Vndisc.  Country  i.  28  The  ladies 
.  .now  rose,  .and  joyously  cackled  satisfaction. 

Ca  ckle,  p.*  Naut.  Also  keckle.  'To  cover 
a  cable  spirally  with  3-inch  old  rope  to  protect 
it  from  chafe  in  the  hawse  hole'  ^Adm.  Smyth). 

1748  Anson  Voy.  111.  ii.  <ed.  41  427  They  [cables]  were  be- 
sides cackled  twenty  fathom  from  the  anchors. 

Cackler  kae'klai).  [f.  Cackle  v.1  +  -kk1.] 
One  who  cackles  ;  fig.  a  tell-tale,  tattler,  blabber. 
slang.  A  fowl. 

a  1400  Cov.  Myst.  131  Kytt  Cakelere  and  Colett  Crane. 
1598  Florio,  Gracchiotte  ..  a  chatter,  a  cackler.  1673  K. 
Head  Canting  Acad.  19a  A  Prigger  of  the  Cacklers.  1730  6 
Bailey,  Cackler,  a  Prater,  a  I  ell-tale,  a  noisy  Person; 
also  a  numerous  word  for  capons  or  fowl.  1876  Browning 
Poets  Croisic  92  If  they  dared  Count  you  a  cackler. 

Cackling1  (kaeklirj  ,  vbl.  sb.   [see  -ino1.] 

1.  The  crying  of  a  hen  on  laying  an  egg;  also 
that  of  a  goose,  or  other  fowl. 

f  1374  Chaucer  Pari.  Foules  562  Tho  began  The  goose  to 
speke,  and  in  her  cakelinge,  She  said.  156a  J.  Heywood 
Prov.  «f  Epigr.  (1867)  no  The  cocke  praide  hir,  hir  cack- 
lyng  to  seace.  1709  TatUr  No.  133  Pi  The  cackling  of 
cranes,  when  they  invade  an  army  of  pigmies.  18*1  Clare 
VilL  Minstr.  II.  70  Constant  cacklings  of  new-laying  hens. 

2.  Loud  idle  talk  or  chatter:  sometimes  with  im- 
mediate reference  to  the  cry  of  a  hen  on  laying. 

1530  Palsgr.  202/2  Cackelyng,  bablyng,  cacquet.  1601 
Dent  Path-*u.  Heauen  171  They  spend  the  rest  of  the  day 
. .  in  ..  cackling,  prating  and  gossipping.  i860  Gen.  P. 
Thompson  Audi  Alt.  III.  cxix.  61  This  cackling  about  im- 
proved arms  is  not  worthy  of  well-informed  statesmen.  1866 
Geo.  Eliot  Holt  <i868)  161  And  when  it  takes  to  cack- 
ling, will  have  nothing  to  announce  but  that  addled  delusion. 

Ca  ckling,  ///-  a.  [see  -wo  -.]   That  cackles. 

a  1223  [see  Cackle  sb.  i\  xtfa  Harm  an  Caveat  86  She 
hath  a  Cacling  chete  [i.  e.  a  hen],  i6aa  Fletcher  Beggar's 
B.  v.  i,  Or  surprising  a  boor's  ken  for  grun ting-cheats  ?  Or 
cackling-cheats?  1674  Flatman  Belly  God  29  Pluck  oflfj 
thecackling  head.  1794  Mrs.  Piozzi  Synon.  II.  174  Ciar- 
latano  means  a  prating,  cackling  creature,  and  answers  to 
our  term  Quack.  1841  Catlin  N.  Amer.  Ind.  (1844!  II. 
liv.  182  Some  hundreds  of  cackling  women  and  girls  bathing. 

Caco-  representing  Gr.  ica/co-  combining  form 
of  KdKus  bad,  evil,  forming  many  compounds  in 
Greek,  some  of  which,  like  cacochymy,  cacodemon, 
cacocthes,  cacophony,  have  reached  English  through 
Latin  j  and  French  ;  others  have  been  adapted 
directly  from  Greek  in  modern  times  (as  cacology, 
cacotrophy) ;  others  have  been  formed  on  Greek 
analogies  from  their  elements.  Compounds  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  as  cacckiorous  =  malodorous,  and 
the  medical  cacosomnia  (.sleeping  badly)  are  ex- 
ceptional. Occasionally  caco-  is  used  in  looser  or 
casual  combination  with  words  of  Greek  deriva- 
tion, which  may  have  been  modelled  on  caco- 
d&mon,  as  in  caco  magician,  cacolypc.  It  is  very 
freely  used  in  medical  terminology  to  form  names  of 
bad  states  of  bodily  oryans.  but  most  of  these  are 
not  English  in  form,  e.g.  cacogalartia  (a  condition 
in  which  the  milk  is  bad),  cacoglossia  ^putrid  state 
of  the  tongue),  cacotnorphia  .malformation  or  de- 
formity^, caconychia  morbid  state  of  the  nails  , 
cacopharyngia  a  putrid  condition  of  the  pharynx), 
cacophthalmia  (malignant  inflammation  of  the 
eyes',  cacoplasm  (formation  of  diseased  structures 
from  a  depraved  condition  of  the  system',  caco- 
pneumonia,  cacorrhachitis  (disease  of  the  vertebral 
column\  cacothymia  disordered  state  of  mind). 
cacotrichia  (disease  of  the  hair\  etc. 

Cacoa,  obs.  form  of  Cacao,  Cocoa. 

Cacochylous  (kak^kartos),  a.  Path.  [mod. 
f.  Gr.  tcax  '.x^A-o?  with  bad  juice  or  flavour  + -ous.] 
Characterized  by  bad  chyle;  of  difficult  diges- 
tion, as  '  cacochylous  aliments*.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

1859  in  Mayne  Exp.  Lex 


So  Cacochylia,  depraved  chylification. 

1706  Phillips,  Cacochylia,  a  bad  chylification,  when  the 
chyle  is  not  duly  made.  17*1-00  in  Bailey.  1839  G.  Ray- 
mond in  New  Monthly  Mag.  LVI.306  Persons,  .using  every 
diligence  for  a  most  unprofitable  cacochylia. 

t  Ca'COChyme,  a.  Obs.  Path.  fa.  F.  coco- 
chyme  (16th  c.  in  Pare  ,  ad.  Gr.  fcaxoxvpos  with 
unhealthy  humours,  f.  kclko-  bad  +  x^f*^  juice,  hu- 
mour.]   Full  of  evil  humours. 

1614  W.  Barclay  Nepenthes  in  Arb.  App.  Jos.  I  Court' 
terbt.  1 16  The  bocVy  very  cacochyme,  or  full  of  euil  humours. 

Cacochymie  (krek^ki-mik),  a.  and  sb.  arch. 
Also  6  cacochymyke,  -chimick,  -ike,  7  -chy- 
mick  e.   [f.  Cacochyme  (or  its  source}  +  -ic] 

A.  adj.  Having  unhealthy  or  depraved  hu- 
mours ;  ill-humoured  (in  body). 

1541  R.  Copland  Guydon's  Quest.  Chirurg.,  In  cacochy- 
myke bod  yes  and  replete.  1625  Hart  Anat.  Ur.  1.  iii.  34 
His  bodie  [was]  plethoricke  and  cacochymicke.  1665  R. 
Kephai.k  Medela  Pestil.  71  If  Cacochiimck  ..he  must  be 
well  purged.  1863  T.  Thompson  Ann.  Influenza  4  A  pale 
caccochimic  and  depraved  countenance. 

B.  sb.  An  'ill-humoured'  person. 

1569  J.  Sasford  Agrippa's  Van.  Artes  158  Made  now  of 
Alcumistes,  Cacochimickes,  of  Phisitions,  pewtcrers. 

Cacochymical,  a.  arch.  [f.  as  prec.  +■  -al.] 
Having  the  humours  of  the  body  depraved  ;  Mil- 
humoured'  in  body,  and  jocularly,  in  disposition'. 

1606  Holland  Sutton.  Annot.  18  In  cacochymicall  bodies, 
such  as  his  was.  1656  Ridgley  Prat  t.  Physic  193  To  cure 
a  cacochymical  person.  1707  F lover  Pulse-WaUh  97  The 
old  Writers  call'd  these  the  different  Species  of  cacochi- 
mical  Choler.  1836  Eraser's  Mag.  XI II.  227  By  what 
means  did  you  ..  arrive  at  a  cacochymical  old  age?  1837 
Beddoks  Let.  Mar.,  Critical  and  cacochymical  remarks  on 
European  literature. 

1  Cacoch-y  mious,  a.  Obs.  [f.  cacochymia 
(see  below : +-<ns.] -Cacochymic. 

1676  Shadwell  I'irtuoso  XL  Wks.  1720  L  347  They  were 
cacochymious,  and  had  deprav'd  viscera.  170a  E.  Bavnard 
Cold  Baths  ii.  117091  337  Cacocymious  Juices. 

t  Cacochymist.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -1ST.] 
A  person  of  depraved  '  humours *. 

1684  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Arts  xc  313  In  stead  of  Alchym- 
ists,  Cacochyimsts  ;  in  stead  of  being  Doctors,  Beggers. 

Cacochymy  karktfjkaimi  .  arch.  Also  6-8 
-chymie,  and  in  Latin  form  6-  cacochymia,  (7 
cacochym).  [a.  F.  cacochymie  (16th  c.  in  Par£)f 
and  mod.L.  cacochymia,  a.  Gr.  tcaKoxvfita  (Galen) 
badness  of  the  humours,  f.  kclkuxvpos  :  see  above.] 

In  the  medical  system  of  the  Humorists :  Un- 
healthy state  of  the  *  humours'  or  fluids  of  the 
body;  *  ill-humoured*  state  (of  the  body). 

i54«  R-  Copland  Go/yen's  Terap.  2  A  ij  b,  Yf  eroysion 
habounde  inwardely  it  is  caused  of  cacochi  mi  e.  1665  G.  Har- 
vey Advice  agst.  Plague  21  Cacochymies  or  fowl  bodies  of 
the  Vulgar,  .do  require  strong  Purges.  1651  Biggs  NewDisp. 
P  184  The  Anarchy  of  a  cacochymia  keeps  not  court  in  the 
veins.  1684  tr.  Sonet's  Merc.  Compit.  l  20  The  Melancho- 
lick  Cacochymie.  Ibid.  xyi.  550  A  great  corruption  of  the 
Blood  and  Cacochvm.  1744  Mitchell  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XLII1.  144  A  peculiar  kind  of  Cachexy,  accompanied  with 
an  atrabilious  Cacochymy.  1830  New  Monthly  Mag.  LVI. 
386  Are  not  their  countenances  disfigured  by  the  cacochymy 
of  their  humours.    185s  H  amilton  Discuss.  248. 

f  Cacode  mical,  a.  Obs.  rare—1.  A  humorous 
mixture  of  cacodmmon  and  academical. 

1610  Rowlands  Mart.  Mark-all  6  Vp  starts  an  old  Caco- 
demicall  Acadcmicke  with  his  frize  bonnet. 

Cacodemon,  -daemon  vkrvk<?d/"m.->n).  [a.  Gr. 
KaKaha'iiiojv  evil  genius ;  also  adj.  possessed  by  an 
evil  genius,  ill-starred;  whence  sense  2.] 

1.  An  evil  spirit. 

(1398  Thkvisa  Barth.  De  P.  R.  n.  xix.  (1495  45  Plato  in 
Cuneo  callith  the  deuyll  Cachodemon,  that  is  to  vnderstonde 
knowynge  euyll.]  1594  Nashe  Terrors  of  Nt.  Wks.  1883-4 
III.  267  Anie  terror,  the  least  illusion  in  the  earth,  is  a 
Cacod:cmon  vnto  him.  1594  Shaks.  Rich.  Ill,  1.  iii.  144 
I  .cane  this  World,  Thou  Cacodemon  !  1664  Bltler  Hud. 
11. 111.  644  Nor  was  the  Dog  a  Cacoda:man,  But  a  true  Dog. 
1718  Young  Love  Fame  11.  <I757>  95  Poor  negroes,  thus,  to 
show  their  burning  spite  To  cacocUemons,  say,  they're 
dev'Iish  white.  1870  Lowell  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  1.  (1873' 
93  To  make  the  pagan  divinities  hateful,  they  were  stigma- 
tized as  cacodzmons. 

t  b.  Med.  A  name  for  nightmare.  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

18 1 1  in  Hooper  Med.  Diet. 

C.  trans/.  Applied  to  persons,  etc. 

17H  Mrs.  Centlivre  Marplot  iv.  Wks.(i76ol  168  The  old 
Cacademon  is  gone  into  that  house.  x8>i  Scott  Kemhv. 
(1867)  109  My  miller's  thumb — my  prince  of  cacodemons — 
my  little  mouse.  1854  Badiiam  Halieut.  42a  Untaught  by 
their  parents  to  know  better,  these  little  cacodemons,  etc. 

2  Astrol.  The  Twelfth  House  (or  Scheme)  in 
a  figaire  of  the  Heavens,  so  called  from  its  baleful 
signification. 

*/ 1625  Fletcher  Rollo  iv.  ii.  442  The  twelfth  the  Caco- 
demon.   1  ~] 2 1  90  in  Bailey. 

Cacodemo'niac.  rare.  [f.  prec. :  cf.  Demo- 
niac]   One  possessed  with  an  evil  spirit 

1657  Tomlinson  Rt-uou's  Disfi.  20  Unless  some cacodemo- 
ni.it  k,  that  refers  them  to  his  Philosophy. 

t  Cacodemo  nial,  a.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -AL.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  an  evil  spirit. 

152a  Skelton  Why  nat  to  Courte  807  To  his  college  con- 
uentuall,  As  well  calodemonyall  As  to  cacodemonyaTl. 

Cacodemo'nic»  «.   [ad.  Gr.  KaKuSatftoviKus 


1  bringing  misfortune*,  in  a  sense  taken  from  Caco- 
demon.]   Of  the  nature  of  a  cacodemon. 

1886  Pall  Mall  G.  20  Aug.  4/2  One  of  these,  .declines  to 
have  further  dealings  with  cacodxmonic  powers. 

Cacode  monize,  v.  rare~ l.  [see-izE.]  trans. 

To  make  into  a  demon. 

1834-43  Sol'they  Doctor  672  'Beards',  The  simple 
appendage  of  a  tail  will  cacodemonise  the  Eudemon. 

Cacodorous  [ksekJ»*d6ra»),  a.  rare.  [A  hybrid 
formation  from  Gr.  -.■<:■.--  bad  +  Odorous.]  Ill- 
smelling,  malodorous. 

1863  Press  5  Sept.,  The  August  sun  begins  to  make  the 
Thames  cacodorous.  1871  M.  Collins  Mro.  A-  Merck.  III. 
60  He.. made  his  way  through  a  cacodorous  crowd. 

t  Ca  codox,  a.  Obs.  [a.  Gr.  k<ik6&o£os  of  the 
wrong  opinion  ;  cf.  orthodox.]  Holding  wrong  or 
evil  opinions  or  doctrines. 

1716  It  Davies  Atken.  Brit.  III.  28  That  Cacodox  Alastor 
has.  .abandon'd  the  true  Principles  of  Reason  and  Religion. 

Gacodoxy  (kx'kod^ksi).  rare.  [a.  Gr.  kcuco- 
5o£t'a  wrong  opinion,  f.  *a*o5o£os  (see  prec.}] 
Wrong  opinion  or  doctrine,  heterodoxy. 

a  1864  R.  Turnbull  ( Websten  Less  anxious  . .  to  favor  or 
deny  orthodoxy,  heterodoxy  or  what  Luther  calls  cacodoxy, 
than  to  establish  the  simple  truth. 

Hence  Cacodo'xian,  Cacodo  xical  a. 

1693  1  'rvt  m \hi  Kab.-.'ais  in.  xxxviiL  318  Cacodoxical  fool. 
1716  M.  Davies  A  then.  Brit.  II.  431  These  twoCacodoxian 
Alastors  can  Cant  and  Recant  nothing  but  such  quisquilian 
Nugaments.    1880  Webster  Supp.,  Cacodoxical. 

Cacodyl  (k^'kixlil).  Chem.  Also  kakodyl(e. 
[f.  Gr.  *a*wJS-75  stinking,  Kcuccvbia.  stink  (f.  *cufo-s 

+  oft-,  root  of  o(ttv  to  emit  smell)  +  -YL,  matter.] 

An  organic  compound  of  arsenic  and  methyl, 
As(CH,)j  =  Kd,  also  called  A rsendi methyl,  a 
colourless  liquid,  of  most  disgusting  garlic  odour 
and  with  extremely  poisonous  vapour,  which  takes 
fire  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

1850  C.  Daubeny  Atomic  Theory  vii.  219  The  body., 
which  Bunsen  regards  as  the  radical,  and  which  from  its 
offensive  odour  he  denominates  kakodyle.  1867  Comh. 
Mag.  Mar.  383  The  well-known  garlic-like  odour  character- 
istic of  cacodyl.  1869  Roscoe  Etem.  Chem.  341  Cacodyl 
is  a  colourless  liquid,  boiling  at  170°.  187a  Watts  Diet. 
Chem.  I.  405  Cacodyl  takes  fire  in  the  air,  at  ordinary 
temperatures,  even  more  readily  than  crude  alkarsin. 

Cacodylic  (kak^U  lik  ,  a.  Chem.  ff.  prec + 
-MLJ  Of  cacodyl,  as  in  Cacodylic  acidt  Kd  O,  H, 
a  crystalline  solid. 

1850  C.  Daubeny  A tomic  Theory  vii.  219  Kd  +  Oi  forms 
kakodylic  acid,  or  algargen.  1869  Roscoe  Elem.  Chem. 
341  One  of  the  most  important  compounds  is  cacodylic  acid  ; 
it  is  soluble  in  water,  and  is  not  poisonous. 

CaccBConomy  ka'k/k^nomi;.  rare—1,  [f.  Gr. 
«a*-oi*oi'o^-oy  a  bad  steward  :  see  Economy.]  Bad 
economy,  bad  management. 

1810  Syd.  Smith  in  Ed  in.  Rev.  XXXII.  28  A  mighty  em. 
pire  in  spite  of  the  cacoeconomy  of  their  government 

Cacoepy  (Wk#""4pi).  rare.  [a.  Gr.  KaKotntia 
faulty  language.]  Bad  or  erroneous  pronunciation; 
op|>osed  to  orthoepy.    Hence  Cacoepi  stic  a. 

1880  Grant  White  Every-Day  Eng.  ?o  Phonology  finds 
in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  which  it  works,  which 
indeed  it  finds  no  less  in  cacoepy.  1867  A.  J.  Ellis  /  .  /  . 
Pronunc.  1.  iii.  224  Abnormal,  cacoepistic,  rare,  vulgar  and 
dialectic  forms. 

t  Caxoethe,  -ethf  a.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  F.  caco- 
ithet  ad.  Gr.  *a*or/0n$ :  see  next.  But  in  the  ex- 
amples, the  word  may  represent  L.  cacocthc  pi.  of 
the  sb.]    Of  an  ill  habit ;  malignant  (as  a  disease). 

1541  R.  Copland  Galyen's  Terap.  a  C  iv  b.  It  had  ben 
better  to  haue  called  them  [ulcers]  Cacocthe,  that  is  to  say 
wycked,  and  nat  inueterate.  1661  I.ovell  Hist.  Anim.  $ 
Attn.  119  It  helpes  hardnesses,  that  are  called  cocoeth. 

!  Cacoethes  kak0|/~  bts,-/'J./z^  [L.,a.Gr,*a*o- 
tjOts  ill  habit,  propensity,  'itch',  subst.  use  of  neuter 
of  tca/coTjOr}?  ill-disposed,  f.  kclko-  bad  +  (r}0oj)  fjflt- 
disposition,  character.  (The  Gr.  (and  L.)  plural 
was  cacocthe.)]  a.  An  evil  habit,  b.  An  obstinate 
or  malignant  disease.  C.  An  'itch*  for  doing 
something,  as  in  the  imanabile  scribendi  cacocthes 
(incurable  passion  for  writing  of  Juvenal. 

1563-87  Koxk  A.  $  M.  I.  657/1  Such  is  the  malady  and 
cacoethes  of  your  pen,  that  it  beginncth  to  bark,  before  it 
hath  learned  well  to  write.  1601  Holland  Pliny  II.  142 
Gangrenes  and  those  morimall  vlcers  called  Cacoethe.  1603 
H.  Crosse  Vertues  Commw.  (1878/  139  This  cacoethes,  or 
ill  custome.  .incroacheth  so  vpon  the  good  maners  of  men. 
1713  Addison  Sped.  No.  53a  ri  Juvenal  terms  [this  dis- 
temper] a  Cacoethes,  which  is  a  hard  word  for  a  disease 
called  in  plain  English,  'The  itch  of  writing'.  This  Caco- 
ethes is  as  epidemical  as  the  small  pox.  1736  Monko  Anat. 
(1741  128  I-nless  the  Patient  labours  under  a  general  Ca- 
coethes. 1836  Eraser's  Mag.  XIV.  578  One  half  of  it  was 
cacoethes  ofhuilding.  the  other  half  cacoethes  of  painting. 

tCacoethic  ;ka'ki?|e-bik),a.  Afed.  Obs.  [f.  prec. : 
after  Ethic]    Obstinate  or  malignant. 

1684  tr.  Bonet's  Merc.  Compit.ww.  277  The  Wound., 
becomes  cacoethick.    Ibid.  x.  347  Foul,  cacoethick  Ulcers. 

Cacogastrie  (krvk^garstrik),  a.  noncc-wd.  [f. 
Caco- +  Gastkic  f.  Gr.  yaorrjp  belly.]  Having  a 
deranged  stomach. 

1833  Cablyle  Diderot,  Misc.  (1857)  III.  221  (D>.  Indiges- 
tion succeeds  indigestion.  .The  woes  that  chequer  this  im- 
perfect cacogastrie  state  of  existence. 

II  Cacogenesis  (kak^jd^em'-sis).    [mod.L.  f. 


CACOGRAPHY. 

Caco-  +  Or.  ytvims  origin,  birth.]    Morbid  or 
depraved  formation  ;  a  monstrosity,  a  morbid  pa- 
thological product. 
1880  in  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Cartography  (ka'kfgrafi).  [perh.  a.  F.  caco- 
graphie  (16th  c.),  or  ad.  med.Gr.  Kaxo-ypaipia.  =  bad 
writing.  The  analogous  bpSoyoaipta  orthography, 
Kak\iypa<pia  calligraphy,  and  some  of  their  deriva- 
tives, were  used  in  classical  Greek.] 

1.  Bad  writing;  bad  handwriting.  (Opposed 
to  calligraphy). 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Cacography,  ill  writing,  or  a  writ- 
ing of  evil  things.  1760  Swinton  in  Phil.  Trans.  LI.  858 
The  cacography  of  the  Etruscans,  as  their  rude  and  un- 
couth manner  of  writing  is  termed.  1864  Burton  Scot  Abr. 
II.  297  The  crabbed  cacography  of  the  original  manuscript. 
1864  Daily  Tel.  28  June,  The  compositors  made  very  light 
.  of  cacography. 

2.  Incorrect  spelling  ;  a  bad  system  of  spelling, 
such  as  that  of  current  English.  (Commonly  op- 
posed to  orthography.) 

1580  Baret  Ah.  Let.  E.  We  may  still  wonder  and  find 
fault  with  our  Orthographic  (or  rather  Cacographie  indeed'. 
1655  Com.  Hist.  Erancion  1.  iii.  63  His  clerk  used  a  certain 
kinde  of  Cacographie,  that  admitted  a  multitude  of  super- 
fluous letters.  1633  C.  Butler  Eng.  Gram,  in  A.  J.  Ellis 
E.  E.  Pronunc.  155  The  cause  of  this  cacography  which 
causeth  such  difficulty  is  a  causeless  affectation  of  the 
French  dialect.  1806  Southey  Ann.  Review  IV.  8  The 
orthography  or  rather  kakography  of  many  of  the  names  is 
French.  1820  Blackw.  Mag.  VIII.  318  A  celebrated  critic 
who  sometimes  condescends  to  amend  my  cacography. 

Hence  Caco  grapher,  a  bad  writer  or  speller ; 
Cacogra  phie,  -al  a.,  of  or  pertaining  to  bad 
writing  or  incorrect  spelling. 

1838  Athenxutn  No.  3099  (18871  383  A  stupid  series  of 
cacographical  errors.  1864  Even.  Standard  29  Sept.,  The 
most  remarkably  ungrammatical  and  cacographical  produc- 
tion. 1880  J.  A.  H.  Murray  Addr.  Philol.  Soc.  35  Before 
Norman  cacographers  spelt  them  with  0. 

Cacokenny,  perverted  form  of  Cacochymt. 

II  Cacolet  ^kakolf,  -let),  [dial.  F.,  applied  in  the 
Pyrenees  to  a  contrivance  fixed  on  the  back  of  a 
mule  or  horse  for  carrying  travellers  over  the 
mountains,  a  mule  chair.]  A  military  litter  for 
the  sick  or  wounded  carried  by  mules ;  either  in 
the  form  of  arm-chairs  suspended  one  on  each 
side  of  a  mule,  or  of  a  bed  laid  along  the  beast's 
back.  First  employed  by  the  French  in  the 
Crimean  War,  1854-5. 

1878  A.  Griffiths  Eng.  Army  iv.  108  One  hundred  pack 
animals,  seventy-six  of  which  carry  double  litters,  or  '  caco- 
lets ',  for  patients.  1884  Gen.  Graham  in  Times  4  Apr.  1 1 
Ambulances  and  mule  cacolets  were  sent  for.  1885  Observer 
8  Feb.  5/4  The  wounded  who  have  been  successfully  re- 
moved from  Gubat  in  cacolets. 

t  Caxolike,  -leek.  Obs.  A  perversion  of 
Catholic,  associating  it  with  xaxus  bad,  and  used 
as  a  term  of  reproach. 

1583  Rhem.  N.  T.  Acts  xi.  Annot.  324  Some  Heretikes  of 
this  time  call  them  Cartholikes  and  cacolikes.  1600  O.  E. 
Repl.  Libel  I.  ii.  54  A  Cacolike,  or  true  member  of  the  popes 
church.  1626  L.  Owen  Spec.  y**uit. (1620]  20  That  Iesuites 
should  compell  men  by  force,  to  be  Romish  Cacoleekes. 

Cacology  (ksekp  lod^i).  [mod.  ad.  Gr.  «a/co- 
\oyia  evil  speaking,  vituperation,  f.  icaito\6yos 
speaking  evil,  slanderous ;  =  F.  cacologie.  The 
mod.  use  takes  bad  grammatically,  not  ethically.] 

fl.  Evil  report.  Obs. 

1623  Cockeram,  Cacologie,  ill  report.  1656-81  Blount 
Glossogr.,  Cacology,  evill  speech  or  report,  detraction. 

2.  Bad  speaking,  bad  choice  of  words  ;  vicious 
pronunciation. 

177S  in  Ash.  1826  Praed  Poems  (1865I  I.  263  Bishop 
Bembo  mended  her  cacology.  1837  Eraser's  Mag.  XV 
571  Cacology  amused  the  frequenters  of  the  Haymarket 
Theatre.  1836  J.  W.  Croker  in  Croker  Papers  (1884I  I.  i.  6 
One  Knowles,  who  . .  professed  to  remedy  cacology  and 
teach  elocution. 

Caco-niagician.  [f.  Caco-  +  Magician.]  An 
evil  magician  or  sorcerer  ;  one  versed  in  the  black 
art. 

1656  More  Antid.  Ath.  in.  ix.  (1712)  167  That  he  is  a  Ma- 
gician, not  a  Caco-Magician.  and  that  he  has  nothing  to 
do  with  the  Devil.  1841  DTskaeli  Amen.  Lit.  (1867!  647 
The  great  adversary  of  Fludd . .  denounced  the  Rosacrucian 
to  Europe  as  a  caco-magician. 

Cacoon  (kakzz-n).  [?A  native  African  name.] 
The  large  flat  polished  bean  of  a  climbing  tropical 
shrub,  Entada  scandens  (N.O.  Leguminosse),  which 
has  jointed  pods  six  or  eight  feet  long,  containing 
in  each  joint  one  of  these  beans,  about  2  inches 
across  and  half  an  inch  thick.  They  are  made 
into  snuff-boxes,  scent-bottles,  spoons,  etc.,  and 
are  sometimes  sold  -in  the  streets  of  London  as 
West  Indian  Filberts. 

1854  P.  Simmonds  Comm.  Product.  Veg.  Kingd.,  The 
horse-eyes  and  Cacoons  of  Jamaica  . .  yield  a  considerable 
quantity  of  oil  or  fat.  1885  Lady  Brassey  The  Trades  265 
The  pods,  .contain  from  ten  to  fifteen  hard,  brown,  shining, 
flattened  seeds,  called  cacoons. 

+  Caco'pathy.  Obs.  rare.  [mod.  ad.  Gr.  «a*o- 
irdfaia  distress,  misery,  f.  xaxanaB-qs  suffering  ill.] 
An  old  term  for  a  severe  affliction  or  malady. 

[1708  21  Kersey,  Cacopathia.]   1721-90  Bailey,  Coco- 


11 

palhy,  a  suffering  of  evil,  or  lying  under  a  painful  disease. 
i860  in  Mayne  Exp.  Lex. 

t  Caco-phagy.  Obs.  [f.  Gr.  kclko-  evil  +  -<payia 
eating.]  '  A  devouring'.  Bailey  1 730  [1  for  cato- 
phagy). 

Cacophonic  (kaekrf^nik),  a.  [f.  as  Caco- 
phonous +  -ic  :  after  euphonic.]  Ill-sounding. 

1847  in  Craig.  1862  Temple  Bar  Mag.  IV.  187  Who  re- 
joiced in  the  vulgarly  cacophonic  name  of  '  Hyrum '. 

Caoopho-nical,  a.  =  prec.    (In  Craig  1847.) 

Cacopho'nically,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -ly2.]  = 
Cacophonously. 

1864  Dk.  Manch.  Court  S;  Soc.  II.  387  'Hamlet',  or 
'  Ambleto',  as  it  is  cacophonically  rendered  in  Italian. 

Cacophonize,  v.  rare.  [f.  Gr.  icateuipwv-oi 
(see  next  ,  + -ize.]    trans.  To  make  cacophonous. 

1872  M.  Collins  Pr.  Clarice  I.  v.  76  How  should  anyone 
desire  to  mutilate  and  cacophonize  so  musical  a  name  as 
Clarice  ? 

Cacophonous  (ksekzrfizhas),  a.  [f.  Gr.  kok6- 
<paivos  ill-sounding  4-  -ous.]  Ill-sounding,  having 
a  harsh  or  unpleasant  sound. 

1797  Month.  Re-.:  XXIII.  579  The  cacophonous  repeti- 
tion of  ruinpf  displeases.  1807  Southey  Espriella's  Lett. 
(18141  L  280 The  names,  like  the  language,  .are.  .sufficiently 
cacophonous  to  a  southern  ear.  1854  Bauham  Halieut. 
318  The  name  of  this  illustrious  but  cacophonous  benefactor 
of  his  kind  was  Wilhelm  Deukelzoon.  1867  Macfarrkn 
Harmony  ii.  58  Thus  divesting  it  of  its  cacophonous  effect. 

Cacophonously,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -ly-.] 
With  bad,  harsh,  or  unpleasant  sound. 

i864/V!'W2i  May  481  Agricultural  fiddlers  and  trumpeters 
playing  cacophonously.  1880  Gcutl.  Mag.  Dec.  726  The 
Opposition . .  cackled  cacophonously. 

Cacophony  (ksekpfJhi).  [a.  F.  cacophonic,  in 
16th  c.  cacofonie,  ad.  (through  mod.L..;  Gr.  koko- 
<]>ojvia,  f.  KCLKotpaivos ;  see  above.  Formerly  used  in 
latinized  form  cacophorria.] 

1.  The  quality  of  having  an  ill  sound  ;  the  use  of 
harsh-sounding  words  or  phrases.  (The  opposite 
of  euphony.) 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Cacophony,  an  ill,  harsh,  or  un- 
pleasing  sound,  tin  words! a  vitious  utterance  or  pronuncia 
tion.  1733  Swift  Let.  Ixvi.  Wks.  1761  VIII.  154  Alter 
rhymes,  and  grammar,  and  triplets,  and  cacophonies  of  all 
kinds,  a  174s  —  Wks.  (18411  II.  419  To  allow  for  the  usual 
accidents  of  corruption,  or  the  avoiding  a  cacophonia.  1753 
Chester/.  Lett,  eclxvii,  Avoid  cacophony,  and  make  your 
periods  as  harmonious  as  you  can.  1847-8  De  Quincey 
Protestantism  Wks.  VIII.  140  My  labours  in  the  evasion 
of  cacophony. 

2.  Music.  A  discordant  combination  of  sounds, 
dissonance.    Also  Jig.  Moral  discord. 

(11789  Burney  Hist.  Mus.  (ed.  3)  I.  viii.  133  What  a  caco- 
phony would  a  complete  chord  occasion  !  1831  Macaulay 
Let.  in  Trevelyan  Life  f,  Lett.  (1876'  I.  iv.  223  The  op- 
pressive privileges  which  had  depressed  industry  would  be 
a  horrible  cacophony.  1880  Madame  A.  Goddard  in  Girts 
Own  Paper  13  Mar.  166  The  continual  holding  down  of  the 
loud  pedal  produces  unutterable  cacophony. 

f  3.  Med.  Old  term  for  a  harsh,  grating,  or  dis- 
cordant state  of  the  voice  (Mayne  Exp.  Lex.  ': 

Cacoplastic  (ksekz/ipkrstik),  a.  Phys.  [mod. 
f.  Gr.  KaKuiT\a(TTOs  used  in  sense  of  '  ill-conceived' 
+  -IC,  after  plastic.']  Of  morbid  deposits:  Im- 
perfectly organized,  of  imperfect  structure. 

l839  47  Todd  Cycl.  Anal,  Phys.  III.  748/2  The  exuda- 
tion verges  towards  a  caco-plastic  character.  Ibid.  754/1 
Between . .  the  caco-plastic,  and  aplastic  deposits,  the  gra- 
dations are  almost  insensible. 

Caco-rhythmic,  cacorrhythmic  (kfeko,- 

rrSmik),  a.  [f.  Gr.  xa/coppvOfios  ill-modulated,  ir- 
regular in  measure  +  -ic,  after  rhythmic]  In  bad 
rhythm ;  also  formerly  '  applied  to  an  irregular 
or  disorderly  pulse'  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 

a  1879  M.  Collins  Pen  Sketches  II.  191  Marvellous  caco- 
rhythmic  productions,  which  would  remind  some  readers  of 
Ossian,  others  of  Tupper. 

t  Ca  cosphy  xy.  Path.  Obs.  [ad.  mod.L.  ca- 
cosphyxia,  f.  Gr.  xaito-  bad  +  topics  pulse.]  A 
bad  or  irregular  state  of  the  pulse. 

1708  Kersey,  Cacosphyxia.  1775  Ash,  Cacospkyxy,  a  bad 
pulse. 

Ca'COtexhny.  rare.  [mod.  ad.  Gr.  Ka/roTexwa 
bad  art  ]    Bad  art ;  a  mischievous  or  hurtful  art. 

IJ75  Ash,  Cacotechuy,  a  hurtful  invention.   1847  in  Craig. 

[I  Caco'thesis.  Path.  [f.  Caco-  +  Gr.  etais 
placing,  position.]  A  bad  or  faulty  position  of 
any  part  of  the  body. 

1880  in  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Caeoto-pia.  nonce-wd.  (See  quot.,  where  Utopia 
'  nowhere '  seems  to  be  mistaken  for  *Eutopia  '  a 
place  where  all  is  well '.) 

1818  Bentham  Pari.  Re/.  Catech.  73  As  a  match  for 
Utopia  or  the  imagined  seat  of  the  best  government),  sup- 
pose a  Cacotopia  (or  the  imagined  seat  ofthe  worst  govern- 
ment I  discovered  and  described. 

Caco'trophy.  [ad.  med.L.  cacotrophia,  a.  Gr. 
KaxoTptvpia  bad  nutrition.]  Imperfect  or  dis- 
ordered nutrition. 

1708  Kersey',  Cacotrophia.  1721-90  Bailey,  Cacotrophy, 
an  ill  nutriment,  proceeding  from  a  fault  in  the  blood.  1847 
in  Craig. 

Caxotype.  rare.  [f.  Caco-  +  Type  :  cf.  Calo- 
type.]    A  faulty  or  imperfect  description  in  print. 


CACTJMINATE. 

1853  RbADE  Peg  Waff.  58  How  tame  mycacotype  of  these 
words  compared  with  what  they  were. 

Cacoxenite  (ksekp-ksenait).  Mm.  Also  ca- 
coxene.  [f.  Gr.  xaxo-  bad  +  £eV-o?  guest  4-  -ite  ; 
so  called  because  its  presence  in  iron  ore  is  inju- 
rious.] A  native  phosphate  of  iron,  containing 
also  water,  peroxide  of  iron,  and  phosphoric  acid, 
occurring  in  radiated  tufts  of  yellow  or  brownish- 
yellow  colour.  (Dana.) 

tCaco-zea'l.  Obs.  [Formed  after  Gr.  koko- 
fr/Am  unhappy  imitation  or  rivalry,  Kan/j^\ov  bad 
affectation  or  imitation,  f.  «a/ro£r/Aos  :  see  next.] 

1.  (Also  in  Gr.  or  L.  form  cacozelon,  cacozclia) : 
Perverse  affectation  or  imitation,  as  a  fault  of  style. 

1579  L.  K.  Spenser's  Sheph.  Cat.  Gloss.,  Rather  a  fault 
than  a  figure  . .  called  Cacozelon.  1589  PuTTENHAM  Eng. 
Poesie  (Arb. )  238  Cacozelia.  .we  may  call  fonde  affectation. . 
when  we  affect  new  words  and  phrases  other  then  the  good 
speakers  and  writers  in  any  language,  or  then  custome  hath 
allowed. _  1644  BvLWER  Chiron.  140  'lake  heed  therefore, 
that  Imitation  degenerate  into  Caco-zeale,  and  of  proving 
a  I. eft-handed  Cicero.    1721-90  Bailey,  Cacozclia. 

2.  Perverted  or  misdirected  zeal. 

1608  and  Pt.  De/.  Ministers  Reasons  Re/us.  Subscr.  66 
Who,  from  a  hote  fiery  fierce  cacozele,  spare  not,  etc. 

So  Cacozea  lot,  Cacozea  lotry. 

1659  Gauden  Tears  Ch.  62  (D.)  Some  spiteful]  Cacozelots. 
Ibid.  623  The  caco-zelotry  of  some  men  in  our  times. 

t  CaC0Zea-l0US,  a.  Obs.-"  [f.  Gr.  /rct/cofr/A-os 
+  -oos.]  '  Ill-affected,  or  badly  imitating'.  Phillips 
1676.    (Ed.  i6y6  has  ' or  viciously  devout'.) 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Caeozelous,  il-minded  or  affec- 
tioned,  one  that  imitates  badly.    [Not  in  Bailey.] 

Cacozyme  (karkozaim).  Med.  [f.  Gr.  «a*o- 
bad  +  fuiir/  leaven.] 

1  A  particle  of  matter  .  . .  which  is  supposed  to  be 
the  active  agent  in  the  production  of  infectious 
disease,  either  by  its  propagation  or  by  acting  as  a 
ferment'  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 

t  Cacquet.  Obs.  rare.  [a.  OF.  caquet  cackle 
of  a  hen,  tattle.]    Cackle,  tattle,  babble. 

1567  Fenton  Trag.  Disc.  141  Open  and  publike  cacquet 
in  the  streetes  whiche  brings  their  honour  in  question. 

Cactaceous  (ka-kte'jss),  a.  Bot.  [f.  Cactus: 
see  -aceous.]  Belonging  to  the  old  genus  Cactus  ; 
or  to  the  natural  order  Cactacex. 

1854  Bartlett  Mex.  Boundary  I.  viii.  196  Cactaceous 
plants  abounded  on  the  mountain  sides. 

Cactal  ykarktal  1,  a.  Bot.  [f.  Cact-l'S  +  -al.] 
Allied  to  the  cactuses,  as  in  Lindley's  '  Cactal 
alliance'. 

Cactoid  kcektoid),  a.  Bot.  [f.  Cact-us  + 
-oil).]  Resembling  the  cactus  in  form  or  structure. 

1878  Hooker  8:  Ball  Marocco  328  The  curious  cactoid 
Euphorbia,  producing  the  Gum  Euphorbium.  1885  J.  Ball 
in  Jrnl.  Linn.  Soc.  XXII.  3  Cactoid  plants  . .  are  seen  on 
the  rocky  slopes. 

Cactus  kse'ktos).  [a.  L.  cactus,  a.  Gr.  icaKTos 
a  prickly  plant  found  in  Sicily,  the  Cardoon  or 
Spanish  Artichoke  Cynara  Cardunculus) :  taken 
by  Linnrcus  as  the  generic  name  of  the  entirely 
different  plants  now  so  called.] 

+  1.  In  ancient  Nat.  Hist.  :  The  Cardoon.  Obs. 

1607  Topsell  Four/.  Beasts  102  There  is  a  kinde  of  thorn 
called  Cactus.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Cactus  . .  the 
general 'acceptation  of  the  word  is,  that  it  signifies  the 
artichoak.  1803  Rees  Cycl.,  Cactus,  the  name  of  a  plant 
described  first  by  Theophrastus. 

2.  The  generic  name  of  many  succulent  plants 
remarkable  for  their  thick  fleshy  stems,  generally 
without  leaves,  and  armed  with  curious  clusters  of 
spines  ;  they  have  usually  few  branches  or  none, 
and  are  often  of  grotesque  shape,  with  flowers  of 
great  beauty  and  sweetness.  The  Linna^an  genus 
Cactus  is  now  subdivided  into  about  20  genera, 
as  Cereus,  Echinocactus,  Opuntia,  etc.,  constituting 
the  natural  order  Cactacese,  all  of  which  however 
are  popularly  cactuses. 

1767  J.  Abercrombie  Ev.  Man  MM  Gard.  (1803"!  Index, 
Cactus,  or  Melon  and  Torch-thistle.  1807  G.  Gregory 
Dict.ArtsfySc.  1. 283/3  Cactus, melon  thistle,  .in  the  natural 
method  ranking  under  the  13th  order  Succulenta;.  1814  Lu- 
nan  Hortus  Jamah.  I.  413  The  slender  parasitical  currant 
cactus  or  Indian  fig.  1836  Macgillivray  Humboldt's  Trav. 
iv.  63  Cactuses  rose  here  and  there,  from  a  scanty  soil.  1843 
Prescott  Mexico  (1850)  I.  13  The  device  ofthe  eagle  and 
the  cactus,  .the  arms  of  the  modern  Mexican  republic. 

3.  attrib.,  as  in  cactus  tribe,  family,  etc. ;  cactus 
thorn,  etc. ;  cactus  dahlia,  a  Mexican  dahlia,  so 
called  from  its  cactus-like  flame-coloured  flower. 

1865TYLOK  Early  Hist.  Man.  vi.  119  To  make  rag-dolls, 
and  stick  cactus-thorns  into  them.  1870  H.  Macmillan 
Bible  Teach.  v\i.  135  In  the  cactus  tribe,  the  whole  plant 
consists  of  jointed  leaves.  1881  Daily  Ne7us  14  Sept.  2/6 
The  latest  importation  from  Mexico  . .  the  cactus  dahlia, 
1  Juarezii '.  1882  Garden  19  Aug.  156/2  What  a  brilliant 
flower  is  that  of  the  Cactus  Dahlia. 

t  Cacu'minate,  v.  Obs.  rare- °.  [f.  L.  cacu- 
mind-re  to  make  pointed,  f.  caciimen  :  see  Cacu- 
minous.]    1  To  make  sharp  or  pyramidal'  (J.). 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Cacuminate,  to  make  sharp  or 
copped.  1678  Phillips,  Cacuminate,  to  form  into  a  sharp 
top  like  a  pyramid.    1721-90  Bailey  (as  in  Blount). 

2-2 


CACUMINATION. 


12 


CADDIE 


Cacumination.  Obs.-°  [f.  as  prec]  *A 
making  sharp  at  the  top'  (Phillips  1678). 

CacnmillOUS  kaki/iminas},  a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
(acumen,  -uminis  a  tree-top.]  Of  a  tree :  Having 
a  pyramidal  top. 

1871  M.  Collins  Inn  Sir.  Meetings  10  Hours  Of  youth. . 
and  love  'neath  trees  cacuminous.  a  1879  —  in  Pen  Sketches 
I  248  Luminous  books  mot  voluminous)  To  read  under 
beech-trees  cacuminous. 

tCad1-  Obs.  [Deriv.  uncertain  :  the  dates  are 
against  its  identification  with  next  word,  which  the 
sense  alone  might  permit.]    A  familiar  spirit. 

1657  Bp.  H.  King  Poems  in.  (1843*  87  Rebellion  wants  no 
Cad  nor  Elfe  But  is  a  perfect  witchcraft  of  it  self.  1658 
Osborn  Adv.  Son  (1673)  34  Ix)ve  ..cannot  hold  without 
Jealousie,  nor  break  without  Repentance,  and  must  needs 
render  their  sleep  unquiet,  that  have  one  of  these  Cadds  or 
Familiars  still  knocking  over  their  pillow. 

Cad-  (koed).  [Apparently,  an  abbreviation  of 
Cadee,  Caddie,  Cadet,  the  senses  of  which  show 
the  development  of  meaning,  starting  from  sense  2 
of  Cadet,  and  its  popular  form  Cadee.  The 
modern  sense  (5)  appears  to  have  arisen  at  the 
universities  (or  at  least  at  Oxford),  as  an  appli- 
cation of  sense  4  to  any  one  whose  manners  or 
conduct  were  like  those  of  the  class  in  question.] 

+  1.  An  unbooked  passenger  whom  the  driver  of 
a  coach  took  up  for  his  own  profit  on  the  way. 

1790  Useful  Hints  in  Globe  12  May  11885)  */s  To  prevent 
his  taking  up  short  passengers,  or  (as  they  are  termed)  cads, 
to  the  robbery  of  his  employer. 

2.  An  assistant  or  confederate  of  a  lower  grade, 
as  a  bricklayer's  labourer  {dial.)  ;  a  familiar, 
'  chum'. 

1835  T.  Hook  G.  Gumey  (1850)  I.  vii.  131,  I  will.. appear 
to  know  no  more  of  you,  than  one  of  the  cads  of  the  thimble- 
rig  knows  of  the  pea-holder.  18349  Hood  Kilmansegg  230 
Not  to  forget  that  saucy  lad  (Ostentation's  favourite  cad) 
The  page,  who  looked  so  splendidly  clad. 

+  3.  An  omnibus  conductor.  Obs 

1833  Hood  Sk.  fr.  Road,  Though  I'm  a  cad  now,  I  was 
once  a  coachman.  1837  Dickens  Picknv.  xxxviii,  Numerous 
cads  and  drivers  of  short  stages.  1837  Penny  Mag.  31  Mar. 
117  He  who  hangs  behind — who  opens  the  door  and  re- 
ceives the  money,  .is  conductor  or  in  the  vulgar  tongue — 
cad.  1848  Thackeray  Bk.  Snobs  xlix,  A  sceptical  audience 
of  omnibus-cads  and  nursemaids. 

4.  —  Sc.  Caddie,  sense  2:  1  Cads,  low  fellows,  who 
hang  about  the  college  to  provide  the  Etonians 
with  anything  necessary  to  assist  their  sports'. 
Hone  (note  to  quot.).  So  at  Oxford,  applied  by 
collegians  to  town-lads  of  the  same  description, 
and  contemptuously  to  townsmen  generally. 

1831  Hone  Year  Bk.  670  Preceded  by  one  or  two  bands 
of  music  in  two  boats,  rowed  by  4 cads*.  1838  Leg.  late 
Illumination  in  O-tf.  Her.  22  Feb.,  A  gown-and-town  row 
had  got  up,  to  testify  their  loyalty,  By  milling  of  all  rads 
and  cads,  and  other  foes  to  royalty.  1844  Pegce  Anecd. 
Eng.  Lang. (ed.  ^"X^note,  The  Oxford  Townsman,  .in  1835 
had  been  promoted  to  the  title  of  cad.  1850  Clouch  Dip- 
sychus  11.  11.  152  If  I  should  chance  to  run  over  a  cad,  I  can 
pay  for  the  damage  if  ever  so  bad. 

5.  colloq.  A  fellow  of  low  vulgar  manners  and  be- 
haviour. (An  offensive  and  insulting  appellation.) 

1838  Hints  on  Etiquette  for  Univ.  Oxf.  19  note.  He  was 
mentally  considered  a  great  '  cad '  by  the  rest.  1850  Kings- 
ley  Alt.  Locke  xii,  *  Box  the  cad's  ears.  Lord  Lynedale,' 
said  a  dirty  fellow  with  a  long  pole.  186s  A.  Boyd  in  Gd. 
Words  694  People  who  talk  of  the  great  majority  of  their 
fellow -creatures  as  Cads.  1868  Lessons  Mid.  Age  142  Vou 
cannot  make  a  vulgar  offensive  cad  conduct  himself  as  a 
gentleman. 

6.  Comb.,  as  cad-catcher  :  see  quot. 

1 88a  Artist  1  Feb.  63/1  '  Cadcatchers  '  is  an  expressive, 
but  not  elegant,  term  now  in  use  amongst  artists  for  pictures 
painted  to  attract  the  undiscriminating. 

Hence  Ca'dism,  the  behaviour  or  action  of  a  cad. 

1876  World '  V.  8  It  is  the  superlative  'cadism'  of  Eng- 
lish residents  in  India  which  galls  the  natives 

+  Cad  *,  Obs.  ^Cade  sb*,  a  cade-lamb. 
Cad  4.  Chiefly  dial.  [Another  form  of  Caddis 2 
(dial,  catidy) ;  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  the 
actual  relations  to  each  other  of  cad,  caddy,  and 
caddis,  nor  which  is  the  primitive  form.]  A  caddis 
or  caddis  worm.  Called  more  fully  cod-bait, 
cad-bait,  cad-bit,  cad-bote,  cad-worm. 

1651-1653  [see  Caddis3].  1653  Lauson  Comm.  Seer.  An* 
gling  in  Arb.  Garner  1. 194  Cad  bait  is  a  worm  bred  under 
stones  in  a  shallow  river.  1677  N.  Cox  Gent  I.  Recreat., 
Fishing  (1706)  41  Wasps,  Gentles  and  Cad-bits  are  good 
baits  for  the  Gudgeon.  1741  Cornel.  Earn. -Piece  11.  ii.  345 
Tench  delight  chiefly  in  Worms,  .as  the  Lob-worm,  Marsh- 
worm,  Cad-worm,  and  Flag- worm.  i79iOsbaldistone  Brit. 
Sportsman  85/1  Cadbate,  a  worm,  good  bait  for  trout.  1833 
.  Rennie  Atph.  Angling  34  The  grubs  which  are  known 
y  the  name  of  caddis- worms,  case-worms,  cad  or  cod  bait 
and  ruff  coats.  Northampton  Dial.  We  are  going  to  the 
brook  for  some  cads. 
+  2.  Cad-worm,  applied  in  derision  toaman.  Obs. 
1630  J.  Taylor  iWater  P.>  Wks.  11  155  This  Cadworme, 
hauing  onely  got  Rime,  which  is  but  the  buttons  and  loopes 
to  couple  Verse  together. 

tCad5.  Obs.  -Caddow*. 

1581  in  Bristol  Wills  (1886.)  233  The  worne  Irishe  Cad 
[valued  at]  xxiiijj. 

Cadace,  -as,  obs.  forms  of  Caddis. 
Cadar,  var.  of  Cader,  a  frame. 


Cadastral  (kada-stral"),  a.  [a.  mod.F.  cadas- 
tral relating  to  the  cadastre,  as  in  Us  registres  ca~ 
daslraux  ^Littre).] 

1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  according  to  a  cadastre ; 
having  reference  to  the  extent,  value,  and  owner- 
ship of  landed  property  ^strictly,  as  a  basis  of  dis- 
tributing taxation). 

1858  Gladstone  Homer  I.  567  [Darius]  divided  the  empire 
by  a  cadastral  system  under  provincial  governors.  1868  — 
juv.  Mundi  xiii,  The  catalogue  of  Homer  is  a  great  at- 
tempt to  construct.. a  cadastral  account  of  Greece.  1886 
Q.  Rev.  Apr.  395  The  following  statement  exhibits  the  cad- 
astral distribution  of  properties. 

2.  Cadastral  survey :  a.  strictly,  a  survey  of 
lands  for  the  purposes  of  a  cadastre ;  b.  loosely, 
a  survey  on  a  scale  sufficiently  large  to  show 
accurately  the  extent  and  measurement  of  every 
field  and  other  plot  of  land.  Applied  to  the 
Ordnance  Survey  of  Great  Britain  on  the  scale  of 
g^oa  or  15*544]  inches  to  a  mile.  So  cadastral 
map,  plan,  etc. 

1861  Set.  Comm.  Ho.  Commons  182  To  inquire  into  the 
expediency  of  extending  the  Cadastral  Survey  to  those 
portions  of  the  United  Kingdom  which  have  been  surveyed 
upon  the  scale  of  one  inch  to  the  mile  only.  1861  A.  S. 
Ayrton  [in  Parlt.]  thought  that  the  question  was  very 
much  mystified  by  calling  the  survey  a  cadastral  survey, 
which  meant  all  the  details  relating  to  the  tenure  of 
land,  the  condition  of  each  property,  and  all  such  matters. 
186a  Toulm.  Smith  in  Parly.  Remembrancer  Oct.  182  The 
newfangled  phrase  '  cadastral  survey'  is  as  foolish  as  it  is 
unquestionably  mischievous.  1863  Edin.  Rev.  CXVIII. 
No.  242.  379  The  French  term  '  cadastral '.  .is  now  used  in 
England  to  denote  a  survey  on  a  targe  scale.  1881  Fitch 
Led.  Teaching  in.  72  A  special  map  of  the  province,  and 
a  cadastral  plan  'ordnance  map)  of  the  commune.  1885 
Smith  in  Lara  Times  LXXIX.  400/2  The  necessity  of 
a  complete  cadastral  survey  of  property  in  England  and 
Wales.  1886  Blachw.  Mag.  Sept.  332  note,  The  Domesday 
Survey  was  in  a  sense  a  cadastral  one  :  and  the  Ordnance 
Survey  in  its  larger  scale,  as  being  the  only  comprehensive 
basis  upon  which  a  correct  computation  of  areas  and  valua- 
tion of  landed  property  for  assessment  of  imposts  is  possible, 
may  also  be  called  '  Cadastral '. 

[I  Cadastre  (kadcrstM).  [a.  Fr.  cadastre ;  =  Sp., 
It.  cat  astro :— late  L.  capitastrum  1  register  of  the 
polltax',  f.  caput  head,  poll.] 

a.  (=  L.  capitastrum.)  The  register  of  capita, 
juga,  or  units  of  territorial  taxation  into  which 
the  Roman  provinces  were  divided  for  the  purposes 
of  capital  to  terrena  or  land  tax.  (Poste  Gains.) 
b.  A  register  of  property  to  serve  as  a  basis  of 
proportional  taxation,  a  Domesday  Book.  C.  (in 
mod. French  use  A  public  register  of  the  quantity, 
value,  and  ownership  of  the  real  property  of  a 
country. 

1804  Edin.  Rev.  V.  17  To  compile  a  general  Cadastre, 
somewhat  in  the  style  of  our  old  doomsday  book.  1834 
Southry  Doctor  ccxli.  (1862)  660  Materials  for  a  moral  and 
physiological  Cadastre,  or  Domesday  Book.  1864  Sir  F. 
Palgrave  Norm.  4  Eng.  IV.  62  The  crown  officers  formed 
a  new  Cadastre  according  to  the  new  principle  which  he  laid 
down  . .  the  land  was  meted  according  to  an  invariable 
geometrical  standard,  without  any  reference  to  its  produc- 
tive worth.  1864.  Webster,  Cadastre,  an  official  estimate  of 
the  quantity  and  value  of  real  property,  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  justly  apportioning  taxes  :  used  in  Ixmisiana.  1875 
Poste  Gains  11.  ied.  a>  174  The  list  of  capita  was  called  a 
Cadastre  (capitastrum). 

Cadaver  kad(7iv3j\  [a.  L.  cadaver  dead 
body,  perhaps  f.  cad-frc  to  fall.  So  F.  cadavre  ] 
A  dead  body,  esp.  of  man  ;  a  corpse.  (Now  chiefly 
in  technical  lang.) 

[1398  Trkvisa  Barth.  De  P.  R.  vi.  iL  (1495)  187  Careyne 
hath  that  name  of  cadauare  of  cade  re  .  to  falle.]  c  1500 
Noble  Life  u  xxxv,  Zelio  is  a  beste  . .  it  abydeth  gladly  in 
places  wher  as  people  lie  buryed,  And  it  eteth  the  cadauers 
or  wormes.  1524  Will  off.  Terry  (Somerset  Ho.i  I  John 
Terry  of  Norwich .  .commende.  .my  body  to  be  Cadaver,  .to 
be  buried.  1547  Bookde  Brev.  Health  Ix.  18  Beware  of . . 
dead  cadavers,  or  caryn.  a  1626  Davies  Wif  s  Pilgrim,  ii. 
Whoever  came  From  death  to  life  f  Who  can  cadavers  raise  ? 
1714  Mandevii.le  Fab.  Bees  (1725)  I.  186  Time  was  when. . 
the  cadavers  of  the  greatest  emperors  were  burnt  to  ashes. 
1874  Roosa  Dis.  Ear{c<L  a)  19  Anatomical  investigations 
on  the  human  cadaver. 

b.  A  skeleton. 

168a  Sir  T.  Browne  Chr,  Mor.  91  Death's  heads  ..  and 
fleshless  cadavers. 

1  Cada  verable,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  + 
-able.]  Mortal. 

1651  Biggs  Nnv  Dt'sp.  g  287  By  things  cadaverable  you 
may  expect  strange  accidents. 

t  Cada*verate,  P.  Obs.  [f.  L.  cadaver  + -atz.] 
To  render  lifeless ;  to  reduce  to  dead  matter. 

1657  G.  Starkev  Helmo nt's  Vind.,  [Excrementa] . .  which 
..are  by  the  heat  of  the  body  cadaverated,  and  cast  forth. 

Cadaveric  (kjedave'rik,  kadse'verik^,  a.  [a.  F. 
cadavcrique,  or  f.  L.  cadaver  (see  above)  +  -10  (Gr. 
suffix  :  the  L.  forms  are  caddvertnus,  caddverosus).'] 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  dead  bodies  ;  characteristic 
of  a  corpse.    (More  technical  than  cadaverous.) 

1835  6  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  <f  Phys.  L  804/2  Chemical  ac- 
tions  of  a  cadaveric  description.  1865  Reader  2  Sept.  269/3 
The  earliest  indications  of  cadaveric  rigidity.  1880  B.  Dyer 
in  Daily  News  7  Oct.  6/7  Certain  substances  formed  in  de- 
composing animal  tissues  .[called]  *  cadaveric  alkaloids' . . 
owing  to  their  formation  subsequent  to  death.    x88a  Times 


8  Dec.  10  Evidence,  previously  given,  with  reference  to  the 

cadaveric  lividities. 

2.  Caused  by  contact  with  a  dead  body. 

1871  Holmes  Syst.  Surgery  (ed.  2)  V.  Index,  Cadaveric 
boils.    1883  Ibid.  (ed.  31  II,  940  Cadaveric  wans  have  a 

somewhat  special  appearance. 

fCada'verie.  Obs.  rare-1.  «  Cadaver. 
1600  Tourneur  Treats/.  Met.  (18781  II.  187  Prol.  8  What 
ashie  ghost,  what  dead  Cadaverie  . .  howles  in  my  eares  I 
t  Cadaveriety.  Obs.  rare-1,    [f.  L.  cadaver 

(see  prec.',  ?  after  variety,  ebriety,  etc.]  Deadness. 

1651  Biggs  Nnv  Disp.  %  171  The  cadaveriety,  and  dull 
lethargy  of  medicines,  is  contracted  by  the  Opium. 

Cada  verine.  Chem.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ine.] 
One  of  the  cadaveric  alkaloids  or  Ptomaines. 

1887  Lauder  Brlnton  Pluirmacol.  98  Neurine,  cada- 
verine,  putrescine,  and  saprine  have  no  marked  physio- 
logical action. 

Cada  verizable,  a.  [f.  next  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  bein^  converted  into  lifeless  matter. 

1651  Biggs  Neiu  Disp.  $  287  Any  putrefactible  or  cadaveriz- 
able thing. 

Cadaverize  (kadae-veraiz),  v.  [f.  Cadaver  + 
-ize  :  pcrh.  in  earlier  use ;  see  prec]  trans.  To 
make  into  a  corpse  ;  to  make  cadaverous. 

1841  Eraser's  Mag.  XXIII.  421  To  effect  a.  .suspension 
of  the  circulation,  and  cadaverise  his  countenance. 

Cadaverous  (kadx'-veras),  a.  [ad.  F.  cada- 
vereux,  -euse,  ad.  L.  eaddveros-us  corpse-like,  f. 
cadaver :  see  above.]  Of  or  belonging  to  a  corpse ; 
such  as  characterizes  a  corpse,  corpse-like. 

i6»7  Feltham  Resoh'es  11.  xxxiv,  A  cadauerous  man, 
composed  of  Diseases  and  Complaints.  1643  Sir  T.  Browne 
Reltg.  Med.  1.  (16561  f  38  By  continuall  signt  of  Anatomies, 
Skeletons,  or  Cadaverous  reliques.  1651  Biggs  Htm  Disp. 
i  26  Cadaverous  dissection  of  bodies.  1713  Derham  Phys.- 
Theol.  iv.  xi.  205  Some  cadaverous  smell  those  Ravens 
discover  in  the  Air.  1776  Withering  Bot.  Arrangem.  (1796) 
IV-  374  Cadaverous  smetl  of  the  Phallus  impudicus.  1855 
Bain  Senses  fr  Int.  11.  iL  fi  11  118641  172  Tne  cadaverous 
odour  is  of  the  repulsive  kind.  1848  Dickens  Dombey  36 
The  strange,  unusual,  .smell,  and  the  cadaverous  light, 
b.  esp.  Of  corpse-like  or  deadly  pallor. 

166a  Fuller  Worthies  in.  67  His  eye  was  excellent  at  the 
instant  discovery  of  a  cadaverous  face . .  this  made  him  at  the 
nrst  sight  of  sick  Prince  Henry,  to  get  himself  out  of  sight. 
a  1711  Ellwood  Life  246  He  found  John  Milton  sitting  in 
an  Elbow  Chair .  .pale,  but  not  cadaverous.  iSao  W.  I rving 
Sk.  Bk.  II.  145  He  has  a  cadaverous  countenance,  full  of 
cavities  and  projections.    1835  Willis  Pencilling^  I.  vi.  38. 

Cada  verously,  a<Iv .  [f.  prec.  +  -ly       In  a 
cadaverous  manner  ;  like  a  dead  body. 
1847  in  Craig. 

Cada  verousness.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ness.] 
Cadaverous  quality;  the  condition  of  a  dead  body. 

1669  W.  Simpson  Hydrol.  Ckym.  75  This  depraved,  circu- 
lated matter,  hath  reached  so  far.  .as  to  acquire  a  virutency 
or  cadaverousness.  1839  PM  Fall  Ho.  Usher  Wks.  1846 
I.  995  A  cadaverousness  of  complexion. 

Cadaw,  obs.  form  of  Caddow. 

Cad-bait,  -bit,  -bote:  see  Cad*. 

Caddaa,  caddes,  obs.  ft.  Caddis. 

t  Caddee.  Obs.  [The  same  word  as  Cadee, 
Sc.  Caddie.    See  also  Cad2.] 

1803  Amh.  Kit.  (Chron.t  430/1  The  York  stage  waggon 
was  overturned  from  off  the  fjridge  into  the  river  at  Caster- 
ton  near  Stamford,  .owing  to  the  proper  driver  trusting  to 
the  guidance  of  a  caddee,  whilst  he  loitered  behind. 

Caddee,  var.  of  Cadi. 
Caddel,  obs.  f.  Cawdle. 

Ca  ddesa.  nont  c-mi.  ff.  Cad  2  5.]  A  female  cad. 

1870  lllititr,  Lond.  Xnvs  29  Oct.  443,  I  do  not  insult  the 
people  by  including  in  the  name  the  cads  and  caddevses. 
1884  Kkadk  PtriloHt  Seer.  L  vii.  133  Caddess !  What  is 
that  ?. .  I  mean  a  cad  of  the  feminine  gender. 

t  Caddesse,  cadesse.  '1  Obs.  -Caddow,  a 
jackdaw. 

'5°5  73  Cooper  Tkesaur.,  Monedula,  a  chough,  a  daw, 
a  cadesse.  1567  Maplet  Gr.  Forest  79  The  Caddesse  was 
first  called  Mimedula.  1583  Stanyhi'BST  sEneis  iv.  (Arb.) 
lot  This  that  prat'  pye  cadesse  labored  too  trumpet  in 
eeche  place.  1611  Chapman  Iliad  xvi.  541  As  a  falcon  frays 
A  flock  of  stares  or  caddesies.  1655  Mocpet  &  Benn. 
Health's  Imfirov.  (1746)  187  The  Cadesse  or  Jack-daw. 
1688  K  Holme  Annoury  11.  248/1  The  Jack  Daw,  or  Daw, 
is  called  a  Caddesse  or  Choff. 

Caddet,  obs.  form  of  Cadet. 

Caddi,  variant  of  Cadi. 

Caddice,  variant  of  Caddis. 

Caddie,  cadie  (kardi).  .Sir.  Also  7  caudie, 
8  raw  die.  cady,  caddee,  8-9  caddy,  [ad.  F. 
cadet :  see  Cadet  and  Cadee.] 

+  1.  =  Cadee,  Cadet  a,  q.  v.    Also  at/rib. 

1634-46  Row  Hist.  Kirk  (1842)  462  Ane  young  gentleman 
latelie  come  from  France,  pransing.  .with  his  short  skarlet 
cloake  and  his  long  caudie  rapier.  1714  Ramsay  Tca-T. 
Misc.  (1733>  I-  53  Commissions  are  dear  Yet  I'll  buy  him 
one  this  year ;  For  he  shall  serve  no  longer  a  cadie.  m  1776 
Ballad  in  Herd  Coll.  II.  170  1  Jam.)  There  was  Wattie  the 
muirland  laddie.  .With  sword  by  his  side  like  a  cadie. 

2.  A  lad  or  man  who  waits  about  on  the  look- 
out for  chance  employment  as  a  messenger,  errand- 
boy,  errand-porter,  chair-man,  odd-job-man,  etc. ; 
spec,  a  member  of  a  corps  of  commissionaires  in 
Edinburgh  in  the  18th  c.    (See  also  quot.  1883.) 

<ri730  Burt  Lett.  fr.  N.  of Scot/,  ii.  (1754)  I.  26  The 
Cawdys,  a  very  useful  Black-Guard,  who  attend  . .  publick 
Places  to  go  of  Errands;  and  though  they  are  Wretches, 


CADDINET. 


13 


CADE. 


that  in  Rags  lye  upon  the  Stairs,  and  in  the  Streets  at  [ 
Night,  yet  are  they  often  considerably  trusted.  .This  Corps  i 
has  a  kind  of  Captain  . .  presiding  over  them,  whom  they 
call  the  Constable  of  the  Cawdys.  a  1774  Fergusson 
Compl.  Plainstanes,  A  cadie  wi  his  lantern.  1818  Scott 
Hrt.  Midi,  xxi,  A  tattered  cadie,  or  errand-porter,  whom 
David  Deans  had  jostled.  CI&17  Hogg  Tales  <f  Sk.  V.  65 
A  caddy  came  with  a  large  parcel  to  Mrs.  Logan's  house. 
a  1859  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  V.  209  Every  Scotchman,  from 
the  peer  to  the  cadie.  1883  Wesleyan  Mag.  546  The  Cad- 
dies—sturdy women  with  creels  on  their  backs  who  acted 
as  porters — struggled  for  the  customer. 

b.  A  golf-player's   attendant  who  carries  his 
clubs  (generally  a  boy  or  lad). 

1857  Chambers*  Inform.  People  II.  696/2.  1864  Book- 
seller 31  Oct.  662  Twenty  golfers,  with  their  attendant  cad- 
dies scattered  over  the  link.  1883  Standard  16  Nov.  5/2 
The  'caddy*  who  carries  the  clubs  probably  possesses 
theoretical  knowledge. 

3.  Young  fellow,  lad.    {ludicrous  or  familiar.) 

1786  Burns  Earnest  Cry  xx,  Gie  him't  het,  my  hearty 
cocks,  E'en  cow  the  caddie  [C.  J.  Fox].     1788-1813  E.  1 
Picken  Misc.  Poems  I.  186  (Jam.)  A'  ye  canty  cheerie  ' 
caddies. 

tCaddine't.  Obs.  [A  dim.  form;  to  be  re- 
ferred apparently  to  It.  cadino  'basin,  milk-pan, 
broad  dish',  var.  of  catino :— L.  catTnus,  -urn  bowl, 
dish.]    A  basin  or  vessel  of  some  kind. 

1662  J.  Ogilby  King's  Coronation  (1685)  15  The  Officers 
of  the  Pantry,  .brought  up  the  Salt  of  State  and  Caddinet 

Caddis ],  caddice  (kae-dis).  Forms :  5-9  ca- 
das, 5  cadace,  6  cadys,  -yas,  -es,  caddes,  -iz, 
-esse,  6-7  caddys,  6-8  caddas,  6-9  caddis,  cad- 
dice, 7  cadice,  (8  caddu.ee),  8-9  cadis.  [Here 
two  words  are  apparently  mixed  up:  1  (sense  1), 
properly  cat/as,  cadace,  OF.  codas,  codas,  cf.  Cotgr. 
cadarce  1  the  tow  or  coarsest  part  of  silke,  whereof 
sleaue  is  made ' ;  cf.  Irish  codas  =  cadan  cotton  ; 
2  F.  cadis  (15th  c.  in  Littr6)  'sorte  de  serge  de 
laine,  de  bas  pris \  Of  both,  the  ulterior  history 
is  unknown.] 
f  1.  Cotton  wool,  floss  silk,  or  the  like,  used  in 
padding  :  Scotch  writers  of  the  1 8th  c.  applied  the 
name  to  1  lint '  used  in  surgery.  Obs. 

[Hue  de  Tabarie  MS.  Heber  No.  8336  in  Promp.  Parv. 
57  Pur  cadaz  e  cotoun  de  saunk  fu  le  encusture.]  a  1400 
Cov.  Myst.  241  Cadace  wolle  or  flokkys  . .  To  stuffe  withal 
thi  dobbelet.  1440  Promp.  Pan>.  57/2  Cadas,  bombicinium. 
1458  Will  of  Gist  (Somerset  Ho.),  Vnum  Jakke  stuffed  cum 
Cadace.  1463  in  Rot.  Pari,  in  Promp.  Parv.  57  No  . . 
bolstors,  nor  stuffe  of  woole,  coton  or  cadas,  nor  other 
stuffer  in  his  doublet.  1738  Med.  Ess.  <$•  Observ.  (ed.  a)  IV. 
334  Soft  half-worn  Linen,  which  the  French  call  Charlie, 
the  English,  Lint,  and  we  Caddiss.  1769  W.  Buchan  Dom. 
Med.  (1790)  578  With  soft  lint,  commonly  called  caddis, 
t  2.  Worsted  yarn,  crewel.  Obs. 
1530  Palsgb.  202/1  Caddas  or  crule,  sayette.  1548  W. 
Patten  Exped.  Scotl.  in  Arb.  Garner  III.  92  Hemmed 
round  about,  .with  pasmain  lace  of  green  caddis.  1721  C. 
King  Brit.  Merck.  I.  286  Tapestry  with  Caddas. 

fb.  Hence  attrib.  as  a  material.  Obs. 
1550-1600  Customs  Duties,  Addit.  MS.  Brit.  Mus.  No. 
25097  Cruell  or  Caddas  rybande.  1575  Laneham  Let.  (1871) 
37  Seemly  begyrt  in  a  red  caddiz  gyrdl.  1596  Silaks. 
1  Hen.  IV,  n.  iv.  79  Wilt  thou  rob  this  Leatherne  Ierkin  . . 
Puke  stocking,  Caddice  garter.  1675  Bk.  of  Rates  293 
Caddas  or  cruel  ribbon. 

t  c.  Short  for  caddis  ribbon  :  A  worsted  tape  or 
binding,  used  for  garters,  etc.  Obs. 

1580  Lyly  Eupkues  u868>  220  The  country  dame  girdeth 
herselfe  as  straight  in  the  waste  with  a  course  caddis,  as 
the  Madame  of  the  court  with  a  silke  riband.  1584  B.  R. 
Herodotus  79  Stitching  to  the  inside  of  their  vesture  a 
tape  or  caddesse  to  gird  their  apparell.  1611  Shaks.  Wint. 
7*.  iv.  iv.  208  Hee  hath  Ribbons  . .  Points  . .  Inckles,  Cad- 
dysses.  a  1664  Quarles  Sheph.  Orac.  vm,  Surely  I  was. . 
constrained  to  sell  Cadice  and  inkle.  1691  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
2698/4  A.. blue  Saddle-Cloth  bound  with  Green  and  White 
Caddis.  1739  Desaguliers  in  Phil.  Trans.  XLI.  190  Cadis, 
or  a  kind  of  Worsted  Tape.  1731  S.  Whatley  Eng.  Gaz. 
Sturbridge  {Camb.\  All  sorts  of  tapes,  cadduces,  and  the 
like  wares  from  Manchester.  [1822-76  Nares,  Caddis,  a 
kind  of  ferret  or  worsted  lace.] 
f3.  A  kind  of  stuff;  perh.  of  worsted  (or  ?silk). 

1536  Inv.  Kilburn  Nunnery  Middlesex  in  Monast. 
Anglicanum  III.  424/1  One  Carpet  of  Cadys  for  the  table 
xij  d.  1552  Berksh.  Ch.  Goods  28  Ane  other  vestyment  of 
grene  caddes,  a  vestyment  of  Redd  caddis.  1552  Inv.  Ck. 
Surrey  54  Item  a  cope  of  blew  cades.  1552-3  Inv.  Ch. 
Goods  Staffs,  in  Ann.  Diocese  Lichfield  IV.  48  One_  veste- 
ment  of  cadyas,  iiij  albes.  [1876  Rock  Text.  Fabr.  iv.  31.] 

b.  A  coarse  cheap  serge.  [Mod.F.  cadis.']  (,The 
first  quot.  is  of  doubtful  meaning.)   Cf.  Caddow2. 

1579  Lyly  Eufihues  79  In  steede  of  silkes  I  will  weare 
sackcloth  :  for  Owches  and  Bracelettes,  Leere  and  Caddys. 
1714  Fr.  Bk.  of  Rates  38  Cadis-Stuff  per  100  Weight.  1755 
Johnson  Caddis  . .  this  word  is  used  in  Erse  for  the  varie- 
gated cloaths  of  the  Highlanders.  1862  Wraxall  Hugo's 
Miserables  (1877)  1.  iv.  20  Who  had  acquired  £  80000  by 
manufacturing  coarse  clothes,  serges,  and  caddis.  1887  J. 
H.  Nodal  in  Let.,  '  Caddies  is  still  used  in  Bolton  for  a 
special  make  of  sheets  and  quilts.'  [Cf.  Caddow2  c  i860.] 

Caddis  2,  caddice  (kardis).  Also  7  cadice, 
cados,  7-8  cadis.  [Of  uncertain  origin :  see  the 
equivalent  Cad  4  ;  parallel  forms  are  dial,  cadew, 
caddy  (pi .  caddies),  perh.  a  false  singular,  from 
caddi-s  (used  as  sing,  and  pi.  by  Walton)  ;  pos- 
sibly a  genuine  dim.  of  cad :  the  relations  of  the 
forms  have  not  been  made  out.] 

1.  The  larva  of  the  May-fly  and  other  species  of 


Phryganca,  which  lives  in  water,  and  forms  for  I 
itself  a  curious  cylindrical  case  of  hollow  stems, 
small  stones,  etc. ;  it  is  used  as  a  bait  by  anglers. 

1651  T.  Barker  Art  of  Augliug(i6s3)  9  Gentles,  Paste  or 
Cadice  which  we  call  Cod-bait.  1653  Walton  Angler  91 
The  May  flie.  .is  bred  of  the  Cod-worm  or  Caddis.  Ibid.  235, 
I  have  held  you  too  long  about  these  caddis.  1855  Kings- 
ley  Glaucus  (1878)  207  Those  caddises,  which  crawl  on  the 
bottom  of  the  stiller  waters,  enclosed,  all  save  the  head  and 
legs,  in  a  tube  of  sand  or  pebbles.  1875  'Stonehenge' 
Brit.  Sports  1.  v.  iii.  §  12  Caddies,  caterpillars  and  gentles. 

2.  Comb,  caddis-bait,  caddis-worm  =  prec.  ; 
caddis-fly,  a  Phryganea,  as  the  May-fly. 

162a  Peacham  Compl.  Gentl.  xxi.11634  253  Other  wormes 
as  the  Bobbe,  Cadis-worme,  Canker,  or  such  like.  1658 
Rowland  Mouffet's  Theat.  Ins.  943  The  great  variety  of 
those  little  Cados  worms  whereof  they  come.  1787  Best 
Angliug(zd.  2)  116  The  Cadis- Fly  . .  is  a  large  four-winged 
fly,  of  a  bufT-colour.  1833  Proc.  Benv.  Nat.  Club  I.  No.  1. 
20  Caddis  bait,  which  is  the  larva  of  different  species  of 
phrygamea.  1847  Carpenter  Zool.  §682  Caddice-fiies.  .are 
very  numerous  in  Britain;  no  fewer  than  190  species  having 
been  described.  1863  Kingsley  Water-bab.  iii.  90  The  cad- 
dis-baits in  that  pool.  1875  Brande  &  Cox  Diet.  Science, 
fyc.  I.  341  Different  species  of  the  Caddice-worm  protect 
themselves  by  means  of  different  materials. 

Caddised  (kse'dist),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ed^.] 
Furnished  or  baited  with  a  caddis. 

1851  Eraser's  Mag.  XLIV.  63  Mute  anglers  drop  their 
caddis'd  hooks. 

Caddish,  (kce-dij),  a.  colloq.  [f.  Cad2  5  +  -ish1.] 
Of  the  nature  of  a  cad  ;  offensively  ill-bred  ;  the 
opposite  of  gentlemanly. 

1868  Imperial  Rev.  22  Feb.  180  We  shall  be  understood 
when  we  say,  that  it  is  a  still  more  caddish  offence.  1881 
Blackzv.  Mag.  CXXIX.  186  A  cad  never  seems  more  cad- 
dish than  when  he  comes  nearest  to  the  most  primeval  sim- 
plicity of  costume. 

Hence  Ca  ddishly  adv.,  Caddishness  sb. 

1868  Lond.  Rev.  15  Aug.  200/1  The  cad  takes  his  caddish- 
ness with  him.  188.  Miss  Braddon  Just  as  I  am  xlv. 
307,  Innate  caddishness  which  must  come  out  somewhere. 

Caddie,  sb.  dial. 

1.  Disorder,  disarray,  confusion,  disturbance. 
1825  Britton  Beauties  Wiltsh.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.),  Caddie, 

a  term  signifying  confusion  or  embarrassment.  _  To  be  in  a 
caddie,  means  to  be  overwhelmed  with  business.  1861 
Hughes  Tom  Brown  Oxf.  xxx.  (D.)  '  Ther  wur  no  sich  a 
caddie  about  sick  folk  when  I  wur  a  bwoy'.  1863  Mrs. 
Marsh  Heathside  Farm  I.  70  Mrs.  Stone,  a  short,  plump, 
Wiltshire  matron  -  apologised  for  being  found  in  such  a 
caddie. 

2.  Trouble,  bother. 

1865  Reader  12  Aug.  182/2  The  English  won't  take  the 
trouble— won't,  as  they  say  with  us  in  Somerset,  be  at  the 
caddie  to  look  after  such  things. 

Caddie,  v.  dial.  [f.  prec]  To  trouble,  dis- 
turb, worry. 

1781  Hutton  Tour  Caves  Gloss.,  Caddie,  to  attend  offi- 
ciously. 1825  Britton  Beauties  Wiltsh.  Gloss.  (E.  D.S.) 
s.v.,  Don't  caddie  me,  don't  teaze  me.  A  cadling  fellow 
means  an  impertinent  or  troublesome  companion.  1862  T. 
Hughes  in  Macm.  Mag.  V.  250  A  caddled  the  mice  in 
many  a  vield. 

Ca'ddow  \  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  5  cadaw,  5-7 
cadowe,  6  cadow,  caddawe,  caddowe,  9  dial. 
caw-daw.  [perh.  f.  ca,  ka  jackdaw  (Sc.  Kae)  4- 
Daw.  (The  Ir.  cud/iog,  Gael,  cathag,  Manx 
caaig  jackdaw  can  hardly  be  connected.)] 

A  jackdaw. 

1440  Promp.  Parv.  57/2  Cadaw,  or  keo,  or  chowghe  [v.r. 
ko ;  cadowe  or  koo],  monedula.  1530  Palsgr.  202/1  Cad- 
dawe a  byrde,  chucas.  1552  Huloet,  Caddowe,  or  chough e, 
byrde  ;  some  call  them  Jacke  dawe.  1573  Tusser  Husb. 
(1878)  101  Kill  crowe,  pie,  and  cadow.  1579  Marr.  Wit  <y 
Wisd.  (1849)  26  She  can  cackle  like  a  cadowe.  1621  Ams- 
worth  Annot.  Pentat.  Lev.  xi.  15  Crows,  caddows,  pies, 
and  the  like.  1792  Osbaldistone  Brit.  Sportsm.  85/1  Cad- 
dow, a  bird,  otherwise  called  a  chough  or  jackdaw.  1842 
Few  Words  to  Churchw.  (Camb.  Camden  Sod  1.  14,  Rub- 
bish, brought  together  by  the  jackdaws  or  caddows.  1864 
Atkinson  Prov.  Names  of  Birds,  Caddow,  caw-daw. 

Ca'ddow2.  Obs.  or  dial.  Also  6  caddo;  6-7 
caddowe,  7cadow>,  caddoe.  [Cf.  Caddis  13b; 
also  Gaelic  cudadh,  cudath  tartan  (not  Irish — 
O'Reilly  ) ;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  is  from 
Eng.  or  the  converse.  The  Manx  cadee,  and  the 
Ir.  cadas  cotton,  can  hardly  be  related.]  A  rough 
woollen  covering ;  see  quot.  1880. 

1579  Richmond  Wills  {18531,  ij  fledg  blankets  vs.  ij  cad- 
dow blankets  ij  s.  uijd.  1588  Middlesex  County  Records 
I.  177  [Walter  Hassellwrick  stole]  . .  vnum  straggulum  voc' 
an  Irish  Caddo  [worth  twenty  shillings].  1588  Lane.  Wills 
(1861)  III.  135  A  blankett  and  an  Irish  caddow  checked. 
1601  Weever  Mirr.  Mart.  Biij,  I  stretcht  my  lims  along 
the  bed.. Thrice  ore  the  caddow  I  mine  armes  outspred. 
1610  Holland  Camden's  Brit.  11.  Ireland  63  They  ..  make 
of  their  course  wool  Caddowes  also  or  Coverlets.  i6ix 
Cotgr.,  Couverture  velu'e,  an  Irish  Rug,  Mantle,  or  Cadowe. 
1681  Chetham  Angler's  Vade-m.  xxxiv.  §  15  (1689)  190  Out- 
landish Cadows  and  Blanckets.  c  i860  Staton  Rays  fro* 
Loomenary  (Bolton)  40  Peggy  wove  caddows  on  a  loom  as 
they  had  ith  back  place.  1880  Antrim  $  Doivn  Gloss. 
(E.  D.  S.)  Cadda,  Caddaiv,  a  quilt  or  coverlet,  a  cloak  or 
cover  ;  a  small  cloth  which  lies  on  a  horse's  back. 

Cadduce:  see  Caddis1. 

Caddy1  (kse-di).    [app.  a  corruption  of  Catty, 
Malay  kati,  a  weight  equal  to  \\  lb.  avoirdupois.] 
1.  A  small  box  for  holding  tea.  Usually  tea-caddy. 
179a  Madras  Courier  a  Dec.  (Y.)  A  Quantity  of  Tea  in  | 


Quarter  Chests  and  Caddies,  imported  last  season.  1793 
Cowper  To  Lady  Ilesketh  19  Jan.  (R.)  When  you  went  you 
took  with  you  the  key  of  the  caddy.  1833  Ht.  Martineau 
Brooke  F.  xii,  133  The  best  tea-tray  and  caddy.  1868  F. 
Paget  Lucretia  198  This  house  . .  instead  of  looking  like 
a  tea-caddy  . .  might  rather  be  said  to  resemble  a  litter 
of  caddies. 

2.  U.  S.  A  can  with  a  lid,  for  water,  etc. 

1883  Harper's  Mag.  Jan.  201/ 1  Near  where  his.  .saw  and 
water  caddy  are  lying. 
Ca'ddy  ~ ■    [?  f.  Cad        A  ghost,  bugbear. 
1781  Hutton  Tour  Caves,  Caddy,  a  ghost,  or  bugbear. 

Caddy,  var.  of  Caddie. 

Cade  (k^'d),  sby  [a.  F.  cade  cask,  barrel,  ad. 
L.  cad-us  a  large  vessel  usually  of  earthenware,  a 
wine-jar,  also  a  measure  for  liquids.] 

1.  A  cask  or  barrel. 

1387  in  Rogers  Agric.  Prices  II.  428/4.  c  1420  Pallad. 
on  Husb.  xi.  331  Kades  thre  Of  wyne.  1706  J.  Philips 
Cyder  11.  363  The  Fanners  Toil  is  done  ;  his  Cades  mature, 
Now  call  for  Vent.  1812  W.  Tennant  Anster  Fair  11.  vii, 
His  lintseed  stowed  in  bag  or  cade. 

f2.  spec.  A  barrel  of  herrings,  holding  six  great 
hundreds  of  six  score  each  ;  afterwards  500.  Obs. 

1337  in  Rogers  Agric.  Prices  II.  555/3.  C1440  Promp. 
Par::  57  Cade  of  herynge  ior  spirlingei  or  obyr  lyke,  coda, 
lacista,  etc.  1466  Mann.  Househ.  Exp.  207  Paid  to  Ed- 
wardes  wyffe  for  j.  cade  of  red  herynge.  .vs.  1502  Arnoe.de 
Chron.  (181 1)  263,  Xx.  cadis  rede  hering  is  a  last,  v.  C.  in  a 
cade,  vi.  score  1 1  ij  _  heringis  for  the  C.  1593  Shaks.  2  Hen. 
VI,  iv.  ii.  36  Stealing  a  Cade  of  Herrings.  1599  Nashe 
Lent.  Stuffe  1S7D  106  The  rebel  Jack  Cade  was  the  first, 
that  devised  to  put  Red-Herrings  in  cades,  and  from  him 
they  have  their  name.  1704  Worlidge  Diet.  Rust,  et  Urb., 
Cade,  .of  Red-herrings  500,  Sprats  1000;  yet  I  find  anciently 
600  made  the  Cade  of  Herrings,  Six  score  to  the  Hundred, 
which  is  called  Magnum  Centum.  1707  Fleetwood  Chron. 
Prec.  (1745!  82  A  cade  of  red  Herrings  (720  the  Cade).  1751 
Chambers  Cycl.,  Cade, .  .used  in  the  book  of  rates  for, .  500 
herrings,  and  of  sprats  1000.  1866  Rogers  Agric.  <y  Prices 
I.  xxiv.  610  Herrings. .  reckoned  by  the  cade  and  the  barrel. 

3.  Comb.,  as  cade-bow  (see  quot.). 

1754  T.  Gardner  Hist.  Ditnwich  20  The  Cade,  containing 
600  Herrings,  being  a  Frame  called  a  Cade-Bow,  made 
with  Withs,  having  a  Top  and  Bottom,  with  two  Hinges 
folding,  wherein  Straw  is  laid  inclosing  the  Fish. 

Cade  (k^d),  sb.-  [a.)  Also  5  kod,  5-7  cad. 
[Origin  and  part  of  speech  unknown.  In  cade  lamb, 
'  cade '  may  be  an  adj.  with  some  such  sense  as 
*  cast '  or  '  domestic,  tame or  a  sb.  used  attrib. 
as  in  pet -lamb  :  in  the  former  case  '  cade '  as  a  sb. 
would  be  short  for  '  cade-latr.b ' ;  in  the  latter, 
'  cade-lamb  '  might  be  an  expansion. 

(As  Cotgrave  gives  an  alleged  F. '  cadel a  castling,  a  starve- 
ling, one  that  hath  need  much  of  cockering  and  pampering  ', 
a  sense  not  unlike  Eng'pet',  it  has  been  suggested  that 
cade-lamb  was  perh.  for  an  earlier  *cadel-lamb.  But  this 
is  historically  impossible.  M.Paul  Meyer  says  Cotgrave's 
word  is  not  Fr.,  but  app.  the  16th  c.  Languedocien  cadel 
'  little  dog ',  and  his  explanation  erroneous.  The  corresp.  OF. 
word  was  cltael,  cheel,  which  has  no  likeness  to  the  ME. 
kod,  cad,  even  if  the  sense  suited,  Wedgwood  compares 
Da.  kaad  wanton,  petulant,  sportive  ON.  kdt-r  merry, 
cheerful :  but  cade  is  not  at  all  Sc.,  and  apparently  not 
properly  northern,  since  Ray  1691  explains  the  'North- 
Country  words  '  pet,  pet-lamb  as  '  a  cade-lamb. ')] 

1.  as  adj.  or  in  comb.  Of  the  young  of  animals, 
esp.  lambs  and  colts  :  Cast  or  left  by  the  mother 
and  brought  up  by  hand,  as  a  domestic  pet. 

c  1475  Pict.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  749  Hie  ricus,  a  kod- 
lomb.  1551  Will  of  Jane  Lovet  (Somerset  Ho.)  Three  Cade 
lambes  that  go  abowte  the  house.  1678  Littleton  Diet,  in 
Cath.  Angl.  50  A  cade  lamb,  agnus  domesticus,  domi  educ- 
ins.  1681  Worlidge  Diet.  Rust.  iE.  D.  S.)  A  cosset  lamb 
or  colt,  or  cade  lamb  or  colt,  that  is  a  lamb  or  colt  fallen 
and  brought  up  by  hand.  1698  F.  B.  Modest  Censure  14  As 
mild  and  gentle  as  cade  Lambs.  1792  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXXXII.  366  We  do  not  wean  our  cade-lambs  till  June. 
1859  Geo.  Eliot  A.  Bede  x.  95  It's  ill  bringing  up  a  cade 
lamb.    1880  J.  F.  Davies  in  Academy  24  Dec.  456. 

2.  as  sb.  a.  A  pet  lamb. 

C1450  Nominate  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  698  Hec  agna,  a  new 
lame  ;  hec  cenaria,  a  cad  ;  hec  berbex,  a  weder.  1483  Cath. 
Angl.  50  A  Cade,  dome{s)tica  vet  domesticus,  vt  ouis  vet 
auis  dottiest ica.  1633  T.  Adams  Exp.  1  Peter  iii.  18  He 
gave  his  poor  godson  a  lamb  for  a  cade.  1669  Cokaine 
Ovid  60  Pritty  Spinella,  you . .  Are  tame  enough,  as  Gentle 
as  a  Cad.  1830  Howitt  Seasons,  March  58  Others  [lambs] 
.  .are  reared,  generally  by  the  assistance  of  a  tea  pot,  with 
cow's  milk  and  are  called  cades  or  pets. 

b.  The  foal  of  a  horse  brought  up  by  hand. 

1617  Maekham  Caval.  n.  109  Such  horses  as  we  call 
Cades,  which  are  those  that  neuer  suck  their  dams,  but 
vpon  their  first  foaling  are  put  vp  into  a  house. 
C.  A  spoiled  or  petted  child.  (lW.  dial.) 

1877  Peacock  A^.  W.  Line.  Gloss.  Cade,  a  child  which  is 
babyish  in  its  manner.  1879  Miss  Jackson  Shropsh.  Word- 
bk  s  v.,  '  E's  a  reg'lar  cade  '  said  of  a  spoiled  child. 

3.  Of  fruit:  Fallen,  cast,  [rare.] 

1876  Miss  Broughton  Joan  III.  184  Austine  is  collecting 
the  little  cade  cherries. 

t  Cade,  sb.3    Variant  of  Ked,  a  sheep-louse. 

1570  Levins  Manip.  8  A  cade,  sheepe  \o\ise,pedicitlus  ouis. 

Cade  (k^d),  sbA  [a.  F.  cade,  in  same,  sense.] 
A  species  of  Juniper,  Juniperus  oxycedrus,  called 
also  Prickly  Cedar,  yielding  Oil  of  Cade,  or  Cade 
Oil,  used  in  veterinary  surgery. 

1575  Turberv.  Bk.  Venerie  lxvi.  187  If  you  rubbe  a 
Terryer  with  Brymstone,  or  with  the  oyle  of  Cade,  and  then 
put  the  Terryer  into  an  earth  where  Foxes  be  or  Badgerdes, 
they  will  leaue  that  earth.     1800  tr.  Lagrange's  Chettt. 


CADE. 


14 


CADETSHIP. 


II.  251  The  part  most  fluid  is  &old  under  the  name  of 
Cade -oil. 
+  Cade,  «M  Obs. 

c  1330  Arth.  <$•  Merl.  933  Telle  schulen  wiues  twelue  }if 
am  cl      may  be  made  Witn-outen  knoweing  of  mannes  cade. 

Cade,  z'-1  ?  Obs,  [/.Cade  sb*]  trans.  To  put 
into  a  cade  or  keg. 

1599  Nashe  Lent.  Stuffe  (1871)  106  The  rebel  Jack  Cade 
.  .hauyng  first  found  out  the  tricke  to  cade  herring,  they 
woulde  so  much  honour  him  in  his  death  as  not  onely  to 
call  it  swinging  but  cading  of  herring  also. 

Cade,  v.'-i  [f.  Cade  sb.-]  1  To  breed  up  in 
softness  *  (Johnson  ;  with  no  quot.  or  reference). 

1879  Miss  Jackson  Shropsh.  IVord-bk.  Cade,  to  pet;  to 
bring  up  tenderly. 

I  Cadeau  kad<?\    [Fr.]    A  present  or  gift. 

a  1845  Barham  Ingot.  Leg.  1882  Comh.  Mag.  Jan.  13  A 
cadeau  from  his  Highness.  1885  Where  C  kineses  Drive  141 
Some  little  present  as  a  New  Year's  Cadeau. 

tCadee.  Obs.  [Phonetic  spelling  of  F.  cadet.] 
The  earlier  form  of  Cadet,  Caddie  :  A  (gentleman) 
cadet  in  the  army. 

a  1689  Mrs.  Behn  IVidoiv  Ranter  iv.  ti,  He  listed  us 
cadees  for  the  next  command  that  fell  in  his  army.  1691 
Luttreli.  Brief  Ret.  (1857)  II.  234  The  French  convoy 
arrived  at  Limerick,  .two  French  lieutenant  general  Is,  106 
subaltern  officers,  150  cadees,  320  English  and  Scotch  gentle- 
men. 170a  Lend.  Gaz.  No  3856  3,  1  Captain,  1  Captain- 
Lieutenant,  1  Cad ee,  and  20  Soldiers  killed.  1789  W.  Laick 
Anrzv.  to  Presbyt.  Eloq.  33  (Jam.)  A  Cadee  of  Dunbarton's 
Regiment.    Ibid.  And  from  a  Cadee  become  a  curat. 

Cadee,  obs.  form  of  Cadi. 

Cadence  (k/i'dfios),  sb.  [a.  F.  cadence,  ad.  It. 
cadenza  '  falling,  cadence  in  music  \  on  L.  type 
cadentia  sb.,  f.  cadent-  pr.  pple.  of  cad-Pre  to  fall. 
The  literal  sense  is  *  action  or  mode  of  falling, 
fall  and  in  this  sense  it  was  used  by  17th  c. 
writers ;  but  at  an  early  period  the  word  was  in 
Italian  appropriated  to  the  musical  or  rhythmical 
fall  of  the  voice,  and  in  this  sense  occurs  as  early  as 
Chaucer.  Cadence  is  in  form  a  doublet  of  Chance, 
the  direct  phonetic  descendant  of  catientia.'] 
I.  In  verse  and  music. 

L  'The  flow  of  verses  or  periods1  (J.)  ;  rhythm, 
rhythmical  construction,  measure. 

1384  CliAUCEl  //.  Fame  627  To  make  bookes,  songes, 
and  dities  In  rime  or  else  in  cadence,  t  14*3  Wyntoun 
Cron.  v.  xii.  315  Had  he  cald  Lucyus  Procurature.  .Dat  had 
mare  grevyd  be  Cadens,  Dan  had  relevyd  be  semens.  1513 
Douglas  AEueu  ProL  46  Throu  my  corruptit  cadens  im- 
perfyte.  1588  Shaks.  L.L.  L.  iv.  ii.  126  The  elegancy,  fa- 
cility, &  golden  cadence  of  poesie.  164a  Milton  Apol. 
Smect.  (1851 )  292  An  eare  that  could  measure  a  just  cadence, 
and  scan  without  articulating.  1763  J.  Brown  P&etry  <y 
Mus.  iv.  37  Measured  Cadence,  or  Time,  is  an  essential  Part 
of  Melody.  18*4  Dibdin  Lihr.  Comp.  530  The  periods  flow 
with  a  sort  of  liquid  cadence.  1873  Symonds  Grk.  Poets 
iv.  102  The  Iambic  is  nearest  in  cadence  to  the  language 
of  common  life. 

b.  The  measure  or  beat  of  music,  dancing,  or 
any  rhythmical  movement  ;  e.  g.  of  marching. 

1605  Z.  Jonks  De  Layer's  Specters  20  Now  daunses.  .have 
neede  of  nothing  . .  biit  only  of  Number,  measure  and  true 
cadence.  1755  Gray  Progr.  Poesy  1.  iii,  To  brisk  notes  in  ca- 
dence beating  Glance  their  many-twinkling  feet.  1777  Sir 
W.  Jones  A  rcadia  Poems  109  Not  a  dancer  could  in  cadence 
move.  1801  Stbutt  Sports  9f  Past.  in.  v.  105  Dancing 
round  them  to  the  cadence  of  the  music.  x8xo  Scott  Old 
Mart,  vi,  The  occasional  boom  of  the  kettle-drum,  to  mark 
the  cadence.  x86a  F.  Griffiths  Art HI.  Man.  (ed.  91  6 
Cadence,  in  slow  time  75  steps,  .are  taken  in  a  minute. 

2.  1  The  fall  of  the  voice '  (J.). 

1589  Puttf.nham  F.ng.  Poesie  ii.  vii.  (i8n>66This  cadence 
Is  the  fal  of  a  verse  in  euery  last  word  with  a  certaine  tunable 
sound  which  being  matched  with  another  of  like  sound,  do 
make  a  [concord).  16x6  Bullokar,  Cadence,  the  falling  of 
the  voice.  1768  Stkrne  Sent.  Joum.  (1778*  11.  150  A  low 
voice,  with  a  . .  sweet  cadence  at  the  end  of  it,  1814  L 
Murray  Eng.  Gram.  I.  366  The  closing  pause  must  not  be 
confounded  with  that  fall  of  the  voice,  or  cadence,  with 
which  many  readers  uniformly  finish  a  sentence. 

b.  '  Sometimes,  the  general  modulation  of  the 
voice '  (J.). 

1700  Steele  Tatter  No.  9  F  1  The  SmalkoalMan  was 
heard  with  Cadence  deep.  17x0  ibid.  No.  168  F  5  With  all 
the .  -Cadence  of  Voice,  and  I  orce  of  Argument  imaginable. 
1760  Sterne  Tr.Shamty  276  Amen,  said  my  Mother,  .with 
such  a  sighing  cadence  of  personal  pity.  1844  A.  Welby 
Poems  ■  1867)  87  The  low  cadence  of  ner  whispered  prayer. 
x8$5  Bain  Senses  ft  Int.  in.  i.  §  22  (18641 361  A  third  quality 
of  vocal  sounds  is  cadence  or  accent.  x86a  Trollope  OrUy 
F.  xxxviii,  '  No '  said  Peregrine,  with  a  melancholy  cadence 
In  his  voice.  1863  Miss  Braddon  J.  Marchmont  270. 
C.  Local  or  national  modulation,  '  accent  \ 

X717  Swift  Gulliver  m.  L  182,  I  returned  an  answer  in 
that  language,  hoping  . .  that  the  cadence  might  be  more 
agreeable  to  his  ears.  X77X  Smollett  Humph.  Cl.  11815* 
241  The  Scotchman  who  had  not  yet  acquired  the  cadence 
of  the  English,  would  naturally  use  his  own  in  speaking 
their  language. 

3.  The  rising  and  (esf>.)  falling  of  elemental 
sounds,  as  of  a  storm,  the  sea,  etc. 

X667  Milton  /*.  L.  11.  287  Blustring  winds,  which  all  night 
long  Had  rous'd  the  Sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  full 
Seafaring  men  orewatcht.  1839  Mrs.  Hemans  Release 
Tasso,  The  low  Cadence  of  the  silvery  sea.  1856  Kane 
Arct.  Exfl.  I.  xxix.  377  A  murmur  had  reached  my  ear  for 
some  time  in  the  cadences  of  the  storm. 

4.  Music.  The  conclusion  or  'close*  of  a  musical 
movement  or  phrase.  Also  sometimes  -  Cadenza. 


1597  Morley  introd.  Mus.  73  A  Cadence  wee  call  that, 
when  coming  to  a  close,  two  notes  arc  bound  tugither,  and 
the  following  note  descendeth.  1795  Mason  Ck.  Mus. 
1.  14  A  perfect  cadence  then  marks  its  termination.  1 1860 
Goss  Harmony  xiii.  42  A  Cadence  or  Close,  signifies  the 
last  two  chords  of  any  passage  :  the  principal  cadences  are 
those  which  conclude  on  the  key-note.  When  the  last  chord 
is  the  triad  on  the  key-note,  preceded  by  the  triad  or  chord 
of  the  7th  on  the  dominant,  it  is  called  the  Perfect  Cadence. 
1867  Macfarren  Harmony  1.  27  As  performers  insert  a 
flourish  at  a  close  or  cadence,  we  conventionally  use  the 
word  cadence,  to  denote  the  flourish  introduced  at  a  close. 
x88o  Parry  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  290/1. 

5.  Horsemanship.  *  An  equal  measure  or  pro- 
portion which  a  horse  observes  in  all  his  motions 
when  he  is  thoroughly  managed '  {Farrier  s  Diet. 
in  Bailey).    Cf.  quot.  1833  under  Cadenced. 

8.  trans/.  Harmonious  combination  of  colours. 

1868  Swinburne  Ess.  ff  Stud.  (1875*  364  The  cadence  of 
colours  is  just  and  noble  :  witness  the  red-leaved  book  . .  on 
the  white  cloth,  the  clear  green  jug  on  the  table,  the  dim 
green  bronze  of  the  pitcher. 

II.  In  the  Latin  sense  of  falling. 

f7.  Falling,  sinking  down  ;  mode  of  falling.  Obs. 

1613  R.  C.  Table  Alph.  ied.  31  Cadence,  falling,  properly  the 
ledging  of  corne  by  a  tempest,  a  1660  Hammond  IVks.  IV. 
687  1  R.  >  The  cadence,  or  manner  how  Paul  falls  into  those 
words  is  worthy  to  be  both  observed  and  imitated.  1667  Mil- 
ton /'.  L.  x.  93  Now  was  the  Sun  in  Western  cadence  low. 

t  8.  The  falling  out  of  an  occurrence  ;  chance. 

x6oi  R.  Johnson  Kingd.  <y  Comnnv.  (1603*  8  This  oppor- 
tunitie  is  a  meeting  and  concurring  of  divers  cadences, 
which  at  one  instant  do  make  a  matter  very  easie. 

Ca  dence,  v.  rare.  [f.  prec]  trans.  To  put 
into  cadence,  to  compose  metrically. 

a  1749  Philips  To  Ld.  Carteret  <R.)  These  parting  num- 
bers, cadene'd  by  my  grief.  X873  Symonds  Grk.  Poets  i.  18 
Empedocles.  .cadenced  his  great  work  on  Nature  in  the 
same  sonorous  verse. 

Cadenced  (k^denst\  ///.  a.  [f.  Cadence  v. 
and  sb.  +  -ED.]  Expressed  or  performed  in  cadence; 
characterized  by  cadence  ;  rhythmical,  measured. 

a  1790  Adam  Smith  Imit.  Arts,  A  certain  measured,  ca- 
denced step,  commonly  called  a  dancing  step.  1833  Reg. 
Instr.Cavatry  1.  82  The  horse  has  a  firm,  even,  and  cadenced 
pace.  (Cadenced  means  that  the  time  passed  in  making 
each  step  shall  be  exactly  equal.'  1850  Mrs.  Browning 
Latiy  Geraldine's  C.  xlv,  Her  voice,  so  cadenced  in  the 
talking.  1851  —  Casa  Guidi  Wind.  3  Where  the  whole 
world  might  drop  for  Italy  Those  cadenced  tears.  1870 
IjOWELL  Among  my  Bks.  Ser.  11.  (1873)  You  hear  the 
cadenced  surges  of  an  unseen  ocean. 

Cadency  ^k^  densi).  [ad.  L.  *cadentia  :  see 
-Ency.  In  earlier  use  not  distinguished  from  ca- 
dence ;  the  sense  of  quality  more  proper  to  -ency 
comes  out  only  in  sense  3.] 

1 1.  A  falling  out,  happening,  hap ;  ■  Cadence  8. 

1647  Spricg  Angl.  Rediv.  1.  xL  11854)  10  How  delightfully 
remarkable  is  it  (as  a  most  apt  cadency  of  Providence). 

2.  =  Cadence  i  ;  cadent  quality. 

1627  Kf.ltham  Resolves  1.  Ixx.  Wks.  (1677)  106  Poetry  . .  is 
but  a  Play,  which  makes  Words  dance,  in  the  evenness  of  a 
Cadency.  164a  Howell  For.  Trav.  <  Arb.  >  46  The  old 
Italian  tunes  and  rithmes  both  in  conceipt  and  cadency, 
have  much  affinity  with  the  Welsh.  1719  Swift  To  Yng. 
Clergyman  Wks.  1755  II  n.  6  Rounded  into  periods  and 
cadencies. 

3.  Descent  of  a  younger  branch  from  the  main 
line  of  a  family  ;  the  state  of  a  cadet. 

1753  Chambhrs  Cyct.  Supp ,  Cadency,  in  heraldry,  the 
state,  or  quality  of  a  cadet.  1858  R.  Chambers  Dom.  Ann. 
Scott.  I.  an  Not  . .  a  male  descendant  . .  in  existence,  of 
cadency  later  than  the  fifteerfth  century.  x866  —  Ess.  Fam. 
A  Hum.  Ser.  1.  18  He  is  recognised  by  a  title  of  cadency 
from  his  wife,  as  Mrs. Thompson's  husband.  1885  S.  Salter 
in  N.  *  Q.  vi.  XII.  514/3  It  might  be  thought  that  the  label 
was  for  cadency  of  birth  ;  but  it  was  not  so. 

b.  Mark  of  c&ienty  (, Her. ) :  a  variation  in  the 
same  coat  of  arms  intended  to  show  the  descent  of 
a  younger  branch  from  the  main  stock. 

170a  A.  Nisbet  ititle  An  Essay  on  additional  Figures  and 
Marks  of  Cadency.  1830  T.  Robson  Hist.  Heraldry  L  j/a 
These  marks  of  cadency . .  have  crept  into  the  general  blazon 
of  many  coats  of  arms.  188a  W.  A.  Wells  in  N.  *  Q. 
35  Mar.  331  James,  .would  in  vita Ptitris  have  borne  as  his 
mark  of  cadency  the  original  crescent  charged  with  a  label. 

Cadene  (.kadrn  .  [a.  Y.cadcne  chain  of  iron,  ad. 
Pr.  cadena  L.  catena  1  chain  ' ;  in  allusion  to  the 
chain-like  character  of  the  warp  in  weaving.] 

A  sort  of  inferior  Turkey  carpet  imported  from 
the  levant.  1847  in  Craig;  and  later  Diets. 

Cadent  (lwT'-dunt\  a.  [ad.  I,,  cadent-em,  pr. 
pple.  of  cmi-bre  to  fall.] 

L  Falling  (literally^    Obs.  or  arch. 

Shaks.  Lear  1.  iv.  307  With  cadent  Teares  fret  Chan- 
nels in  her  cheekes,  165^  J.  Arrowsmith  Chain  Princ.  aoo 
We  ourselves  have  seen  him  Antichrist  cadent.  1855  Bailey 
Mystic  9  The  moaning  winds  and  cadent  waters. 

2.  Astro!.  Of  a  planet :  (ioing  down  ;  in  a  sign 
opposite  to  that  of  its  exaltation. 

'Cadent  Houses  are  the  third,  sixth,  ninth  and  twelfth 
House  of  a  Scheme  or  figure  of  the  Heavens,  being  those 
that  are  next  from  the  Angles'  (Phillips  1696'. 

1586  Lupton  Thons.  Notable  Tit.  11675'  301  *hc  part  of 
Fortune  be  cadent  from  the  Ascendent.  167X  Blagrave 
Astrol.  Phys.  164  Fixt  Signs,  and  cadent  Houses  alwayes 
signifie  the  greatest  distances. 

8.  Falling  (rhythmically)  ;  having  cadence. 

1613  Sir  E.  Hoby  Count er^snarte  13  II  current  and  worse 
cadent  lines.    X857  Emerson  Poems  134  Far  within  those 


cadent  pauses.  1859  F.  K.  Harford  Martyrs  0/ Lyons  24 
Unfailing  lips  those  cadent  strains  prolong. 

4.  Geol.  Applied  by  Prof.  H.  Rogers  to  the 
tenth  of  his  15  divisions  of  the  palaeozoic  strata  of 
the  Alleghanies,  corresponding  to  the  lower  middle 
Devonian  of  British  geologists. 

t  Ca'dent,  sb.  Obs.  [f.  prec]  One  of  the 
'graces'  in  old  English  music. 

1879  F.  Taylor  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  43  1  Shaked  graces  ' 
are  the  Shaked  Beat,  Backfall,  Elevation,  and  Cadent. 

Cadential  (kade*njal),  a.  [f.  L.  *cadentia 
Cadknce  +  -Ai..]    Of  or  belonging  to  a  cadence. 

188a  Athenaeum  8  Apr.  454/1  The  examples  ..  have  in 
no  one  instance  the  slightest  cadential  character. 

h  Cadenza  kade  ntsa).  Music.  [It. ;  see  Ca- 
dence.] A  flourish  of  indefinite  form  given  to  a 
solo  voice  or  instrument  at  the  close  of  a  move- 
ment, or  between  two  divisions  of  a  movement. 
(Sometimes  called  cadence  the  use  of  the  Italian 
word  is  designed  to  differentiate  the  two.) 

[1753  Chambers  Cyct  Supp.,  Cadenza  Sfuggita,  in  the 
Italian  music]  1836  Penny  Cyct.  VI.  100/1  Formerly  the 
Cadenza  was,  by  Italian  as  well  as  English  singers,  con- 
sidered indispensable  ..  The  French  never  admitted  it. 
1879  Parry  in  Grove  Diet.  Mus.  I.  394  The  cadenza  usually 
starts  from  a  pause  on  a  chord  of  6-4  on  the  dominant,  pre- 
paratory to  the  final  close  of  the  movement,  and  its  object 
is  to  show  off  the  skill  of  the  performer.  .It  was  formerly 
customary  to  leave  the  cadenzas  for  improvisation. 

t  Ca*d er,  cadar.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [Identical 
in  form  and  meaning  with,  and  prob.  a.  Welsh 
coder  'chair',  in  Mid.  Welsh  also  'cradle';  used 
also  as  in  sense  2,  and  applied  to  a  *  framework  1 
of  various  kinds.  (If  sense  3  is  not  the  same  word, 
we  may  perh.  compare  F.  cadre  frame.)] 

+  1.  A  cradle.  Obs. 

a  xa*5  Ancr.  R.  82  Heo  makeS  of  hire  tunge  cradel  [MS. 
Cleop.  cader]  to  bes  deofles  beam,  and  rockeo  it.  Ibid.  378 
Hwon  ^e  beod  ibunden  widinnen  uour  large  wowes,  and  he 
in  a  neruh  kader  [MS.  Titus  D  cradel]. 

2.  A  light  frame  of  wood  put  over  a  scythe  to 
lay  the  corn  more  even  in  the  swathe. 

1679  Plot  Staffordsh.  (1686)  353  Their  barley  they  mow 
with  the  Sithe  and  Cadar  in  the  South  parts  of  the  County. 

3.  '  A  small  frame  of  wood,  on  which  a  fisher- 
man keeps  his  line*  (dial.)  Halliwell. 

1880  Miss  Courtney  West  Cornwall  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.\ 
Cadesse,  var.  Caddkhse,  Obs.,  jackdaw. 
Cadet  kadc  t  .    [a.  F.  cadet t  in  15th  c.  capdet, 

a.  Pr.  capdet :— Romanic  type  *ca/>itetfo,  dim.  of  L. 
cafut,  capit-  head  ;  hence,  little  chief,  inferior  head 
of  a  family.    Cf.  also  Caddke,  Caddie,  Cad.] 

1.  A  younger  son  or  brother, 

16x0  Hollani>  Camden's  Brit.  1.  463  From  a  younger 
brother  or  cadet  of  this  house.  X67X  Crownk  Juliana  Ep. 
Ded.  A  iv,  I,eave  that  as  a  thread-bare  portion  to  the  Cadets. 
1689  Swift  Ode  to  Temple  Wks.  1755  IV.  1.  345  Poor  we. 
cadets  of  heaven,  Take  up  at  best  with  lumber,  a  17*6 
Vanbrcgh  False  Fr.  1.  i,  I  am  a  cadet,  and  by  consequence 
not  rich.  1868  Freeman  Aorm.  Cong.  (18761  II.  viii.  210 
Spiritual  preferments  being  turned  into  means  of  main- 
tenance for  cadets  or  bastards  of  the  royal  house. 

b.  A  younger  branch  of  a  family  ;  a  member  of 
a  younger  branch. 

1690  Lockf.  Govt.  i.ix.  §  35  A  Cadet,  or  Sister's  Son,  must 
have  the  Preference.    17*6  Wodrow  Corr.  (1B43)  III.  238, 
I  suppose  his  family  was  a  cadet  of  your  lordship's  family. 
C.  The  youngest  son. 

1646  Sir  T.  Brownk  Pseud.  F.p.  348  loseph  was  the 
youngest  of  twelve,  and  David  the  eleventh  sonne,  and  but 
the  caddet  of  Jesse.  1748  Smollett  Rod.  Rand.  (1812)  1. 19 
The  cadet  of  a  family. 

2.  A  gentleman  who  entered  the  army  without  a 
commission,  to  learn  the  military  profession  and 
find  a  career  for  himself  (as  was  regularly  done  by 
the  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  before  the 
Revolution}.  b.  A  junior  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service.    See  also  Caduke,  Caddie. 

1651  Howell  Venice  7  This  may  be  one  reason  why  she 
connives  at  so  many  Courdsans  for  the  use  of  the  Cadett- 
gentlemen.  [165a  Evelyn  St.  France  Misc.  Writ.  (1805  84 
The  cadets  and  younger  brothers  minding  for  the  mo>t  part 
no  greater  preferments  than  what  they  cut  out  with  tneir 
sword.]  X690  B>  E.  Diet.  Cant.  Creiv,  Cadet,  or  Cadee,  a 
Gentleman  that  Bears  Arms  in  hopes  of  a  Commission. 
1691  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  2719/2  The  Elector  of  Saxony  . .  adds 
a  Company  of  Cadets.  X704  Hymn  to  Victory  lxx.  7  She 
serves  Cadet  and  Voluntier.  1768  Simes  Mil.  Mrdley,  A 
cadet  serves  without  pay.  X77a  Footf.  Nabob  1.  a  Go  out 
Cadets  and  Writers  in  the  Company's  Service.  1816  '  Quiz  ' 
Grand  Master  \.  10  His  kit's  pack'd  up,  and  off  he's  set. 
To  try  his  fortune — a  cadet. 

3.  A  student  in  a  military  or  naval  college. 

1775  Swinburne  Trav.  Sj*ain  xliv.  (I*>  The  royal  apart- 
ments  are  now  occupied  by  a  college  of  young  gentlemen 
cadets,  educated  at  the  king's  expence.  1788  Ld.  Auckland 
Diary  in  Corr,  ( 1S61)  II. 91  An  establishment  of  one  hundred 
young  cadets  for  the  army,  a  X845  Hoon  To  J.  Hume  iv, 
Watch  Sandhurst  too,  its  debts  and  its  Cadets,  i860  Dickens 
Lett.  (18801  II.  122  Sydney  has  just  passed  his  examination 
as  a  naval  cadet. 

Cade  tcy.    [see  -cr.]  -  Cadetshtp  2. 
Cade'tship.    V-  prec.  +  -ship.] 
1.  The  status  of  a  younger  son. 
1831  Dwi  H I1 1  J  'nf.  Duke  in.  iii.  i  L.  I  The  ambitious  pro- 
spects with  which  he  had  consoled  himself  for  his  cadetsnip. 


CADETTE. 


15 


CADMIUM. 


2.  The  position  or  status  of  a  military  or  naval 
cadet ;  the  commission  given  to  a  cadet. 

1845  Stocqueler  Handbk.  Brit.  India  (1854)  55  For  the 
artillery  and  engineers,  it  is  a  condition  of  the  presentation 
of  a  cadetship  that  the  candidate  should  have  gone  through 
a  regular  course  of  instruction  at  Addiscombe.  1854  Blaekiu. 
Mag.  LXXVI.  667  The  age  of  entering  on  their  cadetship. 
1884  Harper's  Mag.  May  866/i  Candidates  for  cadetship  m 
the  Royal  Navy. 

DCadette  (kade-t).  [Fr.j  fem.  of  cadet.]  A 
younger  daughter  or  sister. 

1679  tr.  Marie  Mattciui's  Apol.  4  The  order  . .  seem'd  to 
exclude  my  Sister  as  a  Cadette. 

Cadew  (kse-diw).    The  same  as  Caddis  2. 

1668  Wilkins  Real  Char,  XL  v.  §  2.  125  Cadew,  Straw- 
worm.  1713  Derham  Phys.-Theol.  iv.  xiii.  234  The  several 
sorts  of  Phryganea  or  Cadews.  1774  White  in  Phil.  Trans. 
LXV.  268  They  were  taking  . .  cadew-flies,  may-flies,  and 
dragon-flies.  1802  Bingley  Anim.  Biog.  (1813)  III.  230  The 
larvae  of  the  Great  Cadew  Flies,  form  a  case  with  small  bits 
of  wood  disposed  longitudinally. 

Cadge  (ksed^),  sb.1  [App.  a  variant  of  Cage 
perh.  confused  with  Cadge  v.  to  carry  about  ;  but 
it  does  not  appear  what  is  the  source  of  the 
earliest  quotation,  which  the  later  merely  follow.] 

1.  Falconry.  (See  quots.) 

1615  Latham  Falconry  (1633)  Wds.  of Art  expl,  Cadge, 
is  taken  for  that  on  which  Faulconers  carrie  many  Hawks 
together  when  they  bring  them  to  sell.  1721  Bailey,  Cattle, 
a  round  Frame  of  Wood,  on  which  Hawks  are  carried  to  be 
sold.  1865  Com/i.  Mag.  May  623  We  shall  not  trouble 
ourselves  to  take  out  the  cadge  to-day,  for  our  party  is  quite 
strong  enough  to  carry  the  hawks  on  the  fist. 

2.  A  pannier. 

Cadge,  sb.%  vulgar,  [f.  Cadge  v.]  The  action 
of  cadging  or  begging. 

18x2  J.  H.  Vaux  Flash  Diet,  The  Cadge  is  the  game  or 
profession  of  begging.  1832-53  Whistle-Binkie  (Sc.  Songs) 
Ser.  11.  68  He  could  '  lay  on  the  cadge '  better  than  ony 
walleteer  that  e'er  coost  a  pock  o'er  his  shouther. 

Cadge  {kxr\$),v.  Forms:  4  cagge(n,  ?cache(n, 
(pa.  ppte.  caget},  (6  Palsgr.  kadge),  6-  cadge. 
[Derivation  and  original  meaning  uncertain  :  in 
some  early  passages  it  varies  with  cache,  cacche 
Catch,  of  which  in  branch  I  it  may  be  a  variant : 
cf.  the  pairs  botch,  bodge  ;  grutch, grudge  ;  smutch, 
smudge.  Branch  II  may  also  be  connected  with 
catch  or  ONF.  cacher  in  other  senses ;  but  it  may 
be  a  distinct  word :  the  whole  subject  is  only  one 
of  more  or  less  probable  conjecture.  Connexion 
of  ME.  caggen  with  Cage  sb.  is  phonetically  im- 
possible.] 

I.  Early  senses. 

+ 1.  trans.  ?  To  fasten,  tie  :  cf.  Cadgel  v.  (The 
early  passages  are  obscure,  and  for  one  or  other  the 
senses  drive,  toss,  shake,  draw,  have  been  proposed.) 
Obs. 

e  1325  E,  E.  A  Hit.  P.  A.  511  For  a  pene  on  a  day  &  forth 
bay  [labourers  in  the  vineyard]  gotz  . .  Keruen  &  caggen  & 
man  [  — maken]  hit  clos.  Ibid.  B.  1254  pay  wer  cagged  and 
ka3t  on  capeles  al  bare,  a  1400  Alexander  1 521  And  ben 
he  caggis  [v.  r.  cachez]  vp  on  cordis  as  curteyns  it  were. 
c  1400  Destr.  Troy  3703  Hit  sundrit  bere  sailes  &  bere  sad 
ropis ;  Cut  of  bere  cables  were  caget  to  gedur.  1627  Dray- 
ton Agincourt  180  Whilst  they  are  cadg'd  contending 
whether  can  Conquer,  the  Asse  some  cry,  some  cry  the  man. 
1875  Lam.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadge,  to  tie  or  bind  a  thing. 

t  2.  To  *.  bind '  the  edge  of  a  garment.  Cf. 
Cadging  vbl.  sb.  1.  Obs. 

1530  Palsgr.  473/1,  I  cadge  a  garment,  I  set  Iystes  in  the 
lynyng  to  kepe  the  plyghtes  in  order.  Ibid.  596/1, 1  kadge 
the  plyghtes  of  a  garment.  Je  dresse  des  plies  dune  lisiere. 
This  kote  is  yll  kadged  :  ce  sayon  a  ses  plies  mat  dresses 
dune  lisiere. 

f  3.  (See  quots.)    ?  To  tie  or  knot.    Still  dial. 
1703  Thoresby  Let.  to  Ray  (E.  D.  S.)  To  cadge,  a  term  in 
making  bone-lace. 

II.  To  carry  about,  beg,  etc. 

f  4.  trans.  To  carry  about,  as  a  pedlar  does  his 
pack,  or  a  Cadger  his  stock-in-trade.  Obs.  exc.  dial. 

1607  Walkington  Opt.  Glass  154  Another  Atlas  that  will 
cadge  a  whole  world  of  iniuries  without  fainting.  1691  Ray 
N.  C.  Wds.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadge,  to  carry.  1718  Ramsay  Contn. 
Christ's  Kirk  in.  xii,  They  gart  him  cadge  this  pack.  1788 
Marshall  E.  Yorksh.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadge,  to  carry. 
1858  M.  Porteous  Souter  Johnny  11  Weary  naigs,  that  on 
the  road  Frae  Carrick  shore  cadged  monie  a  load.  1875  F. 
K.  Robinson  Whitby  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadge,  to  carry;  or 
rather,  as  a  public  carrier  collects  the  orders  he  has  to  take 
home  for  his  customers. 

+  5.  To  load  or  stuff  the  belly,  dial. 

1695  Kennett  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss.  s.v.  Cade,  Hence., 
cadge-belly,  or  kedge-belly,  is  a  full  fat  belly,  c  1746 
Collier  (T.  Bobbin)  View  Lane.  Dial.  Wks.  (1862)  68  While 
I'r  busy  cadging  mey  Wem.  1854  Bampton  Lane.  Gloss., 
Cadge,  to  stuff  the  belly. 

6.  intr.  To  go  about  as  a  cadger  or  pedlar,  or 
on  pretence  of  being  one ;  to  go  about  begging. 
dial,  and  slang. 

18x2  J.  H.  Vaux  Flash  Diet.,  Cadge,  to  beg.  1846  Lytton 
Lncretia  11.  xii,  '  I  be's  good  for  nothin'  now,  but  to  cadge 
about  the  streets,  and  steal,  and  filch  '.  1855  Whitby  Gloss., 
To  Cadge  about,  to  go  and  seek  from  place  to  place,  as  a 
dinner-hunter.  1839  H.  Kingsley  G.  Hamlyn  xv.  (D.) 1  I've 
got  my  living  by  casting  fortins,  and  begging,  and  cadging, 
and  such  like '.  1875  Lane.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadge,  to  beg  ; 
to  skulk  about  a  neighbourhood.  1879  Print.  Trades  Jml. 
xxix.  32  Cadging  for  invitations  to  the  Mansion  House. 


b.  trans.  To  get  by  begging. 

1848  E.  Farmer  Scrap  Book  (ed.  6)  115  Let  each  '  cadge ' 
a  trifle.  1878  Black  Green  Past.  xi.  86  Where  they  can 
cadge  a  bit  of  food. 

Cadge,  a.  and  adv.  Sc.    =  Cadgy. 

1807-10  Tannahill  Poems  (1846)  12  My  heart  did  never 
wallop  cadger. 

+  Cadgel.  Sc.  Obs.  'A  wanton  fellow'  (Jam.). 

1603  Phiiotus  xevi,  To  tak  a  ?oung  man  for  his  wyfe,  3on 
cadgell  wald  be  glaid. 

t  Ca'dgel,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.    Also  cagel, 

+  1.  trans.  To  entangle.    Hence  Ca'dgelled. 

1648  Hexham  Dutch  Diet.  (1660)  In  het  garen  fallen,  to 
be  catch,  cadgeld,  or  entangled  in  a  net. .  Verxverret  garen, 
Cadge  Id  Yarne. 

2.  To  harrow,  dial. 

1679  Plot  Staffordsh.  (1686I  342  They  cagel  it  with  har- 
rows to  break  the  turf.  1847-78  Halliwell,  Cagel,  to 
harrow  ground.  North. 

Cadger  Mx-d^i).  Also  5-6  Sc.  cadgear.  [f. 
Cadge  v.  +  -er  V] 

1.  A  carrier  ;  esp.  a  species  of  itinerant  dealer 
who  travels  with  a  horse  and  cart  (or  formerly  with 
a  pack-horse),  collecting  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  etc., 
from  remote  country  farms,  for  disposal  in  the 
town,  and  at  the  same  time  supplying  the  rural  dis- 
tricts with  small  wares  from  the  shops. 

c  1450  Henryson  Mor.  Fab.  66  A  Cadgear,  with  capill 
and  with  creils.  c  1513  Douglas  sEneis  vni.  Prol.  42 
The  cadgear  callis  furth  his  capill  wyth  crakis  waill 
cant.  1641  Best  Farm.  Bks.  11856)  103  The  cadgers., 
call  in  the  morninge,  and  if  wee  have  anythinge  for  them, 
they  goe  on  to  Garton,  and  call  for  it  againe  as  they  come 
backe.  1605  Kennett  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss,  s.v.  Cade, 
Cadger,  a  butcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other  load. 
1816  Scott  Bl.  Diuarf  \\\,  A  buck  hanging  on  each  side  o* 
his  horse,  like  a  cadger  carrying  calves.  1826  —  Diary  in 
Lockhart  (1839)  VIII.  268  An  instance  of  the  King's  errand 
lying  in  the  cadger's  gate.  1855  Whitby  Gloss.,  Catlger,  a 
carrier  to  a  country  mill,  or  collector  of  the  corn  to  grind. 
1861  Smiles  Engineers  II.  99  Single  horse  traffickers,  called 
cadgers,  plied  between  country  towns  and  villages,  supply- 
ing the  inhabitants  with  salt,  fish,  earthenware,  and  articles 
of  clothing,  carried  in  sacks  or  creels  hung  across  the  horse's 
back. 

b.  1827  Hone  Every-day  Bk.  II.  1654  A  rosinante,  bor- 
rowed . .  from  some  whiskey  smuggler  or  cadger.  1843  Proc. 
Berzv.  Nat.  Club  II.  xi.  66  Many .  .involved  in  smuggling 
.  .under  the  name  of  cadgers,  carried  on.  .their  contraband 
commerce. 

2.  An  itinerant  dealer,  a  hawker,  a  street-seller. 
1840  Hood  Kilmansegg  eclvi,  He  fear'd  . .  To  be  cut  by 

Lord  and  by  cadger/  1878  Black  Green  Past.  x.  84  A 
cadger's  basket  stood  on  the  table. 

b.  One  who  goes  about  begging  or  getting  his 
living  by  questionable  means. 

1851  Mavhew  Lottd.  Labour  I.  339  A  street-seller  now-a- 
days  is  looked  upon  as  a  '  cadger ',  and  treated  as  one.  1861 
Sat.  Rev.  27  Nov.  537  Home  Missions  ..to  the  interesting 
cadgers  and  thieves  of  her  rookeries.  1877  Ilolderness 
Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cadger,  a  loose  character  who  goes  from 
door  to  door  soliciting  assistance. 

3.  Falconry.  A  man  who  carries  hawks.  (Cf. 
F.  cagier  'celui  qui  porte  les  faucons  a  vendre' 
Littre;  also  Cadge  sbX)  App.  only  modern  in  Eng. 

1834  Mar.  Edgeworth  Helen  xvii.  (Rtldg.)  163  The  Ger- 
man cadgers  and  trainers  who  had  been  engaged. 

4.  Comb.,  as  cadger-like  adj. 

1836-7  Dickens  Sk.  Boz  (1850)  289/2  A  love  of  all  that  is 
roving  and  cadgerlike  in  nature. 

Cadgily  Ckte-d^ili),  adv.  Sc.  [f.  Cadgy  + 
-ly-.]    Cheerfully,  merrily;  wantonly. 

a  1724  Gaberlunzie  Man  i,  He.  .cadgily  ranted  and  sang, 
a  1774  Fergusson  Poems  (1789!  II.  28  Whare  cadgily  they 
kiss  the  cap.  1814  Saxon  -y  Gael.  I.  108  '  Hoot  gude-man ' 
she  wad  say,  sae  cadgily  '  set  a  stout  heart  to  a  stay  brae'. 

Ca'dginess.  Sc.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -NES3.]  Wanton- 
ness, lasciviousness  ;  sportiveness,  cheerfulness. 

Cadging  (kse-d.^in),  vbl.  sb.    [f.  Cadge  v.] 

T 1,  The  binding  or  edging  of  a  garment.  Obs. 

1674  Depos.  York  Castle  (1861)  209  After  I  toucht  the 
cadgings  of  her  skirts,  she  slept  not  many  steps  after. 

2.  The  practice  of  a  cadger  in  various  senses. 
(See  Capgeu  2.)    Also  attrib. 

1859  Sala  Tiv.  round  Clock  387  Defunct  saturnalia  of 
patrician  *  cadging'.  1859  Antobiog.  Beggar-boy  99  To 
join  two  genteel  young  men  in  the  regular  cadging  trade. 
1879  Dixon  Windsor  II.  xxv.  254  No  pride  of  place  pre- 
vented him  from  cadging. 

Ca  dgy,  a.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also  cadgie, 
eaidgie.  [Of  uncertain  origin.  Cf.  Suffolk  kedge 
in  same  sense;  also  Da.  kaad  wanton,  lascivious.] 

1.  Wanton,  lustful ;  amorous. 

a  1724  [cf.  Cadgily].  1733  Cock-laird  in  Chambers  Songs 
Scotl.  (1829)  A  cock-laird,  fou  cadgie,  Wi'  Jennie  did  meet. 
1823  Lockhart  Reg.  Dalton  svu  v.  (1842)  435  He  may  weel 
be  cadgy  in  the  chaise  wi'  her. 

2.  Cheerful,  merry  ;  glad. 

1725  Ramsay  Gentle  Slteph.  nr.  ii.  1  Wow  !  but  I'm  cadgie, 
and  my  heart  lowps  light.  181 1  Willan  W.  Riding  Yorksh. 
Gloss.  mArchzol.  XVII.  (E.  D.  S.)  Ca<tgy,  cheerful,  merry. 

II  Cadi  (ka  di,  k^i'di).  Also  6-8  cady,  7  kadi, 
caddi,  -ee,  7-8  eadee,  9  kady,  (7  cadis,  cade,  8 
cadjee).    [a.  Arab.  qdfi  judge,  f.  qada(y 

to  judge.  (Whence,  with  al-,  Sp.  alcalde.)'] 

A  civil  judge  among  the  Turks,  Arabs,  Persians, 
etc.  ;  usually  the  judge  of  a  town  or  village. 


1590  Webbe  Trav.  (1868)  33  In  Turkic  .the  graundeCady, 
that  is  their  chiefest  Iudg.  1613  Purchas  Pitgr.  I.  vi.  viii. 
408  The  house  of  the  Cadi.  1653  Greaves  Seraglio  155  In 
the  presence  of  the  Cadee  (who  is  the  Justicei.  1682  Wheler 
fount.  Greece  vi.  419  The  Veivode  and  Caddi ..  came  to 
make  their  Inspection.  1688  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2328/1  The 
Kadis  or  Judges.  1703  Maundrell  Joum.  (1721)  95  The 
Cadi  at  last  gave  sentence.  1852  Willis  Cruise  in  Medit. 
xxxix.  236  The  black-banded  turban  of  a  cadi- 

Hence  Cadiship,  the  office  of  a  cadi. 

1881  Harper's  Mag.  LXIII.  353  The  judge  or  cadi— I  am 
not  positive  as  to  the  cadiship. 

Cadie,  variant  of  Caddie. 

!|  Cadilesker  (kadile^skai).  Also  cadiliaker, 
-escher,  -esher,  cadelesher,  kadilesker.  [f. 
prec.  +  Turk,  leskar,  ad.  Pers.  lashkar  army:  his 
jurisdiction  originally  extended  to  soldiers.] 

A  chief  judge  in  the  Turkish  empire. 

1686  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2196/1  Hussain  Effendi  Cadilisker  of 
Romelia  is  made  Great  Mufti.  1688  Ibid.  No.  2328/1  The 
Kadileskers,  or  chief  Judges.  1703  Ibid,  No.  391 1/1  The 
Grand  Signior  had  declared  the  Mufti's  Son  Cadilescher,  or 
Judge  Advocate.  1721-90  Bailey,  Cadelesher,  Cadilesher, 
a  chief  Magistrate  in  Turkey,  of  which  there  are  but  two. 
[In  mod.  Diets.] 

Cadis :  see  Caddis. 

Ca'dish,  a,  dial.    [f.  Cade  sb.2]  Tame,  gentle. 

1788  Marshall  Yorksh.  ied.  21  II.  210  [Pigs],  .remarkably 
cadish  and  quiet.  1879  Miss  Jackson  Shropsh.  Word-bk. 
(E.  D.  S. )  Cattish,  spoiled  by  over-indulgence, 

II  CadjaiL  kcrdg&n).  Anglo-Indian.  Also  7-8 
cajan.  [ad.  Malay  and  Javan.  kiijdng  palm-leaves, 
'introduced  by  foreigners  into  Southern  India' 
(Yule).] 

1.  '  Coco-palm  leaves  matted,  the  common  sub- 
stitute for  thatch  in  Southern  India'  (Col.  Yule). 

1698  Fryer  Ace.  E.  India  <y  P.  17  lY.J  Flags  . .  (by  them 
called  Cajans,  being  Co-coe-tree  branches)  ..  supplying 
..Coverings  to  their  Cottages.  1727  A.  Hamilton  New 
Acc.  E.  Ind.  I.  xxiv.  294  His  Palace  . .  was  . .  covered  with 
Cadjans  or  Cocoa-nut  Tree  Leaves  woven  together.  _  i860 
Tennent  Ceylon  II.  126  (Y.  1  Houses  are  . .  roofed  with  its 
plaited  fronds,  which,  under  the  name  of  cadjans,  are  like- 
wise employed  for  constructing  partitions  and  fences. 

2.  '  A  strip  of  fan-palm  leaf,  i.  e.  either  of  the 
talipot,  or  of  the  palmyra,  prepared  for  writing  on  ; 
and  so  a  document  written  on  such  a  strip '  (Col. 
Yule).    Also  attrib.,  as  in  cadjan  leaf,  tetter. 

1707  in  J.  T.  Wheeler  Madras  in  Olden  T.  II.  78  (Y.)  The 
officer  at  the  Bridge  Gate  bringing  in.  .a  Cajan  letter  that 
he  found  hung  upon  a  post.  1716  Ibid.  II.  231  ^Y.)  The 
President  . .  has  intercepted  a  villainous  letter  or  Cajan. 
1840  A.  Campbell  Code  Madras  Regul.  323  Vellum  parch- 
ment  or  any  other  material  instead  of  paper  or  cadjan  leaf. 
1853  J.  \V.  Dykes  Salon  355. 

Cadjee,Cadle,  obs.  ft.  of  Cadi,  Caudle. 

Ca  dlock.  Another  form  of  Chahlock,  a  plant, 
including  Wild  Rape  and  Field  Mustard. 

1655  Moufet  &  Benn.  Health's  Improz'.  (1746)  172 
Tame  Pidgeons  . .  fed  never  at  home  but  in  Cadlock-time 
and  the  dead  of  Winter.  1790  Marshall  Midi.  Gloss. 
(E.  D.  S.)  Cadlock,  Rough,  sinapis  art  ensis,  wild  mustard. 
Cadlock,  Smooth,  brasica  napus,  wild  rape. 

Cadmean  ka;dmran\  a.  Also  Cadmian, 
-maean.  [ad.  L.  Cadmeus,  a.  Gr.  Kafyetos,  f. 
KaS^os  Cadmus.]  Pertaining  to  Cadmus,  the 
legendary  founder  of  Thebes  in  Bceotia,  and  intro- 
ducer of  the  alphabet  into  Greece.  Cadmean 
victory  (Gr.  KaS^ei'a  v'iktj),  1  a  victory  involving 
one's  own  ruin '  (Liddell  and  Scott) ;  usually  as- 
sociated with  Thebes  or  the  Thebans. 

1603  Holland  Plutarch's  Mor.  12  A  Cadmian  victorie, 
that  is  to  say,  which  turneth  to  the  detriment  and  losse  of 
the  winner.  1678  Cldwokth  Intell.  Syst.  146  Made  them 
like  the  Cadmean  Offspring,  to  do  immediate  Execution 
upon  themselves.  1762  Gentl.  Mag.  430  Our  conquests 
would  prove  Cadmean  victories.  1821  Shelley  Prometh. 
Unb.  iv,  The  cup  Which  Agave  lifted  up  In  the  weird  Cad- 
maean  forest.  1868  Tennyson  Liter.  50  Dragon  warriors 
from  Cadmean  teeth. 

t  Ca'dmia.  Chem.  Obs.  [a.  L.  cadmta,  a.  Gr. 
Ka^fxeta  or  KaSfiia  yfj  1  Cadmean  earth  '.]  '  The 
ancient  name  of  calamine '  (Ure  Diet.  Arts  I.  569) ; 
also  applied  to  a  sublimate  consisting  of  oxide  of 
zinc  (tutty),  and  to  an  ore  of  cobalt. 

1657  Phys.  Diet.,  Cadmia  officinarum,  tutty.  1674  A.  A. 
Barba  Art  0/  Mettals  1.  xxxiv.  146  Cadmia  is  also  that 
which  sticks  to  the  walls  of  the  Furnaces,  principally 
wherein  Copper  is  melted.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Snpp., 
Cadmia,  sometimes  signifies  a  fossil  substance,  as  the  Lapis 
calaminaris.  1837  Dana  Min.  (1868)  409  The  cadmia  of 
Pliny  and  of  other  ancient  authors  included  both  the  native 
silicate  and  carbonate,  and  the  oxyd  from  the  chimneys  of 
furnaces  (cadmia  fornacum). 

Cadmic  ^£e-dmik),  a.  [f.  Cadm  ium  +  -ic] 

1.  Chem.  Of  cadmium :  as  in  cadmic  oxide,  etc. 
1873  Williamson  Client.  173  Cadmic  sulphide  is  a  beau- 
tiful yellow  compound. 

2.  Of  cadmia,  cadmean. 

1873  A.  W.  Ward  tr.  Curtius'  Greece  I.  1.  iii.  91  The  earth 
used  for  the  refinement  of  copper  was  called  Cadmic  earth. 

Cadmiferous  (ksedmrferas),  a.  Chem.  [f. 
Cadmi-um  +  -ferous  bearing.]  Yielding  cadmium. 

1822  E.  D.  Clarke  Cadmium  5 -The  Cumberland  Cave  . . 
contains  both  silicate  and  carbonate  of  zinc,  and  both  are 
cadmiferous. 

Cadmium  (kae'dmiimi).  Chem.  [f.  Cadmia 
calamine,  the  common  ore  of  zinc,  with  which 


CADMY. 


in 


CJECTJM. 


this  metal  is  generally  associated.  The  ending  is 
that  of  other  names  of  metals,  as  sodium,  etc.] 

A  bluish-white  metal,  in  its  physical  qualities  re- 
sembling tin,  found  in  small  quantities  chiefly  in 
zinc  ores.    Symbol  Cd. 

i8aa  Ihison  Sc.  4  Art  II.  122  Cadmium,  .was  discovered 
by  M.  Stromeyer  in  1817,  in  ores  of  Zinc.  1863  Watts  Diet. 
Chcm.iy&iq)  I.  702  The  only  pure  native  compound  of  cad- 
mium is  the  sulphide,  called  Greenockite.  1869  Latest  News 
10  Oct.  15  Cadmium  is  obtained  for  commercial  purposes, 
from  zinc  ores  and  furnace  deposits. 

b.  attrib.  —  Cadmic,  as  in  Cadmium  oxide,  sul- 
phide, etc.,  cadmium  compounds  ;  cadmium  yel- 
low, an  intense  yellow  pigment,  consisting  of 
cadmium  sulphide,  artificially  prepared. 

1873  Fownes  Chew.  395  Cadmium  oxide  is  infusible.  1879 
Rood  Chromatics  xi.  180  Bright  yellow  pigments,  such  as. . 
chrome-yellow,  cadmium-yellow. 

t  Ca'dmy.  Obs.  rare~l.  [a.  F.  cadmie  cad- 
mia.]  =Cadmia. 

1756  C.  Lucas  Ess.  Waters  I.  11  Lapis  calaminaris,  or 
caamia  ;  in  our  language . .  catamy,  or  cadmy. 

CadO'gan  (kadi>-gan;.  [Said  to  be  from  the 
name  of  the  1st  Earl  Cadogan  (died  1726).  See 
Littre,  and  N.  6-  Q.  7th  Ser.  IV.  467,  492.]  A 
mode  of  knotting  the  hair  behind  the  head. 

c  1780  B'ness  D'Oberktkch  Mem.  (18521 II.  ix,  The  duchess 
of  Bourbon  had  introduced  at  the  court  of  Montbciiard  . . 
[the  fashion]  of  cadogans,  hitherto  worn  only  by  gentlemen. 

Cados,  obs.  form  of  Caddis. 

t  Cadouk.  Sc.  Obs.  Also  7  caddouk.  9  ca- 
duac.  [app.  a.  F.  caduc,  either  with  the  notion  of 
'  perishable '  or  of  '  falling '  to  one.]  '  A  casualty, 
a  windfall '  ^Jamieson). 

1637  R.  Monro  Exped.  11.  123  His  Majestic  was  liberall 
and  bountiful! . .  in  bestowing  on  them  cadouks  and  casual- 
ties. Ibid.  171  All  other  goods  or  caddouks  in  general).  1819 
Scott  Leg.  Montrose  ii,  The  caduacs  and  casualties  were 
all  cut  off. 

Cadow,  obs.  form  of  Caiidow. 

II  Cadre  (kadr).  [F.  cadre  frame  (e.g.  of  a 
picture),  also  used  in  sense  '  l'ensemble  des  officiers 
et  sous-officiers  d'une  compagnie '  (Littre),  ad.  It. 
quadra:— L.  quadrum  four-sided  thing,  square.] 

1.  A  frame,  framework  ;  scheme. 

1830  Scott  Introd.  Lay  Last  Minstr.,  This  species  of 
cadre,  or  frame,  afterwards  afforded  the  poem  its  name. 

1868  M.  Pattison  Academ.  Org.  sec.  5  5  2.  174  It  would 
seem.. that  no  branch  of  human  knowledge  should  be  ex- 
cluded .  .The  corrective  to  the  seeming  infinity  of  this  cadre 
is  supplied  by  the  old  classification  of  faculties. 

2.  Mil.  a.  1  he  permanent  establishment  forming 
the  framework  or  skeleton  of  a  regiment,  which  is 
filled  up  by  enlistment  when  required. 

1851  Gallenca  Mariottis  Italy  243  The  number  of  of- 
ficers . .  becomes  inadequate  to  the  sudden  filling  up  of  their 
cadres,  upon  a  transition  from  the  peace  to  the  war  .footing. 

1869  F..  Cardwell  in  Daily  Netvs  11  June,  A  larger  number 
of  battalions,  with  full  cadres,  ready  to  be  expanded  . .  in  a 
moment  of  emergency.  1884  Sat.  Kev.  279  The  principle 
of  large  permanent  cadres  in  lieu  of  large  standing  armies. 

b.  The  complement  of  officers  of  a  regiment ; 
the  list  or  scheme  of  such  officers. 
(After  the  Indian  Mutiny,  the  cadres  of  Native  Regiments 
which  had  )>een  disbanded  were  kept  in  the  Indian  Army 
List  for  regulating  promotions.  In  the  parliamentary  dis- 
cussions about  the  amalgamation  of  the  Indian  with  the 
British  Army,  the  word  was  in  constant  use  in  this  sense.) 

1864  Daily  Tel.  22  Aug.,  All  staff  corps  lieutenant-colonels 
are  to  be  removed  from  their  cadre  on  promotion.  1870 
Pall  Mall  G.  12  Oct.  7  The  regimental  cadres,  that  is,  the 
officers  of  each  regiment. 

Caduac,  perversion  of  Cadouk. 

Caduc,  variant  of  Caduke  a.  Obs. 

t  Caduxal,  a.  Obs.  [f.  L.  caducus  Caducous 
+  -AL.1    Perishable,  corruptible  ;  =  Caduke  3. 

i«3  Coverdale  Lord 's  Suffer  Wks.  1844  I.  435  The 
caducal  and  corruptible  meats  wherewith  the  belly  is  fed. 
164a  H.  M  1  Song  Soul 11.  i.  iii.  xxiv,  Nought  ..  but  vain 
sensibles  we  see  caducal!. 

Caducary  (kadi/7  ka.ri),  a.  Old  Law.  [ad.  L. 
caducdrius  relating  to  bona  caduca  lapsed  posses- 
sions. See  Caducous  and  -auv.]  Subject  to,  re- 
lating to,  or  by  way  of  escheat  or  lapse. 

1768  Blackstonk  Comm.  II.  265  The  lord  by  escheat,  .is 
more  frequently  considered  as  being  ultimus  haeres,  and 
therefore  taking  by  descent  in  a  kind  of  caducary  succes- 
sion. s8x8  Cruise  Digest  III.  452  Whether  the  escheat 
were  considered  as  a  reversion,  as  it  once  was,  or  as  a  cadu- 
cary succession  ab  intestate*,  as  it  then  substantially  was. 

tCa'duce.  Obs.  =Cadiceus. 

1604  Daniel  Fun.  Poem  on  Earl  of  Dez'ott,  Who  equal 
bear  the  caduce  and  the  shield.  1651  Evelyn  Diary  7 
Sept.  (D.<  Heralds  in  blew  velvet  semce  with  fleur  de  lys, 
caduces  in  their  hand.  1681  Cotton  Wond.  I'eake  (ed.  4 1  59 
Ev'rv  Wand  a  Caduce  did  appear.    1721  1800  in  Bailey. 

t  Cadu  ce,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  F.  caduc  or  L.  cadu- 
cus.']   =  Caul-re,  Caducous. 

1513  Bradshaw  St.  Werburgh  (1848)  118  This  lyfe  caduce 
and  transytory.  1651  Biggs  New  Disp.  a  That  caduce, 
specious  and  seductive  chameleon,  Reason.  1657  Tomlin- 
son  Renou's  Disp.  279  Inclined  to  fall,  .imbecil  and  cadtrce. 

Caducean,  a.  [f.  Caduce-us  + -an.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  caduceus. 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Caducean,  among  the  Romans 
was  the  name  of  a  wand  or  rod.  1711-1800  in  Bailev.  1847 
in  Craig.  1879  J-  Todhunter  Alcestis  6  Of  that  caducean 
rod  he  [Apollo]  drove  our  flocks  To  pasture  with. 


t  Caducea'tor.  Obs.,  [L.  caducedlor  one  who 
bears  a  caduceus,  a  herald.]  A  herald,  a  mes- 
senger. 

1684  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Arts lxxxi.  279  Fecial  Messengers 
and  Caduceators.  1754  tr.  Josephus'  Philo's  Emb.  Wks. 
797  Wars  are  determined  by  caduciators. 

II  Caduceus  k&di*-fi%).  PI.  caducei  (-s»,ai). 
[L.  caduceus  (also  edduceum),  ad.  Dor.  Gr.  xapv- 
kuov,  KapvKiov  [Kit.  KrjjniKuov),  a  herald's  wand, 
f.  xij/nif  herald.] 

The  wand  carried  by  an  ancient  Greek  or  Roman 
herald,  spec.  The  fabled  wand  carried  by  Hermes 
or  Mercnry  as  the  messenger  of  the  gods ;  usually  re- 
presented with  two  serpents  twined  round  it.  (This 
is  the  earliest  and  proper  sense  in  English.) 

1591  Spenser  M.  Hubberd  1292  He  tooke  Caduceus  his 
snakie  wand,  With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  gouerneth. 
x6o6  Shaks.  Tr.  4  Cr.  11.  iii.  14  Mercury,  loose  all  the  Ser- 
pentine craft  of  thy  Caduceus.  1668  Land.  Gaz.  No.  243/2 
The  Heralds  in  their  Coats  of  Armes,  and  Caducei  in  their 
hands.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Caduceus,  Is  also  a 
name  given  to  a  kind  of  staff  covered  with  velvet,  and 
decorated  with  fiower  de  luces,  which  the  French  heralds 
of  arms  bear  in  their  hands  on  solemn  occasions.  1873 
Symonds  Grk.  Poets  xii.  410  Hermes,  .caduceus  in  hand. 

fig.  i860  R.  Vaughan  Mystics  II.  ix.  iii.  137  The  long 
process  of  vigil . .  which,  with  the  caduceus  of  asceticism  .  . 
lulls  to  slumber  the  Argus-eyed  monster  of  the  flesh. 

Caduciary  kadi/?J'ari  ,  a.  Old  Law.  [Anon- 
etymological  variant  of  Caducary,  app.  assimi- 
lated \.o  fiduciary]  Subject  to,  relating  to,  or  by 
way  of  escheat  or  lapse. 

1757  Sir  J.  Dalrymple  Feudal  Prop.  (1758)67  To  pre- 
vent His  inheritance  from  being  caduciary.  1880  Muirhead 
Gains  II.  $  150  note.  The  L.  Iulia  et  Papia  Poppaea,  whose 
caduciary  provisions,  etc. 

Hence  Caduciarily  adv. 

1880  MviRHKAoGaius  504  Failure  to  take  under  a  testament 
. .  The  inheritance  went  to  the  heir-at-taw  caduciarily. 

Caducibranchiate  (kadi«:sibrae-nki|*U),  a. 
Zool.  [f.  L.  caducus  falling  +  branchiae  gills,  whence 
in  mod.L.  Caduc ibranchia,  Latreille's  name  for  the 
Hatrachians.]  Of  Amphibians :  Losing  their  gills 
before  reaching  maturity  (like  the  frog  .  Also 
as  sb. 

1 1835  Kirby  /lab.  4  Inst.  Anim.  II.  xxii.  412  Caduci- 
brancnia,  or  the  proper  Batrachians.  ]  1835-6  Todd  Cycl. 
Anat.  4  Pays.  I.  99/2  The  early  condition  of  the  lungs  in 
the  caducibranchiate  genera,  .is  that  of  a  mere  rudimentary 
sac  1839-47  Ibid.  I II.  448/2  The  urodelous  kinds  of  Cadu- 
cibranchiates.    1870  Rolleston  Anim.  Life  Introd.  67. 

t  Caduci  ferOUS,  a.  Obs.—.  [f.  L.  eddiicifer 
{{.  edduc-eus  (see  above)  +  -fer  bearing)  +  -ous.] 
Bearing  a  caduceus. 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Caduci/erous,  that  carries  a  white 
Rod  in  sign  of  peace.  17x1-1800  Bailey  Caduci/erous, 
hearing  the  Caduce.    [Not  in  Johnson.] 

Caducity  kadi«-slti).  [ad.  F.  caduci/c,  as  if 
:— L.  *caducitdtem,  f.  caducus  :  see  next.] 

1.  Tendency  to  fall  ;  quality  of  being  perishable 
or  fleeting ;  transitoriness,  frailty. 

1793  W.  Roberts  Looker-on  No.  49  '17941  H.  231  One  of 
those  evenings  of  autumn  when  the  chining  damps  of  the 
air,  and  the  caducity  of  nature,  deepen  the  gloom  of  a 
melancholy  mind.  1841  L.  Hunt  Seer  11.  (18641  60  The 
stages  of  human  existence,  the  caducity  of  which  the  writer 
applies  to  the  world  at  large  1879  M.  Pattison  Milton  199 
'I  he  ordinary  caducity  of  language,  in  virtue  of  which  every 
effusion  of  the  human  spirit  is  lodged  in  a  body  of  death. 

2.  esp.  The  infirmity  of  old  age,  senility. 

1769  Chesterf.  Lett.  426  IV.  272  This  melancholick  proof 
of  my  caducity.  1776  88  Gibbon  Decl.  4  F.  lxi.(R)  Count 
Henry  assumed  the  regency  of  the  empire,  at  once  in  a 
state  of  childhood  and  caducity.  1815  W.  Taylor  in  Rob- 
berds  Mem.  II.  460  My  father  was  attacked  with  symptoms 
of  caducity.  1841  D  Israeli  Amen.  Lit.  118671  345  The 
youth,  the  middle-age,  and  the  caducity  of  the  eminent 
personage. 

8.  Roman  L.aw.  Lapse  of  a  testamentary  gift. 

1875  Poste  Gains  11.  (ed.  2)  264  The  leges  caducarias, 
which  fixed  the  conditions  of  caducity.  1880  Muirhead 
Gams  464  If  the  party  failing  to  take  was  sole  heir,  the 
caducity  caused  intestacy. 

4.  Zool.  and  Hot.  Quality  of  being  caducous. 

1881  J.  S.  Gardner  in  Nature  XXIV.  75  The  spores  be- 
come detached  before  germination  . .  this  caducity  always 
characterises  the  microspore. 

Caducous  kadi/i  kss),  a.  [f.  L.  caducus  fall- 
ing, fleeting,  etc.  ,f.  cadfrc  to  fair  +-ous.] 

1.  Zool.  and  Bot.  Applied  to  organs  or  parts  that 
fall  off  naturally  when  they  have  served  their 
purpose  ;  fugacious,  deciduous. 

1808  Roxburgh  E.  Ind.  Butter  Tree'm  Asiat.  Researches 
VIII.  500  Stipules  . .  minute  and  caducous.  1835  Lindley 
Introd.  Bot.  (1848)  II.  206  Fugacious,  or  caducous  [leaves]. 
1859  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  4  Phys.  V.  659/1  The  placenta  and 
other  structures,  .become  caducous. 

2.  Meeting,  transitory  ;  =  Caduke  i. 

1863  J.  C.  Morison  St.  Bernard  II.  iii.  220  Monasticism. . 
was  temporary,  caducous,  and  charged  with  germs  of  evil. 

3.  Roman  L.aw.  Applied  to  testamentary  gifts  j 
which  for  some  reason  lapsed  from  the  donee. 

1880  Muirhead  Gains  11.  %  206  The  lapsed  share  becomes 

caducous,  and  falls  to  those  persons  named  in  the  testament  I 

who  happen  to  have  children.    1880  —  Ulpian  xvii.  If  A  ! 

testamentary  gift  which,  .he  to  whom  it  was  left  has  failed  I 
to  take,  although  so  left  that  according  to  the  rules  of  the 

I   ius  ciuite  he  might  have  taken  it,  is  called  caducous.  I 


t  4.  Subject  to  the  '  falling  sickness  ',  epilepti.. 
1684  tr.  Sonet's  Merc.  Comptt.  v.  144  Treat  the  caducous 
but  roughly,  and  disturb  the  manner  of  the  Paroxysm, 
t  Caduke,  a.  Obs.    Also  5-6  caduc,  5-7  ca- 

duque.  [a.  F.  caduc  (fem.  caduque)  :— L.  caducus] 

1.  Falling,  liable  to  fall. 

c  1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  xu.  134  The  fruite  caduke. 

2.  Fleeting,  transitory,  perishable,  corruptible. 
1484  Caxton  Cnrial  4  Our  lyf . .  ne  hath  glorye  mon- 

dayne  ne  pompe  caduque  wythoute  aduersyte.  1509  Fisher 

Whs.  l  (E\  E.  T.)  196  Euery  thynge  in  this  worlde  is  ca- 
duke. 1549  Compl.  Scotl.  170  To  fle  thir  varldly  caduc 
honouris.  1651  Stanley  Poems  242  Caduque  corruptible 
bodies.    1688  G.  Miege  Gt.  Fr.  Did.,  Caduke  or  crazy. 

3.  Of  persons  :  Infirm,  feeble. 

1 510  20  Compl.  to  late  maryed  (1862*  10,  I  am  all  caduc, 
and  wery  for  age.  1541  R.  Copland  Guydon's  Quest. 
Chirurg.,  Yongc,  vertuous  and  strong*:,  so  that  he  be  nat 
caduke  nor  shakynge  of  his  handes. 

4.  Epileptic  ;  =  Caducous  4. 

1398  Trevisa  Barth  De  P.  R.  xvm.  L  (1495)  746  Caduc 
men  that  haue  the  faltyng  euyll. 

Cad- worm  =  caddis-worm  :  see  Cad  *. 

Cady,  var.  of  Cadi,  Caddie. 

Cadyas,  obs.  form  of  Caddis1. 

t  Ca'dye,  a.  Sc.  Obs.  [cf.  Da.  kaad  lascivious, 
wanton;  and  seeCADGY:  the  formal  relation  of 
the  two  words  is  obscure.]    Wanton,  lascivious. 

155a  Lyndesay  Monarche  2657  Kyttoke  thare,  als  cadye 
as  ane  Con.  [1877  Peacock  A'.  W.  Lincoln.  Glass.  (E.  D.b.) 
Caddy,  hale,  hearty.] 

Cae- :  see  also  Ce-. 

Caecal  s/  kal),  a.  Phys.  [f.  Cecum  +  -al.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  the  caecum  ; 
having  a  blind  end. 

1826  Kirby  &  Sp.  Entomol.  IV.  xl.  121  Their  caeca!  append- 
ages are  numerous.  1858  Lewes  Sea-side  Studies  Index, 
Carcal  prolongations  of  the  intestines  are  . .  ramifications 
without  openings  at  the  farther  ends.  1881  Jml.  Microsc. 
Sc.  Jan.  99  It  terminates  behind  in  a  caecal  extremity. 

Caecally  (si -kali),  adv.  Phys.  [f.  prec.  +  -ly  *.] 
In  the  manner  of  a  caecum,  with  a  blind  end. 

1873  Nicholson  Palmont.  202  The  intestine  ends  caecally. 
1877  Huxley  Anat.  Inv.  An.  viii.  463. 

II  Caecias.  ?  Obs.  Also  7  Cecias.  [Lat. ;  a.  Gr. 
(.•>;•..••>.  J    The  north-east  wind  personified. 

i6<3  Urquhart  Rabelais  1.  xl,  Just  as  the  winde  called 
Cecias  attracts  the  clouds.  1667  Milton  P.  L.  x.  701  Boreas, 
and  Caecias,  and  Argestes  loud.  1824  T.  Forster  Perenn. 
Calendar  in  Hone  Everyday  Bh.  II.  119  And  Caecias  blows 
his  bitter  blaste  of  woe. 

CaBCiform  (sr"  sifi?Jm),  a.  Phys.  [f.  C.SC-U1I  + 
FORM.1    Having  the  form  of  a  caecum. 

1871  R.  Jones  Anim.  Kingd.  205  Qeciform  appendages 
. .  around  the  azsophagus  and  stomach. 

Caecilian  lAMllB  ■  Zool.  [f.  L.  cscilia  a  kind 
of  lizard  (in  Pliny  csecus  serpens  blind  worm).] 
A  member  of  the  Cieciliadie,  a  curious  family  of 
Amphibia,  having  the  form  of  serpents,  but  the 
naked  skin  and  complete  metamorphosis  of  Ba- 
trachians ;  their  eyes  are  very  small  and  nearly 
hidden  by  the  skin. 

Caecitis  (si'sai  tis).  Med.  [f.  C*:c-um  +  -itis.] 
Inflammation  of  the  caecum,  typhlitis. 

1866  A.  Flint  Princ.  Med.  (18801427  The  inflammation 
limited  to  this  portion  of  the  large  intestine,  .called  typhlitis 
.  .or  caecitis. 

Cascity,  var.  of  Cecity,  blindness. 

II  Caecum  (srkiSm).  L'hys.  Also  occas.  cecum  ; 
PL  cfflca.  [L. ;  for  intestinum  cscum  ;  neut.  of 
circus  blind.] 

1.  The  blind-gut;  the  first  part  of  the  large 
intestine,  so  called  because  it  is  prolonged  behind 
the  opening  of  the  ilium  into  a  cul-de-sac.  It  is 
present  in  man,  most  mammals  and  birds,  and  in 
many  reptiles. 

1711  in  Bailey.  1717  51  Chambers  Cycl.i.v.  Intestine, 
The  caecum  . .  has  a  lateral  insertion  into  the  upper  end  of 
the  colon  ;  and  hangs  to  it  like  the  finger  of  a  glove.  187a 
Huxley  Phys.  vi.  150  The  large  intestine  forms  a  blind 
dilatation  beyond  the  ilio-caecal  valve,  called  the  caxum. 

2.  With  pL  caeca :  Any  blind  tube,  or  tube  with 
one  end  closed.  The  intestinal  ceeca  are  two  long 
blind  tubes  connected  with  the  upper  part  of  the 
large  intestine  in  birds  ;  pyloric  cteca,  a  series  of 
blind  tubes,  from  one  to  fifty  in  number,  placed 
immediately  behind  the  pyloric  valve  in  the 
stomach  of  most  fishes  ;  also  the  prolongations 
of  the  stomach  into  the  rays  of  star-fishes. 

17S3  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.  Intestinum,  The  fish 
kindhave  in  general  a  great  number  of  these  caeca ;  they 
are  called  by  the  ichthyologists  Intestinula  caeca.  1848 
Carpenter  Anim.  Phys.  172  Furnished  with  one  or  more 
little  appendages,  termed  caeca.  1857  Wood  Com.  Obj. 
Sea-shore  129  The  stomach  is  assisted  by  certain  supplemen- 
tary stomachs  which  run  through  each  ray  .  caeca  as  they 
are  called.  1868  Duncan  Insect  World  Introd.  to  The 
second  are  caeca,  and  larger  and  less  numerous 

Csel- :  see  Cel-. 
CaBnaculum :  see  Cenacle. 
Cfflno-  occas.  var.  Ceno-,  Cceno-. 
Csenozoic  (tRMt^'ik),  a.  Gcol.    Another  form 
of  Cainozoic. 


CAEN-STONE. 


17 


CAFFEIC 


1863  Q.  Rev.  CXI  V.  396  A  general  conspectus  of  the  later 
camozoic  periods.  1869  Phillips  Vesuvius  viii.  235  The 
extinct  volcanoes  manifested  themselves  very  largely  in 
early  ca^nozoic  periods.  1879  tr.  Haeckcts  Evol.  Man  II. 
xv.  15  The  Tertiary,  Caenozoic,  or  Csenolithic  Epoch. 

Caen-Stone.  A  lightish-yellow  building-stone 
found  near  Caen  in  Normandy ;  it  is  at  first  very 
soft,  but  hardens  on  exposure. 

Cserule,  -ean,  etc. ;  see  Ceb-. 

Caesar  (arab).  Also  4-8  Cesar.  [L.  Csesar, 
a  proper  name.  This  is  generally  held  to  be  the 
earliest  Latin  word  adopted  in  Teutonic,  where  it 
gave  Gothic  kaisar  (cf.  Gr.  mtaap),  OS.  klsar,  -er, 
OFris.  kaiser,  keiser,  OHG.  keisar,  -er,  OE.  c&sere, 
ON.  keisari.  But  the  OE.  form  of  the  word 
(which  would  have  given  in  mod. Eng.  cosei — cf. 
pope)  was  lost  in  the  ME.  period.  It  was  re- 
placed in  ME.  by  keiser,  cayser,  kaiser,  from  Norse 
and  continental  Teutonic,  which  has  in  its  turn 
become  obsolete,  except  as  an  alien  term  for  the 
German  emperor,  and  been  replaced  by  the  Latin 
or  French  form.  See  Kaseb,  Kaiser.  Another 
form  of  the  word  is  the  Russian  Tsar  or  Czar.] 

1.  The  cognomen  of  the  Roman  dictator  Caius 
Julius  Caesar,  transferred  as  a  title  to  the  emperors 
from  Augustus  down  to  Hadrian  (B.C.  30  to  A. D. 
138),  and  subsequently  used  as  a  title  of  the  heir- 
presumptive  of  the  emperor.  In  modern  use  often 
applied  to  all  the  emperors  down  to  the  fall  of 
Constantinople. 

1382  Wyclif  John  xix.  15  We  han  no  kyng  no  but  Cesar. 
[1388  We  han  no  king  but  the  emperour.]  1586  Ferxe  Blaz. 
Gentrie  150  Amongst  the  Romaines  vntill  the  time  of  their 
Caesars,  it  was  a  common  vse.  1776-88  Gibbon  Decl.  <$•  F. 
xiii.  (1875)  144  After  the  adoption  of  the  two  Caesars,  the  em- 
perors devolved  on  their  adopted  sons  the  defence  of  the 
Danube  and  of  the  Rhine.  Ibid,  lxviii.  1238  Mahomed  the 
second  performed  the  namaz  of  prayer  and  thanksgiving  on 
the  great  altar,  where  the  christian  mysteries  had  so  lately 
been  celebrated  before  the  last  of  the  Caisars.  1795  Southev 
Joan  0/  Arc  11.  337  Caesars  and  Soldans,  Emperors  and 
Kings.  1869  Freeman  Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  III.  xii.  91  Be- 
fore whom  Caesars  as  well  as  Pontiffs  were  to  quail. 

b.  The  emperor  of  the  '  Holy  Roman  Empire'; 
the  German  Kaiser. 

1674  Hickman  Hist.  Quinguart.  (ed.  2)  57  The  very  year 
before  that  Confession  was  presented  to  Caesar,  there  was  a 
Colloquy  betwixt  the  Lutherans  and Zuinglians.  1704  Addr. 
Taiuorth  in  Lend.  Gaz.  No.  4066/5  This,  .has  rescued  Ger- 
many from  a  Rebellious  Incendiary  ;  kept  its  Caesar  safe. 

2.  Jig.  or  iransj.  An  absolute  monarch,  an 
autocrat,  emperor. 

1593  Shaks.  3  Hen.  VI,  ill.  i.  18  No  bending_  knee  shall 
call  thee  Caesar  now.  1594  — Rich.  Ill,  iv.  iv.  336  She 
shalbe  sole  Victoresse,  Caesars  Caesar.  1682  Sir  T.  Browne 
Chr.  Mor.  3  Lead  thine  own  captivity  captive,  and  be 
Caesar  within  thy  self.  1697  Dryden  Virg.  Georg.  iv.  314 
The  servile  Rout  their  careful  Caesar  praise.  1859  Sala 
Tvj.  round  Clock  (1861)  34  An  Emperor  will  always  be 
called  Caesar,  and  a  dog  '  poor  old  fellow  '. 

b.  contextual!?,  The  temporal  monarch  as  the 
object  of  his  subjects'  obedience  (sometimes  con- 
trasted with  the  obedience  due  to  God) ;  the  civil 
power.    In  allusion  to  Matt.  xxii.  21. 

[c  1000  Ags.  Gosp.  Matt.  xxii.  21  AgyfaS  bam  Casere  pa 
ping  be  ba^s  Casyres  synt.  c  1160  Hatton  G.  ibid.,  Caysere 
— Cayseres.  1382  Wyclif  ibid.,  3elde  }ee  to  Cesar  the  thingis 
that  ben  Cesaris,  and  to  God  the  thingis  that  ben  of  God. 
1388  ibid.,  5elde  }e  to  the  emperoure  the  thingis  that  ben 
the  emperouris.]  1601  Bp.  Barlow  Semi.  Panics  Crosse  27 
The  things  due  from  subjects  to  their  Caesar.  1679  Penn 
Addr.  Prot.  11.  vi.  (1692)  126  Caesar,  by  which  Word  I  un- 
derstand the  Civil  Government,  engrosseth  All.  1714  J. 
Fortescue-Aland  Ded.  Fortcscne's  Abs.  ty  Lint.  A/on.  8 
Impartially  decides  the  rights  of  Caesar  and  his  subject. 

3.  attrib.  or  in  comb.,  e.  g.  Czesar-like,  -worship. 
1599  Hakluyt  Voy.  II.  I.  295  The  most  mightie  Cesarlike 

maiestie  of  the  Grand  Signor.  1663  Gerbier  CounselCwW]  b, 
Matchless  Buckingham  most  Caesar-like  glorious.  1861  J. 
Sheppard  Fall  Rome  xii.  624  Between  Christianity  and 
Caesar-worship  there  could  be  no  compromise. 

Cse'sar,  v.  nonce-wd.  [f.  prec]  irans.  To 
make  into  or  like  Ccesar,  to  call  or  style  Caesar. 

a  1655  T.  Adams  Wks.  (1861)  I.  491  (D.)  Crowned  he  villi- 
fies  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  bounds,  whiles  he  hath 
greater  neighbours ;  he  must  be  Caesared  to  a  universal 
monarch.  1726  Amherst  Terrse  Fil.  xliv.  233  After  having 
Caesar'd  and  Scipio'd  him  secundum  artem. 

Cse  sardom.  [see  -dom.]  The  dominion  or 
dignity  of  the  Caesars. 

1861  A.  B.  Hope  Eng.  Cathedr.  igth  C.  144  Charles  the 
Frank,  .transporting  the  name  and  the  pomp  of  the  Caesar  - 
dom  to  the  forests  of  Rhineland. 

tCsesa'reate.  Obs.  [f.  L.  Ciesareus  of  or  per- 
taining to  Cesar  +  -ate.]  The  office  of  the 
Roman  Caesar :  the  imperial  dignity. 

a  1638  Mede  Summ.  Viejv  0/ the  Apoc.  viii.  10  Wks.  U672) 
920  The  Western  Caesareate  being  extinct  in  Augustulus. 
1685  H.  More  Illustr.  248  The  sad  final  fate  of  the  Western 
Caesareate. 

Cesarean,  Caesarian  (sz'ze>rian),  a.  and  sb. 

[ad.  L.  Csesarian-us  pertaining  to  Caesar ;  also  f. 
L.  Csesare-us,  in  same  sense  +  -an.] 
A.  adj. 

1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Caesar  or  the  Caesars. 
1659  Howell  Lex.  Tetragl.  To  Philol.,  The  Italian  may 

Vol.  II, 


be  also  calld  . .  the  Imperiall  Caesarean  language.  1682 
Sir  T.  Browne  Chr.  Mor.  95  A  short  Caesarian  conquest 
overcoming  without  a  blow.  1776  Gibbon  Decl.  F.  I.  402 
The  Caesarean  ornaments.  1876  Emerson  Ess.  Ser.  11.  iv. 
105  Men  of  the  right  Caesarian  pattern. 

2.  spec,  (in  Obstet.  Surg.)  Caesarean  birth, 
operation,  section,  the  delivery  of  a  child  by 
cutting  through  the  walls  of  the  abdomen  when 
delivery  cannot  take  place  in  the  natural  way,  as 
was  done  in  the  case  of  Julius  Caesar.    Also  Jig. 

1615  Crooke  Body  0/ Man  344  Concerning  this  Caesarian 
section.  1661  Hickeringill  Jamaica  40  Neither  heat  nor 
cold  can  baracade  the . .  womb  of  the  earth  from  the  Caesarean 
Section  . .  of  the  greedy  Miners.  1751  Chambers  Cycl.  s.  v., 
Sometimes  also  denominated  the  Caesarian  birth  . .  as  were 
[born]  C.  Julius  Caesar,  Scipio  Africanus,  Manlius,  and  our 
Edward  VI.  1818  Cruise  Digest  I.  163  If  the  wife  dies  in 
childbed,  and  the  issue  is  taken  out  of  the  womb  by  the 
Caesarean  operation,  the  husband  will  not  be  entitled  to 
curtesy.  1865  Carlyle  Fredk.  Gt.  IV.  II.  v.  71  The  Princi- 
pality of  Orange  ..  clearly  Prussia's;  but  it  lies  embedded 
deep  in  the  belly  of  France :  that  will  be  a  Caesarean 
operation  for  you  1 
B.  sb. 

3.  An  adherent  of  Caesar,  of  the  Emperor  (against 
the  Pope),  or  of  an  imperial  system. 

1528  Let.  in  Brewer's  Reign  Hen.  VIII,  II.  323  The 
Archbishop  of  Capua  and  others  of  the  Caesarians.  c  1555 
HARPS  FIELD  Divorce  Hen.  VIII  (1878)  182  If  any  such 
thing  should  by  the  Caisarients.  .be  attempted.  1618  Bolton 
Florus  (1636)  282  The  eagernesse  of  the  Caesarians.  1869 
Seeley  Ess.  a>  Led.  i.  2  Then  the  Caesarians  become  . .  en- 
lightened Liberals. 

t  Caesa-rieal,  a.  Obs.    Of  Caesar,  imperial. 

«i6i8  Raleigh  in  Gutch  Coll.  Cur.  I.  71  Particular  cus- 
tom, or  Cassarical  law. 

Csesarism  (srzariz'm).  [f.  Cesar  +  -ism.] 

1.  The  system  of  absolute  government  founded 
by  Caesar ;  imperialism. 

1857  O.  Brownson  Convert  Wks.  V.  192  Monarchical  ab- 
solutism, or  what  I  choose  to  call  modern  Caesarism.  1858 
Westm.  Rev.  Oct.  313  Clumsy  eulogies  of  Caesarism  as  in- 
carnate in  the  dynasty  of  Bonaparte.  1869  Pall  Mall  G. 
1  Sept.  1  Id  Napoleoo's  Caesarism  there  has  beeo  do  flaw. 
1870  Jevons  Elem.  Logic  vi.  47  The  abstract  word  Caesarism 
has  been  formed  to  express  a  kind  of  Imperial  system  as 
established  by  Caesar.  1876  Bancroft  Hist.  U.  S.  VI.  xxxi. 
97  Charlemagne . .  renewing  Roman  Caesarism. 

b.  =  Erastianism. 

1876  M.  Davies  Unorth.  Lend.  460  Caesarism,  or  the 
supremacy  of  the  civil  power  in  spiritual  things. 

So  Cse'sarist,  an  imperialist ;  Cae'sarize,  v.  intr. 
to  play  the  Caesar;  trans,  to  make  like  Caesar, 
or  like  Caesar's. 

1603  Davies  Microcos.  25  (D.)  This  pow'r.  .Caesarizeth  ore 
each  appetite.  1652  Benlowes  Theoph.  xi.  lxxxiii.  203 
Should  trophies  Caesarize  your  power,  Should  beauty  Helen- 
ize  your  flower.  1875  H.  Kingsley  No.  Seventeen  xl.  309 
She  is  not  a  Caesarist,  because  she  says  that  the  lady  of 
Chiselhurst  had  never  any  taste  in  ribands.  1883  Swinburne 
Victor  Hugo  in  Fortn.  Rev.,  German  and  Anglo-German 
Caesarists. 

Csesarship  (srzaifip).  The  office  of  a  Caesar; 
imperial  dignity. 

1641  J.  Jackson  True  Evang.  T.  1.  22  During  the  Caesar- 
ship  of  Nerva.  1864  Burton  Scot  Abr.  I.  iv.  172  Germany, 
though  nominally  in  possession  of  the  Caesarship. 

Csesious  (sTziss),  a.  [f.  L.  csesi-us  bluish  grey 
+  -ous.]  Bluish  or  greyish  green.  (Chiefly  in  Hot.) 

1835  Lindley  Introd.  Bot.  (1848)  II.  366  Caesious;  like 
glaucous,  but  greener.  [1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  ^ooCxsius, 
lavender  colour  ;  pale  greeo  with  whitish  or  gray.] 

Caesium  (srzipm).  Chem.  [f.  L.  csisiutn,  neuter 
of  csesius  bluish  grey.]  One  of  the  elementary 
bodies;  a  rare  alkali-metal  discovered  by  spectrum- 
analysis  in  1860-61  by  Bunsen  and  Kirchhoff ;  so 
called  from  two  distinctive  lines  in  the  spectrum 
given  by  its  compounds.  Symbol  Cs.  Used  attrib., 
as  in  csesium  compounds. 

1861  I^ond.  tf  Edinb.  Philos.  Mag.  Ser.  IV.  No.  21.  86  A 
faint  blue  line  not  due  to  strontium  or  potassium  or  to 
the  lately  discovered  caesium.  1862  Timbs  Year-bk.  of 
Facts  188  Caesium  and  Rubidium.  _  The  new  alkaline 
metals  . .  described  . .  in  the  Philosophical  Magazine.  1864 
Lyell  Inaug.  Addr.  in  Reader  17  Sept.  358  It  was  ne- 
cessary to  evaporate  fifty  tons  of  water  to  obtain  200 
grains  of  what  proved  to  be  two  new  metals . .  He  (Professor 
Bunsen)  named  the  first  caesium,  from  the  bluish-grey  lines 
which  it  presented  in  the  spectrum.  1873  Fownes  Chem. 
350  Caesium  carbonate  is  soluble  in  absolute  alcohol. 

Csespitose,  cespitose  (se  spit^  s),  a.  Bot. 
ciV  Zool.  [ad.  mod.L.  ceespitos-us,  f.  csespit-em 
turf :  see  -OSE.]  Growing  in  thick  tufts  or  clumps, 
turfy. 

1830  Lindley  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  50  Little  elegant  herbaceous 
plants,  with  white  flowers,  caespitose  leaves.  1872  Nicholson 
Patxout.  95  The  corallum  is  caespitose,  or  tufted. 

Caestus :  see  Cestus. 

Caesura  (sz'ziu>ra,  sz'siu>ra).  Forms :  6  cesure, 
7  oeasure,  8-9  eeesure,  6-  ceesura.  [a.  L.  csesiira 
'cutting,  metrical  pause',  f.  cses-  ppl.  stem  of 
csedere  to  cut.  The  earlier  form  was  immediately 
from  French  cesure.  (Some  writers  appear  to  have 
erroneously  associated  it  with  cease.)] 

L  In  Greek  and  Latin  prosody  :  The  division 
of  a  metrical  foot  between  two  words,  especially 
in  certain  recognized  places  near  the  middle  of  the 
line. 


In  Dactylic  Hexameter  and  Iambic  Trimeter  this  usually 
occurs  in  the  third  foot  (penthemimcral  caesura),  but 
there  may  be  subsidiary  caesuras  as  well ;  in  the^  line 
Tityre  \  tu  patu  \  -lx  recu  \  -bans  sub  \  tegmine  \fagi,  the 
main  fpenthemimeral)  caesura  is  after  -lx,  and  there  are 
subsidiary  ones  after  tu  and  -ans. 

1*573  Cooper  Thesaur.,  Cxsnra.  .apeece  of  a  sentence  or 
verse.]  1727-51  Chambers  Cycl.,  Caesura  more  properly 
denotes  a  certain  and  agreeable  division  of  the  words,  be- 
tween the  feet  of  a  verse ;  whereby  the  last  syllable  of  a 
word  becomes  the  first  of  a  foot.  1871  Roby  Lat.  Gram. 
1.  96  Occasionally  . .  a  short  final  closed  syllable  is  length- 
ened by  the  arsis  . .  this  is  chiefly  in  the  caesura.  1876 
Kennedy  Public  Sch.  Lat.  Gram.  %  260  This  verse  of  Lu- 
cretius, Auges  I  -cunt  ali  j  -ee  gen  \  -tes  ali  \  -x  minu  | 
•untur,  in  which  are  four  strong  caesuras,  is  faulty.  1884 
Monro  Homer's  Iliad  Introd.  §  50  The  third  foot  must 
not  end  with  a  word  . .  such  a  break  in  the  middle  of  the 
line  is  prevented  by  a  Caesura. 

b.  Used  for  the  lengthening  of  the  last  syllable 
of  a  word  by  arsis  which  sometimes  occurs  in  the 
caesura. 

1678  Phillips,  Caesura,  an  accident  belonging  to  the  scan- 
ning of  a  Latin  Verse,  as  when  after  a  compleat  foot  a  short 
syllable  ends  the  Verse,  that  syllable  is  made  long,  as  in 
this  Verse  of  Virgil :  I  lie  latus  niveum  molli  full  us  hya- 
cintho.  1755  Johnson,  Caesura,  a  figure  in  poetry,  by 
which  a  short  syllable  after  a  complete  foot  is  made  long. 

2.  In  English  prosody :  A  pause  or  breathing- 
place  about  the  middle  of  a  metrical  line,  generally 
indicated  by  a  pause  in  the  sense. 

1556  Abp.  Parker  Psalter  A  ij,  Obserue  the  trayne  :  the 
ceasure  marke  To  rest  with  note  in  close.  1581  Sidney 
Def.  Poesic  (1622)  529  The  Caesura,  or  breathing  place  in 
the  midst  of  the  verse.  1589  Puttenham  Eng.  Poesic  (  Arb.) 
88  Such  Cesure  must  neuer  be  made  in  the  middest  of  any 
word,  if  it  be  well  appointed.  1603  Drayton  Odes  11.  40 
That  ev'ry  lively  Ceasure  Shall  tread  a  perfect  Measure. 
1751  Chambers  Cycl.,  Caesure,  in  the  modern  poetry  de- 
notes a  rest  or  pause  towards  the  middle  of  a  long  Alexan- 
drine verse.  1841  D'Israeli  Amen.  Lit.  (18671  170  In  the 
most  ancient  manuscripts  of  Chaucer's  works  the  caesura 
in  every  line  is  carefully  noted. 

3.  transj.  a.  A  formal  break  or  stop.  b.  A  break, 
interruption,  interval. 

1596  Spenser  /•'.  Q.  11.  x.  68  There  abruptly  it  [a  chronicle] 
did  end,  Without  full  point,  or  other  Cesure  right.  1846  I). 
W.  Pughe  Harlech  Castle  23  Ridge  . .  extends  with  a  few 
caesures  for  nearly  22  miles. 

t  Caesvrra,  v.  nonce-wd.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  trans.  To 
utter  with  a  caesura  (ludicrously,  in  sing-song  style). 

a  1666  A.  BROME.SVi/.  on  Rebel.  (R.)  No  accents  are  so  plea- 
sant now  as  those  That  are  caesuraed  through  the  pastor's  nose. 

Csesu'ral,  a.    [f.  Cesura  sb.  +  -al.]    Of  or 

pertaining  to  a  caesura. 

1783  H.  Blair  Rhet.  (1812)  III.  xxxviii.  98  A  caesural 
pause.  1861  Craik  Hist.  Eng.  Lit.  I.  262  Is  this  caesural 
mark . .  of  any  importance  ? 

CaeSU'ric,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -10.]  =  prec. 

1884  Athenaeum  No.  2981.  765  There  are  laws  of  caesuric 
effect  in  blank  verse. 

tCaf.  Obs.  rare-1,  [cf.  OE.  cofa,  mod.  Cove  : 
but  the  phonology  does  not  fit.]    ?  A  cask  or  box. 

c  1375  ?Barbour  St.  Tecla  73  Of  wod  dry  as  teyndire  pa 
mad  a  caf  &put  bar-in  Bath  pyk  and  tere,  to  ger  it  bryne. 

Caf,  eaff(e,  obs.  north,  forms  of  Chaff. 

Caf,  var.  of  Cofe  adv.  Obs.,  quickly. 

II  Cafard.  Obs.  Also  cafart,  caffard.  [F. 
cafard,  caphard,  of  doubtful  origin  :  some  have 
proposed  to  identify  it  with  Cat.  cafre  infidel, _Sp., 
Pg.  cajre  cruel,  which  are  app.  ad.  Arab,  kajir  : 
see  Caffke.]    A  hypocrite,  an  impostor. 

1539  St.  Papers  Hen.  VIII,  I.  593  We  commoned  of  the 
cafart,  Cornibus,  that  slaunderose  frere.  1653  Urquhart 
Rabelais  1.  xlv,  So  did  a  certain  Cafard  or  dissembling  re- 
ligionaire  preach  at  Sinay,  that,  etc.  Ibid.  I.  liv,  Slipshod 
caffards,  beggars  pretending  wants. 

II  Cafe'  (ka  fe).  [Fr.  caje  coffee,  coffee-house.] 
A  coffee-house,  a  restaurant;  strictly  a  French 
term,  but  recently  introduced  in  this  country  for 
the  name  of  a  class  of  restaurant. 

1816  J.  Scott  Vis.  Paris  (ed.  5)  Pref.  43  A  rushing  whisper 
over  Paris,  encreasing  to  a  buzz  in  the  Cafes.  1851GAL- 
lenga  Mariotti's  Italy  389  Cafe's  and  clubs  roared  inces. 
santly.  1871  Morley  Voltaire  (1886)  160  He  wrote  it  as 
well  as  he  knew  how,  and  then  went  in  disguise  to  the 
cafe  of  the  critics.  1884  J.  Colborne  Hicks  Pasha  85  Ihe 
cafe's  are  crowded  with  backgammon  players. 

Caff,  obs.  var.  of  Chafe  v.  to  warm. 

t  Caffa.  Obs.    Also  6  eapha. 

1.  A  rich  silk  cloth,  apparently  similar  to 
damask,  much  used  in  the  16th  c. 

1531  Wardrobe  Acc.  Hen.  VIII,  18  May,  White  caffa 
for  the  Kinges  grace.  1539  Will  of  J.  Hewes  (Somerset 
Ho.  I  A  doblet  of  Satten  w'  slevys  of  Caffa.  1552  in  Strype 
Eccl.  Mem.  II.  It.  11.  xiv.  359  The  said  bed-maker  received  . . 
twenty-two  yards  and  three  quarters  of  crimson  capha  for 
a  damask  to  the  same  bed.  1587  Fleming  Contn.  Holmshed 
III.  1290/1  Ouer  the  first  loome  was  written,  the  weauing 
of  worsted  . .  ouer  the  sixt  the  weauing  of  caffa.  1641 
Cavendish  Negot.  Wolsey  in  Beck  Draper's  Diet.  41  Rich 
stuffs  of  silk  in  whole  pieces  of  all  colours,  as  velvet,  satin, 
damask,  caffa  . .  and  others  not  in  my  remembrance. 

2.  A  kind  of  painted  cotton  cloth  made  in  India, 
and  occurring  in  commerce  in  the  18th  c. 

1750  Beawes  Lex  Mercat.  (1752)  780  And  some  others 
[i.  e.  places]  dependant  on  Caffa,  which  serves  them  for  an 
Almagazen.  1810  Encyl.  Brit.  V.  49  Caffa ..  painted  cotton 
cloths,  manufactured  in  the  East  Indies, and  sold  at  Bengal. 

CaffeiC  (kaefi  ik),  a.   Chem.    [ad.  F.  cajeique, 


CAFFEINE. 


IS 


CAGE. 


f.  cafe  coffee ;  partially  assimilated  to  motl.L. 
coffca,  which  would  properly  give  coffeic,  coffcin.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  coffee ;  esp.  in  oaffeio 
acid  (C,H,0,\  a  substance  found  in  brilliant 
yellowish  prisms  or  plates.  So  Caffeidine,  an 
uncrystallizable  base  (C7H„N,0),  produced  by 
the  action  of  alkalies  on  caffeine.  Caffeone 
(kse'ft'i^n),  the  aromatic  principle  of  coffee,  a 
brown  aromatic  volatile  oil,  produced  in  the  roast- 
ing of  coffee  berries.  Caffetannate,  a  salt  of 
Caffeta-nnic  acid,  an  astringent  acid  found  in 
coffee  berries,  Paraguay  tea,  and  other  plants. 

1853  Pkarmac.  fml. X 1 1 1.  383  Caffeic  acid  is  precipitated. 
1863  Watts  Diet.  Ckem.  L  709  Caffetannic  acid  colours 
feme  salts  green.  I  bid,  710  The  caffetannates  are  but  little 
known.  1876  Harley  Mat.  Med.  547  Caffeic  acid  is  an 
astringent  acid.  1880  Cope's  Tobacco  Plant  Oct.  539  First 
Subdivision. — Caffeic  Aliments:  Coffee,  Tea,  Mate,  Gua. 
rana,  and  the  rest. 

Caffeine  (karfj'|3in).  Chem.  [ad.  F.  cafeine,  f. 
cafe  coffee  +  -ihe  ;  see  prec]  A  vegetable  alkaloid 
crystallizing  in  white  silky  needles,  found  in  the 
leaves  and  seeds  of  the  coffee  and  tea  plants,  the 
leaves  of  guarana,  mate,  etc. 

1830  Lindley  Xat.  Syst.  Sot.  206  Coffee  is.  supposed  to 
owe  its  characters  to  a  peculiar  chemical  principle  called 
Caffein.  1863  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  I.  707  Caffeine  was 
discovered  in  coffee  by  Kunge  in  the  year  1820.  Oudry,  in 
1827,  found  in  tea  a  crystalline  substance  which  he  called 
theine.  supposing  it  to  be  a  distinct  compound  ;  but  Jobat 
showed  that  it  was  identical  with  caffeine.  1869  Daily 
News  22  July,  A  piece  of  kaffeine,  of  the  size  of  a  breakfast 
plate,  produced  from  120  pounds  of  coffee. 

Caffetan,  var.  of  Caftan. 

Caffia'ceous,  properly  Coffeaceous,  a.  rare. 
Allied  to  the  botanical  genus  Coffea,  of  which 
Coffea  arabica  is  the  coffee  shrub. 

1865  Livingstone  Zambesi  xx  vii.  563  Several  caffiaceous 
bushes,  -grew  near,  but  no  use  was  ever  made  of  them. 

t  Ca-ffling,  ///.  a.  1  var.  of  Cavilling. 
J591  Hahington  Orl.  Fur.  xlv.  97  (N.)  If  1  now  put  in 
some  cailling  clause  I  shall  be  called  unconstanL 

t  Caffoy,  cafoy.  Obs. 

1.  Some  Kind  of  fabric,  imported  in  the  18th  c. 
1750  Beawes  Lex  Mercat.  < 1752)  686  Products  of  Abbe- 
ville, as  Plush,  Caffoy,  Ticking,  etc. 

2.  Caffoy  paper:  a  kind  of  ?)  flock  paper  used 
for  covering  walls  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  c. 

1750  Mrs.  Delany  Life  \  Core.  II.  562  The  [wall]  paper 
is  pearl  coloured  caffoy  paper ;  the  pattern  like  damask. 
'755  —  HI-  385  My  dining  room,  .is  hung  with  mohair  cafoy 
paper. 

Caffre  k<rf3j).  Forms:  6  cafar,  6-7  caffare, 
7  cafre,  coffery,  8  coffrie,  -ree,  -re,  9  caffree,  8-9 
cafer,  caffer,  caffre  :  see  also  Kafir,    [ad.  Arab. 

kafir  infidel,  impious  wretch,  one  who  does 
not  recognize  the  blessings  of  God,  f.  kafara  to 
cover  up,  conceal,  deny.] 

A  word  meaning  'infidel',  applied  by  the 
Arabs  to  all  non-Mohammedans,  and  hence  to 
particular  tribes  or  nations.   More  accurately  kafir. 

1680  Taverner's  Relat.  of  Tunquin  86  The  Cafer  seeing  his 
Child  white,  would  have  immediately  fallen  upon  his  Wife 
and  strangled  her.  _  1608  Fryer  Acc.  E.  India  f  Pert.  91  (Y.) 
Why  he  suffers,  .this  Coffery  (Unbeliever)  to  vaunt  it  thus. 
1799  Sir  T.  Mcnro  Lett,  in  Li/e  I.  221  1 Y.)  He  [Tippoo].  • 
was  to  drive  the  English  Caffers  out  of  India.  1804  Duncan 
Mariner's  Ckron.  I.  297  He.  .put  me  in  imminent  danger  of 
my  life,  by  telling  the  natives  that  I  was  a  Caffer,  and  not 
a  Mussulman.    1811  A.  Plumtre  Licktenstein's  S.  A/rica 

I.  241  Being  Mahommedans,  they  gave  the  general  name  of 
Cafer  1  Liar,  Infidel)  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  coasts  of 
Southern  Africa.  1817  Keatinge  Tresv.  I.  250  A  Moor  will 
.  .point  his  musquet  at,  the  women  abuse,  and  the  children 
pursue  the  caffre  (infidel  1,  the  generic  term  for  Christian 
here. 

2.  spec.  In  ordinary  Eng.  use  :  A  member  of  a 
South  African  race  of  blacks  belonging  to  the 
great  Bantu  family,  and  living  on  the  north-east 
of  Cape  Colony,  in  Caffraria  or  Caffrc-land.  Also 
the  name  of  their  language,  and  used  attributively. 

Cust  1  Modem  Lanruagrs  0/ A/rica  II.  2o8>  makes  Kafir 
the  general  name  of  his  Eastern  subdivision  of  the  Southern 
division  of  the  Bantu  family,  and  includes  under  it  Xosa, 
Zulu,  and  Gwamba ;  in  popular  use  the  term  has  been  gener- 
ally restricted  to  the  Xosa,  or  to  these  and  the  Zulu. 

1509  Hakluyt  Voy.  II.  1.  242  The  Captaine  of  this  castle 
[Mozambique]  hath  certaine  voyages  to  this  Cafraria  ..  to 
trade  with  the  Cafars.  1731  Medley  Kolben's  Cape  G. 
Hope  I.  81  The  Caffres.  .are  so  far  from  bearing  any  affinity 
or  resemblance  with  the  Hottentots,  that  they  are  a  quite 
different  sort  of  people.  1833  Athenzum  2  Nov.  729  A 
mission  among  the  Ammakosa,  or  Kaffcrs,  as  they  have 
been  erroneously  denominated.  1834  Pringle  A/r.  Sk.  xiv. 
413  The  Caffers  are  a  tall,  athletic,  and  handsome  race. 

8.  A  native  of  Kafiristan  in  Asia ;  see  Kafir. 

4.  attrib.  and  in  comb,  as  Caffre-boy,  -slave ; 
Caffre-bread,  a  South  African  cycadaceous  tree 
with  edible  pith  ;  Caffre-com,  one  of  the  names 
of  Indian  millet,  Sorghum  vulgare,  cultivated  as 
a  cereal  in  tropical  Africa. 

1781  India  Gaz.  No.  19  (Y.)  To  be  sold  by  Private  Sale 
two  Coffree  Boys.    1786  tr.  Sparrman's  Voy.  Cape  G.  Hope 

II.  10  The  colonists  call  it  CarTer-corn.  ifcaBlMIl  tTmSmtyt 
Ava  10  (Y.)  The  Cadre  slaves,  who  had  been  introduced  for 
the  purpose  of  cultivating  the  lands.  1803  R.  Percival  in 


Naval  Ckron.  X.  27  Which  was  the  case  with  a  Caffree 
boy.  1866  'Preas.  Pot.  450  EncephaLirtos  . .  the  interior  of 
the  trunk,  and  the  centre  of  the  ripe  female  cones,  contains 
a  spongy  farinaceous  pith,  made  use  of  by  the  Caffers  as 
food,  and  hence  the  trees  are  called . .  Caffer-bread. 

II  Cafila  (kafila).  Also  6  caffylen,  7  caffalo, 
caphille,  8  caffllla,  -la,  9  kafila.  [Arab,  ilili 
qdfilah  caravan,  marching  company.]  A  company 
of  travellers,  a  caravan,  in  Arabia,  Persia,  or  India. 

1594  tr.  Linsckoten's  Voy.  in  Arb.  Garner  III.  188  From 
thence;  twice  every  year,  there  travelleth  two  caffylen. 
1630  Lord  Banians  81  1 Y.)  Some  of  the  Raiahs  . .  making 
Outroades  prey  on  the  Caffaloes  passing  by  the  Way.  1671 
Charente  Let.  Customs  Tafitetta  14  They  sent  yearly  . . 
Caphitles  or  Caravans  to  Tombotum.  1786  tr.  Beck/ord's 
Vathek  (18681  52  From  the  bells  of  a  Cafila  passing  over  the 
rocks.  181 1  H.  Mahtvn  in  Mem.  ML  (1825)330  At  ten  o'clock 
on  the  30th  our  cafila  began  to  move.  1867  Q.  Rev.  Jan. 
10a  (Y.)  A  carriage  . .  followed  by  a  large  convoy  of  armed 
and  mounted  travellers,  a  kind  of  Kafila. 

II  Caftan  (kafta  n,  kaftan).  Also  7-8  caffetan, 
cafetan,  coftan,  9  kaftan.  [Turkish  ^\ ;  6_« 
qaftdn,  also  used  in  Pers.  In  early  use  appar- 
ently taken  immediately  from  the  Fr.  cafetan^] 

A  garment  worn  in  Turkey  and  other  eastern 
countries,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  under-tunic 
or  vest  tied  at  the  waist  with  the  girdle. 

1591  G.  Fletcher  Russe  Comrmv.  (1657)  273  Yet  he  will 
have  his  Caftan  or  under-coat  sometimes  of  cloth  of  gold. 
1671  Charente  Let.  Customs  Mauritania  41  The  Jews  wear 
a  Shirt,  Drawers,  a  black  Close-coat,  or  Caffetan.  1695 
Motteux  St,  Olon's  Moroccoyz  They  all  wear  a  Cafetan  or 
Cloth- Vest  without  Sleeves.  1700  Rycaut  Hist.  Turks  III. 
533  A  rich  Coftan  or  Vest.  1716-8  Lady  Si.  W.  Montague 
Lett.  I.  xxxii.  111  MyCaftan..is  a  robe  exactly  fitted  to 
my  shape,  and  reaching  to  my  feet,  with  very  long  strait 
falling  sleeves.  178a  P.  H.  Bruce  Mem.  11.  60  They 
[Turkish  ladies]  wear  a  Cafetan  of  gold  brocade.  1813 
Moose  Twop.  Post  Bag  VL  10  Through  London  streets 
with  turban  fair,  And  caftan  floating  to  the  air.  1835 
Willis  Vencillings  II.  xliii.  43  Wily  Jews  with  their  high 
caps  and  caftans.  1866  Reader  27  (Jet.  887  The.  .caphtan 
was  during  the  first  years  of  Peter's  reign  discontinued 
among  the  higher  and  middle  classes  of  Russian  society. 

Caftaned  (karftand),  ppl.  a.  Clad  in  a  caftan. 

1863  Sala  Ischz'ostchik  96  A  bearded,  caftaned  man.  1879 
R.  S.  Edwards  Russians  at  H.  I.  202  Caftaned  merchants. 

t  Cag  vkseg),  sbl  7  Obs.  F  orms  :  6  cagge,  7-8 
cagg,  5»  7  kag,  7-  eag.  [Identical  with  ON.  kaggi, 
Sw.  kagge  '  keg,  cask'.  From  the  fact  that  ships, 
or  boats,  and  casks,  or  tubs,  often  go  by  the  same 
name,  some  propose  to  identify  these  words  with 
l)u.  kaag  fishing-boat  (see  sense  a),  early  mod.Du. 
kaghe,  LG.  tag,  with  which  Franck  compares 
Rhenish  kac  ;?from  kag),  found  already  in  the 
14th  c.  Cf.  also  F.  cague  fishing-boat  (from  Du.), 
and  caque  a  herring-barrel.  But  of  the  origin 
and  history  of  the  word-group  or  groups,  nothing 
certain  is  known.  Now  corrupted  to  Keg  :  cf.  the 
Cockney  keb,  ketch  for  cab,  catch.] 

1.  A  small  cask,  a  Keg.  ?  Obs. 

1451  lm>.  in  Test.  Ebor.  III.  136,  j  saltkag  lignei  xd. 
1596  H  illse,  Inv.  N.  C.(i86o)  II.  263  lij  cagges  of  strudg- 
shon  . .  ij  cagges  of  eaylles.  1611  Cotcr.,  hncacquer,  to 
put  into  a  little  barrell,  or  cag.  Encacqui . .  incagged  ;  put 
into  a  cag.  1690  Mrs.  Behn  Wid.  Ranter  111.  i.  To  drink 
a  cagg  of  Syder.  1704  Worlidge  Diet.  Rust,  et  Urb., 
Cagg  or  Keg  \  this  in  respect  of  Sturgeon  is  4  to  5  gallon. 
1785  Wolcott  (P.  Pindar)  Lousiad  11.  Wks.  I.  246  A  brandy 
cag.  1797  Prisc  Wakefield  Mental  Improv,  <  1801  >  I.  50 
Vast  quantities  are  salted  or  pickled,  and  put  up  in  cags. 

+  2.  A  small  fishing-vessel.  (Dv,  MMf.)  Obs. 

1666  Lond.  Gas.  No.  113/3  Several  Caggs  from  Holland, 
were,  .suffered  ..  to  pass.  1667  Ibid.  179/2  Privateers., 
have  . .  taken  8  Kags  or  small  ships  near  Wangerolil 

t  Cag,  sh~  Obs.  exc.  dial.    A  stiff  point. 

1604  Edmonds  Qhserv.  Cxsar's  Comm.  113  Great  firme 
boughs  . .  spreading  themselues  at  the  top  into  sharpe  cags. 
;i847  78  Halliw.  Cag,  a  stump.  West.\ 

Cag,  v.  dial.  [cf.  Caggy  2.]  trans.  To  offend, 
insult.    (Quot.  1504  is  doubtful.) 

1504  in  Plumpton  Corr.  186  The  other  tenaunts  cannot 
pays  ther  housses,  hut  they  shalbe  cagid.  1801  Southev 
Lett.  11856)  I.  149  Pray,  pray  do  not  cag  Home  Took  for 
the  sake  of  the  debates.  1886  I-ong  Isle  0/  Wight  Dial.  9 
Cag,  to  insult,  offend.  '  I've  ben  and  cagged  en  now,  I  louz  ' 
—  I  have  offended  him  now,  I  think.  [Cagged,  Ktgged= 
offended,  affronted,  in  various  dialects.] 

t  Caga'atric,  Caga-strical,  a.  Obs.  Used, 
after  Paracelsus,  to  describe  some  supposed  class 
of  diseases ;  explained  by  some  as  =  under  a  ma- 
lignant star,  4  ill-btarred*  [as  if  cacastrical,  f.  Gr. 
k'xk-s  evil  +  d<7T7/p  star.] 

166a  J.  Chandler  Van  Ilelmont's  Oriat.  322  He  calls  the 
Body  of  man  Cagastrical  or  badly  Planet-struck.  1753 
Chambers  Cyct.  Su/p.,  The  pleurisy,  plague,  fever,  &c, 
are  ranked  by  that  author  in  the  number  of  cagastric  diseases. 

Cage  (k^'d.i,),  sb.  Also  5  kage,  6  kaig,  cadge, 
[a.  b .  cage  (  —  It.  gaggia) :— late  L.  *cavja :— L. 
cavea  hollow,  cavity,  dungeon,  cell,  cage,  f.  cav-us 
hollow.  The  phonetic  development  was  as  in 
rage,  sage :— L.  rabies,  *saf>itts.] 
I.  Generally  and  non-technically. 

1.  A  box  or  place  of  confinement  for  birds  and  j 
other  animals  (or,  in  barbarous  times,  for  human 
beings),  made  wholly  or  partly  of  wire,  or  with 


I  bars  of  metal  or  wood,  so  as  to  admit  air  and 
light,  while  preventing  the  creature's  escape. 

.1225  Ancr.  R.  102  Ase  untowe  brid  ine  cage,    c  1386 

Chaucer  Squieres  T.  611  Briddes.  .that  men  in  cages  fede. 
a  1528  Skelton  /\  Sparotve  324  Was  neuer  byrde  in  cage 
More  gentle  of  corage.  1547  Boordk  Introtl.  Knmvl.  xxxii. 
204  They  do  kepe  in  a  kaig  in  the  churche  a  white  cocke 
and  a  hen.  1581  J.  Bell  //addon's  Ansiv.  Osor.  500  Lyke 
a  common  skold  in  a  Cage.  1649  Lovelace  To  Althea  156 
Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make  Nor  iron  bars  a  cage. 
1673  R.  Head  Canting  Acad.  74  As  nimble  as  a  Squirrel 
in  a  Bell-Cage.  17*7  Swift  Gulliver  11.  viii.  162  Kept  in 
cages  like  tame  Canary  birds.  17*7  Tindal  tr.  Rapin's 
Hist.  Eng.  (1757)  III.  319  The  Countess  of  Buquhan  . . 
was  put  into  a  wooden  cage,  and  placed  as  a  ridiculous 
sight  to  the  people  on  the  walls  of  Berwick  castle.  1875 
Blxkland  Log-Bk.  198  So  we  make  water  cages  for  our  fisn. 

t2.  'A  prison  for  petty  malefactors1  (J.);  a 
lock-up.  Obs. 

c  1500  Lancelot  2767  As  cowart  thus  schamfully  to  ly  Ex- 
cludit  in  to  cage  frome  chewalry.  1593  Shaks.  2  Hen.  VI, 
iv.  ii.  56  His  1-  ather  had  neuer  a  house  but  the  Cage,  c  1600 
Distr.  Emperor  v.  iii.  in  O.  PL  (1884)  III.  248  May  con- 
stables to  cadges  styll  comend  theym.  1703  Mal  ndrell 
Joum.  Jerus.  (1732)  129  A  small  Timber  Structure  resem- 
bling the  Cage  of  a  County  Burrough.  1836-7  Dickens  .V*. 
Boz  '1850)  248/1  It  has.. a  market-place — a  cage — an  as- 
sembly-room. (11850  Thackeray  Fatal  Boots  x,  I  found 
myself  in  a  cage  in  Cursitor  Street. 

3.  fig.  That  which  confines  or  imprisons. 

c  1300  A'.  A  lis.  501 1  Than  she  gooth  to  dethes  cage,  c  1450 
Capgrave  S.  Katkerine  351  Thus  was  thy  lyf,  lady,  kepte 
in  cage.  1649  G.  Daniel  Trinarch.,  Hen.  V,  ccxxxt, 
Soules  enfrancnis'd,  from  the  torne-vp  Cage  Of  flesh.  1730 
Beveridce  Priv.  Th.  1.  77  The  Cage  of  Flesh,  Wherein  the 
Soul  is  penned.  ^  1854  Brewster  More  Worlds  72  An  immor- 
tal soul  . .  imprisoned  in  a  cage  of  cartilage  and  of  skin. 

4.  Anything  resembling  a  cage  in  structure  or 
purpose.    +b.  A  scaffold,  elevated  stage  or  seat. 

a  1400  Cov.  Myst.  (1841)  163,  I  am  kynge  knowyn  in  kage. 
//■/./.  166  Heyl,  be  thou  kynge  in  kage  full  hye.  c  1440 
Tromp.  Part:  57/2  Cage,  cat as t a.  1553  Eden  Treat.  New 
Ind.  (Arb.)  15  Upon  the  packsaddels  Tof  an  elephant),  they 
haue  on  euery  side  a  little  house,  or  towre,  or  cage  tif  you 
list  so  to  call  it)  made  of  wood.  159a  Shaks.  Rom.  *y  Jut.  11. 
iii.  7,  I  must  vpfill  this  Osier  Cage  of  ours,  With  baleful! 
weedes,  and  precious  luiced  flowers.  1884  Western  Daily 
Press  28  Nov.  7/4  By  the  term  crinolette,  we  by  no  means 
allude  to  the  preposterously  ugly  and  attached  '  cage '  which 
was  formerly  tied  round  the  waisL  1887  Pall  Mall  Budg. 
31  Mar.  2  Tne  ludicrous  and  offensive  object  known  as  the 

cage  '  in  the  Ladies'  Gallery  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

c.  «=  Cage- work  2. 

1555  Eden  Decades  W.  Ind.  m.  v.  f  Arb.)  158  Defended  by 
the  cages  or  pauisscs  of  the  shyppes  and  their  targettes. 
II.  In  various  technical  uses. 

5.  Mining,  a.  1  A  frame  with  one  or  more  plat- 
forms for  cars,  used  in  hoisting  in  a  vertical  shaft'. 

1851  J.  Hedley  Coal-mines  124  Tubs  full  or  empty  in  the 
cage.  1855  Leisure  Hour+n  We  must  step  into  this  '  cage ', 
which,  you  perceive,  is  a  kind  of  vertical  railway  carriage. 
1879  Jefferies  Wild  Life  in  S.  C.  249  The  rabbit  has  . .  no 
cage  with  which  to  haul  up  the  sand  he  has  moved.  1883 
Ckamb.  JmL  733  The  Cage,  an  iron  structure  open  at  two 
sides,  fitted  into  two  wooden  guides  fixed  to  the  sides  of  the 
shaft. 

b.  The  barrel  of  a  whim  on  which  the  rope  is 
wound  ;  a  drum. 

1854  Whitney  Metal.  Wealth  U.  S.  73  The  cage,  or  drum 
on  which  the  rope  is  wound.  1896  W.  Bainbrid<,e  Law 
Mines  654  Cage  . .  also,  the  barrel  for  a  whim-pipe. 

6.  A  confining  framework  of  various  kinds. 

a.  Carpentry  see  quot.). 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Cage,  in  carpentry,  signifies 
an  outer  work  of  timber,  enclosing  another  within  it.  In 
this  sense  we  say,  the  cage  of  a  windmill.  The  cage  of  a 
stair<ase  denotes  the  wooden  sides  or  walls  which  enclose 
it.    1876  Gwilt  Arxhit.  Gloss. 

b.  The  framework  in  which  a  peal  of  bells  is 
hung. 

c  1630  R  isdon. Swrr.  Devon\  107(1810)  108  A  cage  of  four 
small  broken  bells.  187a  Ellacombe  Bells  0/ Ch,  ix.  300  At 
East  Bcrgholt,  Suffolk,  there  is  a  ring  of  five  heavy  bells. . 
in  a  cage  in  the  churchyard. 

C.  A  framework  confining  a  ball-valve  within 
a  certain  range  of  motion. 

d.  A  wire  guard  over  the  mouth  of  a  pipe,  etc., 
to  allow  the  passage  of  liquids  and  prevent  that 
of  solids. 

e.  A  cup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover,  to 
hold  a  drop  of  water  containing  organisms  for 
microscopic  examination. 

1839  Penny  Cycl.  XV.  181/1  s.v.  Microscope,  Capillary 
cages  for  containing  animalculas  in  water. 

7.  A  vessel  formed  of  iron  hoops  or  bars,  to 
contain  burning  combustibles  (see  quot.  1867). 

1837  M.  Donovan  Dam.  Econ.  II.  171  Those  who  fish  for 
them  [anchovies]  go  out  in  boats  with  a  cage  of  burning 
charcoal  fastened  to  each  boat.  1867  Smyth  Sailor's  Word- 
Mm  Cage,  an  iron  cage  formed  of  hoops  on  the  top  of  a  pole, 
and  filled  with  combustibles  to  blaze  for  two  hours.  It  is 
lighted  one  hour  before  high-water,  and  marks  an  intricate 
channel  navigable  for  the  period  it  burns.  1875  Bedford 
Sailor's  Pock.  Bk.  v.  (ed.  2)  136  The  entrances  of  channels 
..shall  be  marked  by  special  buoys  with  or  without  staff 
and  globe,  or  triangle,  cage,  etc 

8.  Falconry.  A  frame  to  carry  hawks  upon.  See 
Cadgk  sbA 

1&2B  Sebright  Observ.  Hawking  64  The  hawks  are  tied 
upon  the  cage  as  upon  a  perch.  1875  1  Stonehenge'  Brit. 
Sports  1.  iv.  i.  §  3.  291  The  oblong  cage  is  four  feet  six 
inches  by  two  feet. 


CAGE. 


CAIQUE. 


9.   See  quot.) 

1883  Wood  in  Sunday  Mag.  Oct.  628/2  The  nest  of  the 
squirrel  is  known  in  some  parts  of  England  by  the  name 
of  J  cage '. 

III.  10.  attrib.  and  in  comb.,  as  cage-bar,  -bird, 
- ful, -maker,  -seller-,  cageless adj.;  also  Cage-wohk. 

1883  Lloyd  Ebb  $  Flow  II.  81  Beating  their  wings  in  vain 
against  the  mocking  *cage-bars  of  necessity.  1626  Bacon 
Sylva  §  834  Pigeons  and  Horses  thrive  best,  if  their 
Houses,  and  Stables  be  kept  Sweet :  And  so  of  ^age- 
Birds.  1881  Athenseum  5  Mar.  329/3  A  'cageful  of  common 
finches.  11849  Mangan  Poems  (1859)  185  The  *Cage- 
less  Wild-bird.  1693  Land.  Gaz.  No.  2837/4  A  Germain 
New  Fashion  *Cage-maker.  c  1500  Cocke  Lovelies  B.  (1843) 
10  Pouche  makers,  belowfarmes,  and  *cage  sellers. 

Cage  (k£*dgX  v.  [f.  prec  sb.]  traits.  To  confine 
in,  or  as  in,  a  cage  ;  to  imprison. 

1577  Harrison  England  11.  xlv.  (1877)  265  To  be  caged  vp 
as  in  a  coope.  1625  Hart  Anat.  Ur.  1.  v.  46  The  women 
are  caged  vp  like  linnets.  1805  Southey  Madoc  in  W.  vi, 
They  lie  . .  Conquer'd  and  caged  and  fetter'd.  1813  Byron 
Br.  Abydos  P.  xx,  When  cities  cage  us  in  a  social  home.  1863 
Geo.  Eliot  Romola  I.  i.  16,  I  don't  stay  caged  in  my  shop 
all  day. 

b.  To  fit  as  a  cage  in  the  shaft  of  a  mine. 
i860  All  Y.  Round  No.  55.  103  Baskets  that  would  rarely 
be  dangerous  if  they  were  caged  and  supplied  with  proper 
guide-rods. 

t  Ca*geat.  Sc.  Obs.  rare.  [Perh.  dim.  of  Cage  ; 
Jamieson  says  '  App.  corr.  from  F.  cassette1,  Cf. 
also  F.  cachette  little  place  of  concealment.]  '  A 
small  casket  or  box'  (Jamieson). 

1488  Inv.  Roy.  Wardrobe  $  Jewell-ho.  (181515  (Jam.)  In 
a  cageat,  beand  within  the  said  blak  kist,  a  braid  chenye. . 
Item  in  the  said  cageat,  a  li till  coffre  of  siluer  oure  gilt. 

Caged  (krkJga),  ppl.  a.  [f.  Cage  v.  +  -edj.] 
1.  Confined  in,  or  as  in,  a  cage. 

1596  Shaks.  Tarn.  Shr.  Induct,  ii.  38  Twentie  caged  Night- 
ingales do  sing.  1650  Pre/,  verses  Gregory's  Posthuma  (T.) 
The  cag'd  votary  did  wider  dwell  Than  thou.  17*0  Gay 
Poems  (1745)  II.  170  The  cag'd  linnet. 

+  2.  Closed  like  a  cage,  nonce-use. 

1609  Shaks.  Lover's  Compi.  249  She  would  the  caged 
cloister  flie. 

Cageling  (kt-i-dglin).  [f.  Cage  sb.  +  -ling.] 
A  bird  kept  in  a  cage. 

1859  Tennyson  Vivien  900  As  the  cageling  newly  flown 
returns.    1869  Blackmore  Loma  D.  xx.  (D.)  As  a  child, 
chasing  a  flown  cageling. 

Ca*ge-work.  [f.  Cage  sb.  +  Work  sb.] 

1.  Open  work  like  the  bars  of  a  cage  ;  also  Jig. 

1625G1LL  Sacr.  Philos.  IL  173  If  this  foundation  of  the  mix- 
ture of  the  two  natures  in  Christ  bee  taken  away,  all  the 
Cage-worke  of  the  Theodosians,  that  the  Mediatour  is 
mortall,  and  of  the  Armenians,  that  hee  could  not  suffer, 
must  needes  bee  rotten  and  unable  to  stand.  1756  C.  Lucas 
Ess.  Waters  II.  135  Malmeudy  . .  consists  of  about  a  thou 
sand  houses,  mostly  of  cage- work. 

+  2.  Naut.  (see  quots.)  Obs. 

a  1618  Raleigh  Roy.  Navy  15  But  men  of  better  sort .. 
would  be  glad  to  find  more  steadinesse  and  lesse  tottering 
Cadge  worke.  1708  Kersey,  Cage-work,  the  uppermost 
carved  Works  of  a  Ship's  Hull.  1721-1800  in  Bailey.  1855 
Kingsley  Westw.  Ho  xx.  (D.)  The  English  fashion  was 
to  heighten  the  ship.. also  by  stockades  (' close-fights  and 
cage-work ')  on  the  poop  and  fore-castle,  thus  giving  to 
the  men  a  shelter.  1867  Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Cage- 
ivrock,  an  old  term  for  a  ship's  upper  works. 

Cagg(e,  var.  of  Cag  sb.1  Obs. 

Caggy  (kx"gi),  a.  dial,  or  vulgar. 

1.  Decaying,  unfit  for  food.  [f.  Cagmag.] 

a  1848  Marryat  R .  Reeferxv,  Mouldy  bread,caggy  mutton. 

2.  dial.  1  Ill-natured, stomachiuV  (IVhitby  Gloss. 
1855).  [cf.  Cag  v.] 

Cagmag  (kae-gmseg),  sb.  and  a.  dial,  or  vulgar. 
[app.  a  word  of  dialectal  origin,  widely  used  in 
Lincolnshire,  Yorkshire,  and  adjacent  counties  : 
of  uncertain  derivation.] 

1.  a.  A  tough  old  goose,  h.  Unwholesome, 
decayed,  or  loathsome  meat ;  offal. 

1771  Pennant  Tour  Scot  I.  (1790)  11  The  superannuated 
geese  and  ganders  (called  here  cagmags)  which  by  a  long 
course  of  plucking  prove  uncommonly  tough  and  dry.  1847- 
78  Halliwell  s.v.,  There  is  a  small  inferior  breed  of  sheep 
called  cagmags.  1864  Sala  in  Daily  Tel.  27  Sept.,  Barrels 
full  ofkag-mag  sweltering  in  the  sun.  1876  Mid-Yorksh. 
Gloss.  (E.  D.  S-)  Cagmag,  sb.  and  adj.,  refuse  ;  any  worth- 
less material.  Used,  also,  of  persons,  contemptuously. 
1877  Peacock  N.  IV.  Line.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cagmags,  (1) 
old  geese,  (2)  unwholesome  meat.  1877  Holderness  Gloss. 
(E.  f>.  S.)  Cag-mag,  refuse,  chiefly  used  in  reference  to 
meat,  (2)  a  loose  character. 

2.  uttrib.  or  adj.  Unwholesome,  decaying,  refuse. 
1859  Sala  Tw.  round  Clock  (1861)  295  The  fumes  of  the 

vilest  tobacco  . .  of  ancient  fish,  of  cagmag  meat.  1864  — 
Streets  of  IVorld'm  Temple  Bar  Jan.  185  No  kagmag  wares 
are  sold. 

tCa*gment.  Obs.  [?f.  Cag  w.]  ?  Insult,  affront. 

1504  in  Plumpton  Corr.  187  It  is  sayd,  that  they  have 
cagments  for  them  that  hath  bought  the  wood,  that  they 
dare  not  deale  therwith. 

II  Cagot  (kag(7).  [Fr. ;  orig.  proper  name,  perh. 
containing  -goth  (cf.  bigot)  of  uncertain  origin  :  see 
Littre.]  Name  of  an  outcast  race  or  caste  in 
southern  France;  sometimes,  like  'pariah'  etc., 
applied  to  other  outcasts. 

1844  L.Costello  Beam  ^-Pyrenees  II. 262  At  one  period 
the  Cagots  were  objects  of  hatred,  from  the  belief  that  they 
were  afflicted  with  the  leprosy.    1871  Tylor  Prim.  Cult.  I. 


104  Many  a  white  man.  .ascribes  power  of  sorcery  to  des- 
pised outcast  '  races  maudites ',  Gypsies  and  Cagots.  1883 
T.  Watts  Netv  Hero  in  Eng.  Illust.  Mag.  English  cagots, 
pariahs,  wretches  convicted  of  the  original  sin  of  poverty. 

II  Cagui  (ka"gi).  [Native  name.]  A  name  of 
two  Brazilian  monkeys  of  the  genus  Hapale. 

[1693  Ray  Synop.  Anim.  Quadr.  154.]  1753  Chambers 
Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.,  The  lesser  cagui  is  a  small  and  tender 
animal.  1774  Goldsm.  Nat.  Hist.  (1862)  I.  vn.  i.  508 The  Saki, 
or  Cagui.  .often  termed  the  Fox  Tailed  Monkey. 

Cahch,  -ar,  -ynge,  -polle,  etc. :  see  Catch-. 

||Cahier  (kavV).  [F.f  in  OF.  quaier'.  see  Quire.] 
'  A  book  of  loose  sheets  tacked  together  ;  whence, 
reports  of  proceedings  contained  in  such  a  book  '. 
(Hardly  in  English  use.) 

1849  in  Smakt  (.Supp.)  j  whence  in  Worcester,  Webster, 
etc. 

Cahoot  (kah/7't).  U.  S.  [prob.  a.  F.  cahutc  (,see 
next)  :  cf.  the  uses  of  cabin,  cabinet.  But  American 
dictionaries  refer  it  to  F.  cohort e.]  1  Used  in  the 
South  and  West  to  denote  a  company,  or  partner- 
ship' (Bartlett). 

18..  Citron.  Pineville  (Bartlett',  I  wouldn't  swar  he 
wasn't  in  cahoot  with  the  devil. 

Hence  Cahoot  v.  to  act  in  partnership. 

1857  N-  Y*  Herald  20  May  I  Bartlett',  They  all  agree  to 
cahoot  with  their  claims  against  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica. 

tCahu'te.  Sc.  Obs.  [a.  F.  cahitte  cabin,  poor 
hut.]  =Cabix,  senses  1-5. 

e  1505  Dunbar  Flytiug  449  Into  the  [ship]  Katryne  thou 
maid  a  foull  cahute.  1513  Douglas  AZneis  111.  Prol.  15 
Nyce  laborynth.  .had  neuir  sa  feill  cahutis  and  wais. 

Cai,  -age,  obs.  form  of  Quay,  -age. 

Caiaphat.  nonce-ivd.  [f.  Caiaphas,  after  ponti- 
ficate, caliphate.']  A  high- priesthood  like  that  of 
Caiaphas  (see  John  xi.  49,  xviii.  14,  24). 

1676  Marvell  Gen.  Councils  Wks.  1875  IV.  152  What 
new  power  had  the  bishops  acquired,  whereby  they  turned 
every  pontificate  into  a  Caiaphat  t 

Caic,  caik(e,  -jee  :  see  Caique,  -jee. 

Caice,  -able,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  Case,  -able. 

Caich,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  Catch. 

Caichpule,  variant  of  Cachespell  Sc.  Obs. 

II  Caid.    The  same  as  Alcayde. 

c  i860  Wraxall  tr.  R.  Houdin  xxi.  309  A  caid  who 
spoke  French  excellently.  1883  D.  Hannay  in  Mag.  Art 
Sept.  450/1  Here  sat  the  king  or  his  caid. 

Caidgie,  -ly,  -ness,  mod.Sc.  if.  Cadgy,  etc. 

t  Caige,  v.  Sc.  Obs.  [see  Cadgy.]  intr.  ?  To 
wax  wanton. 

1603  Philotus  v,  Now  wallie  as  the  Carle  he  caiges,  Gude- 
man  quha  hes  maid  3our  mustages  ? 

Caigy,  obs.  form  of  Cadgy. 

Caik,  obs.  Sc.  f.  Cake  ;  var.  of  Caique. 

Caikjee  :  see  Ca'iquejee. 

Cail,  obs.  Sc.  form  of  Kale,  Cole. 

Cailes,  obs.  form  of  Kayles,  nine-pins. 

t  Caille,  v .  Obs.  [ad.  F.  caille-r  ( =  It.  cagliare, 
quagliare :— L.  coaguldre.]  To  curdle,  to  Quail. 
Hence  Cai'lling  vbl.  sb. 

1601  Holland  Pliny  1 1 .397  In  case  this  accident  commeth 
by  cailling  of  the  milk. 

||  Cailleach  (ka-Uax).  In  Scott  cailliach. 
[Gaelic  cailleach  old  woman,  orig.  *  nun',  f.  caille 
pallium,  veil.]  An  old  (Highland)  woman,  a  crone. 

1814  Scott  Wav.  I.  xviii.  280  Some  cailliachs  (that  is,  old 
women)  that  were  about  Donald's  hand.  1828  —  F.  M. 
Perth  III.  121  Think  you  the  Clan  Quhele  have  no  cail- 
liachs, as  active  as  old  Dorothy. 

Caimaeam,  var.  of  Kaimakam. 

Caiman,  var.  of  Cayman,  alligator. 

Cain,  kain  (k«?ui).  Sc.  &  Jr.  Also  3-4  can, 
3-  cane,  6-  kane,  8-  kain.  [a.  Celtic  cdin,  in 
Olr.  'statute  law',  mod.Ir.  'rent,  tribute,  fine' 
(O'Reilly),  Gaelic  *  fine,  tribute,  payment  in  kind'. 
According  to  Skene  {Celtic  Scot/.  III.  231)  the 
primary  meaning  was  *  law \  whence  it  was  applied 
to  '  any  fixed  payment  exigible  by  law '.] 

1.  A  portion  of  the  produce  of  the  soil  payable  to 
the  landlord  as  rent ;  a  rent  paid  in  kind.  In  later 
times  used  only  of  the  smaller  articles,  as  poultry. 

cwyoChartulary  of  St.  Andrews  45  iSkene)  A.b  can  et 
cuneveth  et  exercitu  et  auxilio.  1251  [Skene  cites]  Cain, 
Coneveth,  Feacht,  Sluaged,  &  Ich.  a  1758  Ramsay  Poems 
(1800)  II.  525  (Jam.)  The  laird  got  a'  to  pay  his  kain.  1786 
Burns  Tiva  Dogs,  Our  Laird  gets  in  his  racked  rents,  His 
coals,  his  kain,  and  a'  his  stents.  1818  Scott  Hrt.  Midi. 
viii.  1854  H.  Miller  Sch.  $Schm.  (1858)  259  Under  a  tree 
on  that  inner  island . .  the  queen  sits  and  gathers  kain  for  the 
Evil  One.  1876  Grant  Burgh  Sch.  Scott.  1.  i.  7  The  Cane 
of  the  lands,  .amounting  to  40  Stones  of  cheese,  70  Measures 
of  Barley,  and  a  Sheep, 
b.  attrib. 

1597  Skene  Exp.  Terms  s.v.  Canum,  This  word,  cane, 
signifies,  .tribute  or  dewtie,  as  cane  fowles,  cane  cheis,  cane 
aites,  quhilk  is  paid  be  the  tennent .  .as  ane  duty  of  the  land. 
1810  Cromek  Nithsdale  Song  280  (Jam.)  It  is  hinted.,  that 
Kain  Bairns  were  paid  to  Satan,  and  fealty  done  for 
reigning  through  his  division  of  Nithsdale  and  Galloway. 
1828  Scott  F.  M.  Perth  III.  ii.  45  Cooped  up  in  a  convent, 
like  a  kain-hen  in  a  cavey.  1872  Cosmo  Innes  Sc.  Legal 
Antiq.,  The  cain  fowls  of  a  barony  are  quite  well  under- 
stood. Cain  fowls  are  sometimes  called  reek  hens — one 
payable  from  every  house  that  reeked — every  fire  house. 


C.  To  pay  the  cain  :  (fig.)  to  1  pay  '  the  penalty. 

a  1774  Fergusson  Leith  Races,  Though  they  should 
dearly  pay  the  kain,  And  get  their  tails  weel  sautit.  1787 
Burns  Tarn  Samson  s  Ft.  ii,  To  Death  she's  dearly  paid 
the  kane,  Tarn  Samson's  dead  !  1794  in  Ritson  Sc.  Songs 
II.  78  (Jam.  1  For  Campbell  rade,  but  Myrie  staid,  And  sair 
he  paid  the  kain,  man. 

2.  (Ireland)  A  fine  or  penalty  for  an  offence. 

1518  Rental  Bk.  Earl  Kildare  in  Trans.  Kilkenny 
Arc/ueol.  Soc.  Ser.  11.  IV.  123  Item  half  kanys  &  penalties 
w'in  the  said  Gleancappel. 

Cain  -  (ktfin).    Also  5-6  Caym,  Kaym. 

1.  The  proper  name  of  the  first  fratricide  and 
murderer  {Gen.  iv.),  used  descriptively. 

c  1380  Wvclif  Tract  xxiii.  Sel.  Wks;  III.  348  pei  bilden 
Caymes  Castelis  to  harme  of  cuntreis.    1*1400  Yivaine 
Gaw.  559  The  karl  of  Kaymes  kyn.   c  1505  Dunbar  Flytiug 
513  Cankrit  Caym,  tryit  trowane,  Tutiuillus.  i5?3  Douglas 
A*Lneis  vm.  Prol.  77  This  cuntre  is  full  of  Caynis  kyne. 

f2.  Comb.,  as  Cain-like,  Cain-coloured,  of  the 
reputed  colour  of  the  hair  of  Cain,  to  whom,  as  to 
Judas  Iscariot,  a  ( red'  or  reddish-yellow  beard  was 
attributed. 

1598  Shaks.  Merry  IV.  1.  iv.  23  He  hath  but  a  little  wee- 
face  ;  with  a  little  yellow  Beard  :  a  Caine-colourd  Beard. 
1656  Eirenicon  21  Lay  by  this  Cain-like  disposition. 

Hence  also  Cai"nian-=  Cainitc.  Ca'inisli  a.,  of 
the  temper  of  Cain.  Cainism,  the  heresy  of  the 
Cainites.  Cai'nite,  {a.)  one  of  a  sect  of  heretics 
in  the  second  century  who  professed  reverence  for 
Cain  and  other  wicked  Scriptural  characters; 
(b.)  a  descendant  of  Cain  ;  also  fig.  Cainrtic  a., 
pertaining  to  Cain  or  the  Cainites. 

1540  CoVERDALE  Coitfut.  Standish  Pref.  Wks.  1844  II.  328 
Some  spice  of  Cainish  stomach.  1620  Hi'.  Hall  Hon.  Mar. 
Clergy  1.  §  18  Censuring  the  opinion  of  Ambrose  as  sauour- 
ing  too  strongly  of  Cainisme  and  superstition.  1647  Pagitt 
Hcrcsit'gr.  led.  4)  59  Possessed  with  a  spirit  of  scoffing, 
terming  . .  us  . .  Cainites.  1659  Gell  Ess.  Amendm.  Last 
Transl.  Bible  105  The  Lord  hath  given  superiority  . .  unto 
the  true  Shem  and  all  the  Shemites  ..  yea,  unto  Cain  him- 
self and  the  Cainites  if  they  do  well.  1653  A.  Ross  Uavaf- 
fieia  (16581  193  Cainites.  .worshipped  Cain  as  the  author  of 
much  goodnesse  to  mankind.  1657  Colvil  Whig's  Supplic. 
(1695)  But  straight  turned  Anabaptists,  Quakers  ..  And 
Mr.  Gilbert  Burnetans  . .  Helvidians,  Cainians.  1685  H. 
More  lllustr.  377  Kainish  persecutours.  1764  Maclaine 
Mosheim's  Reel.  Hist.  (1844)  I.  64/2  The  more  obscure  and 
less  considerable  of  the  Gnostic  sects . .  [as]  the  Cainites,  who 
treated  as  saints  ..  Cain,  Cora,  Dathan,  the  inhabitants  of 
Sodom,  and  even  the  traitor  Judas.  1877  Dawson  Orig. 
World  xii.  255  Intermixture  of  Setlnte  and  Cainite  races. 
^88z-3  Schaff  in  Relig.  Encycl.  I.  358  Different  turns  in 
the  Cainitic  history. 

Cainell  bone,  var.  of  Caxnel-bone. 

Ca'ing-whale  (ka-|irj,hw("il).  Sc.  [Ca'ing 
{calling:  see  Call)  =  driving  like  a  herd  or  flock.] 
The  round-headed  porpoise,  which  frequents  the 
shores  of  Orkney,  the  Faroe  Isles,  and  Iceland. 

c  1865  Lktheby  in  Circ.  Sc.  I.  103/1  The  round-headed 
porpoise,  or  ca'ing  whale  \Phoczua  melasK  1879  Daily 
Nnvs  23  Aug.  6/2  Upwards  of  a  hundred  whales — the 
ca'ing  whale  \delphinns  deductor) — were  driven  ashore  in 
Shetland. 

Cainozoic  (kain^u-ik,  k^n^-),  a.  Geol.  Also 
kainozoic,  ceenozoic.  [f.  Or.  naivo-s  recent  4- 
((Lov  animal  +  -ic.  The  analogical  form  would 
be  csenozoic,  as  sometimes  actually  used ;  but  caino- 
is  favoured  by  most  authors  as  more  evidently 
suggesting  the  derivation.] 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  third  of  the  great  geological 
periods  (also  called  Tertiary),  or  to  the  remains  or 
formations  characteristic  of  it. 

1854  Pack  Introd.  Text-bk.  Geol.  39  Cainozoic  Period 
(Recent  Life).  1865  Lyell  Elem.  Geol.  92  Some  geologists 
. .  have  introduced  the  term  Caino£oic,  for  tertiary.  1878 
Huxley  Physiogr.  xvii  290  One  great  group  known  as 
the  Tertiary  or  Cainozoic  series. 

CainozOOlog3T(kai:n0|Z0Ufrl6dgi).  [f.  Gr.  tcaivo-s 
recent  +  Zoology.]    (See  quot.) 

1861  R.  E.  Grant  Divis.  Anim.  Kingd.  8  The  history  of 
existing  animals  belongs  to  Cainozoology,  and  that  of  ex- 
tinct forms  to  Palasozoology.  —  (title)  Cainozoology,  the 
Natural  History  of  Existing  Animals. 

Caip,  sb..  Sc.  form  of  Cope  in  various  senses. 

Caiper-caillie :  see  Caper-. 

Caique  (ka,rk).  Also  7  caik,  caic,  caicche,  8 
caick,  7,9  kaik.  [a.  Fr.  caique,  ad.  Turkish  kaik.] 

1.  A  light  boat  or  skiff  propelled  by  one  or  more 
rowers,  much  used  on  the  Bosporus. 

1625  Purchas  Pilgrims  u.  1623  Hee  keepeth  the  Caiks  and, 
always  steereth  when  the  Great  Turke  goeth  vpon  the  water 
whose  Caikes  are  most  rich  and  beautifull  to  behold.  1653 
L  Greaves  Seraglio  63  He.  .steers  the  Kings  Kaik  \marg. 
Barge].  170a  W.  J.  Bmyn's  Voy.  Levant  xi.  49  Caicks, 
Gondalos,  and  other  smaller  Wherries.  1812  Byron  Ch. 
Har.  11.  lxxxi,  Glanced  many  a  light  caique  along  the 
foam.  1864  Lofid.  Rev.  28  May,  There  he  found  a  solitary 
boatman,  whom  he  hailed,  and  was  soon  seated  in  his  kaik. 
1884  J.  Colborne  Hicks  Pasha  10  The  Sultan  going  to 
mosque  in  a  state  caique  at  Constantinople. 

2.  A  Levantine  sailing-vessel. 

1666  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  95/2  Some  Corsar  Flutes  belonging 
to  Dulcigno  . .  took  a  Caicche.  1852  Conybeare  &  H.  St. 
Paul (18621  II.  xxiii.  357  The  Levantine  caiques  . .  preserve 
the  traditionary  build  and  rig  of  ancient  merchantmen. 
1861  Geikie  E.Forbes  x.  306  A  crazy  Turkish  caique,  with 
an  old  Turk,  a  stout  Arab,  and  two  little  boys,  by  way  of 
crew. 

3  — a 


CAIR 


20 


CAITIFF. 


Hence  Caiquejee,  caikjee  (In|fi(|4s0  [Turk- 
ish], rower  of  a  caique. 

1835  Willis  Pcncillings  II.  xlv.  53  The  poorest  caikjee 
might  row  his  little  bark  under  its  threshold.  1864  Daily 
Tel.  24  Aug.,  His  caiquejees  can  go  close  up  to  the  ground 
with  their  flats  and  barges. 

t  Cair,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  4  cayr(e,  kayre, 
caire,  kaire,  (?karre),  5-  cair.  [ME.  kayre, 
a.  ON.  keyra  to  drive,  ride,  thrust,  toss  about.] 

1.  intr.  A  poetic  word  for  '  to  go,  proceed,  make 
one's  way' ;  perh.  orig.  to  drive,  convey  (oneself). 

c  1300  in  Wright  Lyric  P.  x.  37  Ant  ben  y-cayred  from 
alle  that  y  kneowe.  c  13*5  E.  E.  A  Hit.  P.  B.  901  Cayre  tid 
of  bis  kythe.  c  1340  ,  t\  Dind.  48  pe  king,  .wibhis  peple 
Kairus  cofli  til  hem.  c  1350  Will.  Palerne  5324  J>ei  caired 
ouer  cuntre  &  come  nei3  rome.  ^1400  Destr.  Troy  836,  I 
counsell  be  in  kyrt,  kaire  to  bi  londe.  c  1470  Henry  Wal- 
lace ix.  1240  Throu  out  the  land  to  the  Lennox  thai  cair. 

2.  trans.  To  bring. 

c  I3»s  E.  E.  Alii/.  P.  B.  1478  J>e  candelstik  bi  a  cost  watz 
cayred  bider  sone.    [Bat  perhaps —caryed. J 

3.  a.  trans.  To  push  backwards  and  forwards, 
to  stir  about,  b.  intr.  To  rake,  stir  about.  [mod. 
Sc.)  '  If  ye  dinna  cair,  yell  get  nae  thick'  (Jam.). 

Cair,  Sc.  form  of  Care. 

Cair,  -handit,  var.  of  Car  a.  Sc.  left. 

Caird  (ke-jd).  Sc.  Also  8  kaird.  [Lowland 
Sc.  a. Gaelic  ceard ' artificer  in  metal,  tinker,  black- 
guard'=  Irish  ceard  m.  artist,  artificer,  metal- 
worker, tinker :— Olr.  cerd  (cert)  smith,  artificer, 
artist,  composer,  poet.  The  same  word  as  Ir. 
ceard  f.  art,  trade,  business,  function  :— Olr.  cerd 
art, craft,  handicraft,  Manx  keird craft,  trade,  Welsh 
cerdd  art,  craft,  now  esp.  musical  art,  minstrelsy. 

(The  Sc.  thus  shows  a  degraded  use  of  an  important  Celtic 
word;  cogn.  with  L.  cerdo  handicraftsman,  cobbler;  also 
Gr.  Ktp&ia  1  cunning  arts  ',  Ktp&u  wily  one,  cunning  fox.)] 

A  travelling  tinker  ;  a  gipsy,  tramp,  vagrant. 

1663  Spalding  Troub.  Chas.  I  (17921  I.  243  Forbes  . .  nick- 
named Kaird,  because  when  he  was  a  boy  he  served  a 
kaird.  1787  Burns  To  J.  Smith  Vill  an'  whisky  gie  to 
cairds.  1818  Scott  Hrt.  Midi,  xlix,  This  fellow  had  been 
originally  a  tinkler  or  caird,  many  of  whom  stroll  about  these 
districts. 

Hence  Cai'rdman  sb. 

?  a  1800  A'nl.  n  Skepk.  Dau.  ix.  in  Child  Ballads  nr.  474/2 
A  cairdman's  daughter  Should  never  be  a  true-love  o  mine. 

Caird,  northern  form  of  Card. 

Cairn  (ke»jn).  Also  6-8  came,  8  cairne,kairn, 
8-9  earn.  [mod.Sc.  form  (cf.  bairn,  wairn,  airm,' 
etc.)  of  earlier  cam,  a.  Gaelic  earn  masc.  '  heap 
of  stones'.  Found  in  Lowland  Sc.  early  in  16th  c, 
and  thence  recently  in  Lng.,  as  a  term  of  pre- 
historic archa?ology,and  more  widely  and  popularly 
in  connexion  with  the  piles  of  stones  used  or 
raised  by  Ordnance  Surveyors.  The  direct  Eng. 
representative  of  the  Celtic  would  be  earn,  which 
is  common  on  the  Ordnance  maps  of  Wales,  and 
in  local  use  with  tourists  in  Wales. 

The  word  is  found  in  all  the  Celtic  langs. ;  Olrish  cam, 
carnn,  carnd  occurs  as  neuter;  Welsh,  oeside  earn  fern. 
'  heap  hasraro  masc.  '  hoof  and  '  haft  of  knife ',  etc.,  indi- 
cating an  earlier  sense  1  horn  '.  If  these  are  to  be  identified, 
the  word  must  be  —  the  recorded  Gaulish  karn-on  neut. 
'horn';  in  which  case  the  primary  sense  would  apparently 
be  '  cairn  on  a  mountain  top '  L  e.  the  '  horn '  on  its  head  ' ; 
which  is  quite  possible,  though  not  certain.  The  word  enters 
into  the  names  of  various  mountains  in  Scotland  and  Wales. 
Welsh  has  also  the  collective  derivative  carnedd,  as  in 
Carnedd  Llewelyn,  etc.] 

A  pyramid  of  rough  stones,  raised  for  a  memorial 
or  mark  of  some  kind  ;  a.  as  a  memorial  of  some 
event,  or  a  sepulchral  monument  over  the  grave  of 
some  person  of  distinction  (cf.  Gen.  xxxi.  45,  2  Sam. 
xviii.  17,  etc.).  Hence,  to  mid  a  stone  to  any  one's 
cairn. 

«5J5  Stewart  Cron.  Scot.  (18581 1.  87  Towardis  the  middis 
of  that  carne  on  hicht  Ane  greit  lang  stone  gart  set  on 
end  vprycht.  a  1600  Montgomery:  Flyting  401  A  cairne 
beside  a  croce.  177a  Pennant  Voy.  Hebrides  209  (Jam.)  As 
long  as  the  memory  of  the  deceased  endured,  not  a  passenger 
went  by  without  adding  a  stone  to  the  heap.  -  To  this  moment 
there  is  a  proverbial  expression  among  the  highlanders  allu- 
sive to  the  old  practice  ;  a  suppliant  will  tell  his  patron,  Curri 
mi  clock  er  do  charne,  I  will  add  a  stone  to  your  cairn  ; 
meaning,  when  you  are  no  more  I  will  do  all  possible  honor 
to  your  memory.  1796  Peggk  Anonym.  (18091  434  Kairns, 
or  piles  collected  for  memorials  of  the  dead.  1805  Scott 
Last.  Minstr.  in.  xxix,  On  many  a  cairn's  gray  pyramid 
Where  urns  of  mighty  chiefs  lie  hid.  1807  G.  Chalmers 
Caledonia  I.  1.  ii.  72  A  large  Carn  of  stones,  .about  twenty- 
five  feet  high.  1878  H.  Stanley  Dark  Cont.  I.  vi.  137  We. . 
raised  a  cairn  of  stones  over  his  grave. 

b.  as  a  boundary-mark,  a  landmark  on  a  moun- 
tain top  or  some  prominent  point,  or  an  indication 
to  arctic  voyagers  or  travellers  of  the  site  of  a  cache 
or  depot  of  provisions. 

The  local  name  of  a  summit-cairn  in  the  south-east  of 
Scotland  and  north  of  England  previously  to  the  period  of  the 
Ordnance  Survey  was  man,  as  in  Coniston  Old  Man,  the 
High  Man  and  Low  Man  on  Helvellyn,  etc. 
l77oWEStEYlf'ii.(i872)III.398The  Highlands  are  bounded 
.  .by  Cams,  or  heaps  of  stones  laid  in  a  row,  south-west  and 
north-east,  from  sea  to  sea.  1790  Bl-rns  Elegy  Hendersim 
iii.  Ye  hills,  near  neeliors  o'  trie  stams  That  proudly  cock 
your  cresting  cairns  !  1805,  J.  Graham  Sabbatk  167  On 
the  distant  cairns  the  watcher's  ear  Caught  doubtfully  at 


times  the  breeze.borne  note.  1835  Sir  J.  Ross  N.-W.  Pass. 
xIl  546,  I  . .  erected  a  cairn  and  a  flagstaff.  1862  Stanley 
Je7v.  Ch.  (1877)  I.  iii.  53  The  confines  . .  are  marked  by  the 
rude  cairn  or  pile  of  stones  erected  at  the  boundary  of  their 
territories.  1871  d  in.  Ordn.  Map  Eng.  Sheet  78  Bangor, 
has  many  instances  of  carn '.  187a  Jenkinson  Guide  Eng. 
Lakes  (1879)  301  The  cairn  on  the  summit  of  Scawfell  Pike 
will  now  be  a  distinct  object,  and  easily  gained.  1878 
Markham  Gt.  Frozen  Sea  iv.  56  The  depot  was  placed  on  the 
north-easternmost  island,  and  a  large  cairn  was  erected  on 
the  highest  and  most  prominent  point, 
o.  A  mere  pile  of  stones. 

ltqaPkil.  Trans.  XXI.  251  Three  great  Heaps  of  Stones 
in  this  Lake  . .  we  call  Caims  in  the  Irish.  1786  Burns 
Brigs  Ayr  112  I'll  be  a  Brig,  when  ye're  a  shapeless  cairn. 

Cairned  ike»jnd),  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ed^.]  Fur- 
nished with,  or  surmounted  by,  a  cairn. 

1859  Tennyson  Vivien  488  The  lake  whiten'd  and  the 
pinewood  roar'd,  And  the  cairn'd  mountain  was  a  shadow. 

Cairngorm,  -gorum  keVjngooum,  -go^-rem). 

[f.  the  mountain  of  that  name  Gaelic  Camgorm, 
i.e.  blue  cairn)  between  the  shires  of  Aberdeen, 
Banff,  and  Inverness,  where  it  is  found.] 

(More  fully  Cairngorm  stone  :)  A  precious  stone 
of  a  yellow  or  wine-colour,  consisting  of  rock-crystal 
coloured  by  oxide  of  iron  or,  according  to  Dana, 
by  titanic  acid ;  in  common  use  for  brooches  and 
seals,  and  for  ornamenting  the  handles  of  dirks, 
and  other  articles  of  Highland  costume. 

'794  Agric.  Surv.  Banff's.  58  (Jam.)  Scotch  topazes,  or 
what  are  commonly  called  Cairngorum  stones.  1813  Byron 
Juan  ix.  xliii,  And  brilliant  breeches,  bright  as  a  Cairn 
Gorme.  1859  A 11  V.  Round  No.  20.  61  Scotch  mulls,  adorned 
with  cairngorms  set  in  silver  thistles.  1861  C.  King  Ant. 
Gems  (1866)  94  The  Cairngorum  . .  is  only  crystal  coloured 
a  dark  orange  or  deep  brown  by  some  metallic  oxide.  1883 
H.  Drummond  Nat.  Law  in  Spir.  W.  led.  21  372  The  hidden 
amethyst  and  cairngorm  in  the  rock  beneath. 

Cairny  (keVjni),  a.  raret1.  [f.  Cairn  +-tL] 
Abounding  in  caims  or  heaps  of  stones. 

1807  Tannahill  Poems  150  The  Rose  blooms  gay  on 
caimy  brae  As  weel 's  in  birken  shaw. 

Cairo :  see  Coir. 

Cairt,  Sc.  var.  of  Cart  ;  also  in  sense  card. 

t  Cai'rtar.  Sc.  Obs.   [f.  cairt,  Sc.  f.  Cart  sb? 

+  -AR:1,  -er1.]    A  card-player. 

1584  Knox  Hist.  Re/.  (17321  132  Tables,  quhairof  sum 
befoir^usit  to  serv  for  Drunkardis,  Dycearis,  and  Cairtaris. 

Caiser  e,  obs.  form  of  Kaiser,  emperor. 

Caislip,  dial,  form  of  Kee.slip,  Cheeselep. 

Caisson  (k^i'ssn,  k^s«n).  Also  8  caissoon. 
[a.  F.  caisson  large  chest,  f.  eaisse  chest.  The 
first  pronunciation  is  given  by  most  orthoepists, 
the  second  (which  agrees  with  the  usual  treatment 
of  F.  -on  in  the  18th  c.)  is  given  only  by  Perry, 
Worcester,  and  Cull.] 

1.  Mil.  a.  A  chest  containing  bombs  or  other 
explosives,  to  be  buried  and  fired  as  a  mine. 

1704  in  J.  Harris  Lex.  Techn.  Bailey,  Caisson  (in 

Fortification],  a  Chest  of  Wood  holding  four  or  6  Bombs, 
or  sometimes  filled  only  with  Powder,  and  buried  under 
Ground,  by  the  Besieged,  to  blow  up  a  Work  the  Besiegers 
are  like  to  be  Masters  of.  1755  Johnson,  Caisson,  a  chest 
of  bombs  or  powder,  laid  in  the  enemy's  way  to  be  fired  at 
their  approach.    177a  Simes  Mil.  Guide  «.v. 

b.  A  chest  containing  ammunition  ;  a  wagon 
for  conveying  ammunition.    Also  Jig. 

1704  in  J.  Harris  Lex.  Techn.  1708  Kersey,  Caisson,  a 
covered  Waggon,  or  Carriage  for  Provisions,  or  Ammu- 
nition for  an  Army.  1730-6  in  Bailey.  181a  Examiner 
24  Aug.  532/1,  20  caissons  of  ammunition.  1865  Bl-shnell 
Vicar.  Sacr.  111.  iii.  233  The  retributive  causes  of  nature 
roll  out  their  heavy  caisson  with  us.  1870  Echo  14  Nov., 
Several  art  illery  caissons  captured  at  Orleans  were  found  to 
be  filled  with  wearing  apparel. 

2.  Hydraulics. 

a.  A  large  water-tight  case  or  chest  used  in 
laying  foundations  of  bridges,  etc.,  in  deep  water. 

•753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Caisson  is  also  used  for  a 
kind  of  chest  used  in  laying  the  foundations  of  the  piers  of 
bridges.  1765  Ann.  Reg.  12/2  The  greatest  part  of  the  first 
course  [of  the  sixth  pier  of  Blackfriars  bridge]  carried  by  the 
Caissoon.  18*3  P.  Nicholson  Pract.  Build.  305  M.  Labelye 
erected  the  piers  [of  Westminster  Bridget  in  caissons,  or 
water-tight  boxes.  1875  B.  Richardson  Dis.  Mod.  Lift  70 
The  effect  of  atmospheric  pressure  on  men  who  are  em- 
ployed to  work  in  caissons. 

b.  In  Canal-making.  Formerly,  a  large  water- 
tight cistern  or  reservoir  made  at  any  point  where 
the  canal  had  to  be  extended  over  lower  ground, 
in  order  to  enable  the  boats  to  come  forward 
with  material  for  the  embankment. 

1769  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  III.  272  At  Stretford,  three 
Milcsoff,  is  the  Caisson  40  Yards  long  by  32.  1838S0UTHEY 
Lett.  1x856)  IV.  546s  1861  Smiles  Lives  Eng.  I.  382  Brindley 
. .  had  the  stuff  required  to  make  up  the  embankment  brought 
in  boats  . .  conducted  from  the  canal  along  which  they  had 
come  into  caissons  or  cisterns  placed  at  the  point  over  which 
the  earth  and  clay  had  to  be  deposited. 

c.  A  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  boat  used  as  a 
floodgate  in  docks. 

1854  Fairbairn  in  Proc.  Inst.  C.  Engin.  9  May,  The  em- 
ployment of  caissons  for  closing  the  entrance  to  wet  or  dry 
docks.  1867  Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk.,  Caisson,  a  vessel 
fitted  with  valves,  to  act  instead  of  gates  for  a  dry  dock. 

d.  '  A  sort  of  float  sunk  to  a  required  depth  by 
letting  water  into  it,  when  it  is  hauled  under  the 


ship's  bottom,  .  .  and  on  pumping  out  the  water 
floats  her'  (Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk.) ;  =  Camel. 
181 1  Naval  Chron.  XXV.  219  This  caisson  or  floating 

dock  is  made  of  wrought  iron. 

3.  Arch.  '  A  sunken  panel  in  ceilings,  vaults,  and 
cupolas'.  Gwilt  Eneycl.  Archit. 

4.  attrib.  and  in  comb.,  as  caisson  disease  (see 
quots.) ;  caisson-gate  =  sense  2  c. 

1866  Cornh.  Mag.  Mar.  381,  23  feet  depth  of  water  when 
the  caisson-gales  are  opened.  1883  Harper's  Mag.  July 
945/1  The  '  caisson  disease '  is  the  result  of  living  under 
atmospheric  pressure  greatly  above  that  to  which  the  human 
system  is  normally  adapted.  1887  Health  11  Mar.  394 
What  is  known  as  the  'caisson  disease1  is  not  produced  by 
the  mere  increase  of  atmospheric  pressure,  but  by  the  sud- 
den diminution  of  it  on  leaving  the  caisson,  which  produces 
ruptures  of  small  blood-vessels. 

Caitche,  caiche,  obs.  Sc.  variants  of  Catch, 
a  game  played  with  a  ball  ;  tennis. 

t  Caitifdom.  Obs.   [f.  next  +  -DOM.] 
a.  Captivity,    b.  Wretchedness,  misery. 

1381  Wyclif  Ezek.  xxv.  3  The  hous  of  Juda  . .  is  led  into 
caitlfdoom.  ,  1460  Townetey  Myst.  156  With  his  blood  he 
shall  us  boroo  Both  from  catyfdam  and  from  soroo. 

Caitiff  kt7'-tif ),  sb.  and  a.  Forms  :  a.  4  caitef, 
-teff,  -tyf,  -tyue,  kaitif,  kaytefe,  4-5  oaytef, 
-tif,  -tyf,  -tyue,  kaytiff,  (4-6 //.kaytyves),  4-7 
eaitife,  -tive,  caytife,  -tive,  4-8  caitif,  5  kay- 
tif  f  e,  catyffe,  (caistittf,  Sc.  eatif,  (//.  key- 
teyues,  eaytyveys,  catyves),  5-6  kaytyf,  5-7 
caytiffe,  6  caytyfe,  -ttiue,  -tief  e,  catif,  Sc. 
catife,  -tive,  -tyue,  (//.  Sc.  catevis\  6-7  cai- 
tiffe,  eatiffe,  (//.  eatives),  7  catife,  7-  caitiff. 
0.  4  ehaytif,  cheitefe,  chaitif,  5  chaytyf.  [a. 
ONF.  caitif,  eaitive,  captive,  weak,  miserable 
(  =  Pr.  caitiu,  captiu,  -iva,  OCat.  captiu,  -iva,  Sp. 
cautivo,  OSp.  captivo,  Pg.  cativo  captive,  It.  cat- 
tivo  captive,  lewd,  bad) :— L.  captiv-um  Captive. 
The  central  OF.  form  chaitif  whence  mod.F. 
chetif,  -ive,  of  little  value,  wretched,  sorry,  miser- 
able) gave  the  Eng.  variant  chaitif,  frequent  in 
I4-I5th  c,  but  did  not  displace  the  earlier  Nor- 
man form.  The  transition  of  meaning  has  taken 
place  more  or  less  in  most  of  the  Romanic  langs.] 

A.  sb. 

i  1.  Originally  :  A  captive,  a  prisoner.  Obs. 

1330  R.  Brlnne  Chron.  173  Galwes  do  ,e  reisc,  and  hyne 
bis  cheitefe.  a  1340  Hampole  Psalter  exxxvi.  3  The  deuyl 
&  his  aungels  led  vs  caitifs  in  synnc.  138a  Wyclif  Rom. 
xvL  7  Andronyk  and  Iuliane  ..  myn  euene  caytifs,  or  pri- 
soneris.  1449  Pecock  Repr.  479  Thei . .  that . .  leden  Worn- 
men  Caitins.  1502  Arnoloe  Chroti.  161  In  whoos  power 
he  is  kepte  as  a  kaytyf  in  myscrable  seruitude.  1533  Bel- 
lenden  Lhy  11.  118221  164  Thay  have  led  you  thisday  as 
vincust  catives  in  triumphe.  1603  H.  Crosse  Vertues 
Comnrzo.  (1878)  14  As  catiues  and  slaues  bend  the  will  to 
such  inhumane  crueltie. 

1 2.  Expressing  commiseration  :  A  wretched 
miserable  person,  a  poor  wretch,  one  in  a  piteous 

case.  Obs. 

1  I3»5  Metr.  Horn.  31  Hou  sal  it  far  of  us  kaytefes,  That 
in  sin  and  foli  lyes,  c  1386  Chaucer  Knts.  T.  859  Tuo  woful 
wrecches  been  we,  and  kaytyves.  1480  Caxton  Chron. 
Eng.\.  (1520)56/1  Alas  sayd  he,  to  us  wretches  and  catyves 
is  sorowe  for  our  greate  svnnes.  a  1547  Surrey  AKneid  11. 
077  From  me  calif  alas  bereued  was  Creusa  then.  1604 
Shaks.  Otk.  iv.  L  109  Alas  poore  Caitiffe.  1631  Weevf.r 
Anc.  Fun.  Mim.  46  The  carcase  of  the  poore  caitiffe.  1678 
Butler  Hud.  11. 1.  344,  I  pity'd  the  sad  Punishment  The 
wretched  Caitiff  underwent. 

3.  Expressing  contempt,  and  often  involving 
strong  moral  disapprobation  :  A  base,  mean,  de- 
spicable '  wretch ',  a  villain.  In  early  use  often 
not  separable  from  sense  1  (esp.  when  applied  by 
any  one  to  himself) :  '  it  often  implies  a  mixture 
of  wickedness  and  misery '  J.  ;  cf.  wretch. 

.11300  Cursor  M  11815  flat  caitif  [Herod]  vn-meth  and 
vn-meke  Nu  bigines  he  to  seke.  1 1330  Amis  t\  A  mil.  1564 
His  wiif .  .With  wordes  hard  and  kene.  .scyd  to  him  'Thou 
wreche  chaitif.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  10352  As  a  caiteff,  a 
coward,  no  knighthode  at  all.  1481  Caxton  Reynard  (Arb.) 
96  He  is  a  foule  vylaynous  kaytyf.  1509  Barclay  Skip  0} 
Fooles  (1570)  173  Another  caytife  or  mischieuous  vilaync. 
1603  Shaks.  Meas./orM.  v.  1.  53  The  wickedst  caitiffe  on 
the  ground.  163a  G.  Fletcher  Ckrists  Vict.  1.  xvii,  That 
wretch,  beast,  caytive,  monster  Man.  1713  Swift  Frenzy 
0/  J.  Dennis  Wks.  1755  III.  1.  144  Caitiffs, stand  off,  unhand 
me,  miscreants  !  1867  Freeman  Norm.  Cono.  (1876)  I.  v.  274 
Two  caitiffs  whose  names  are  handed  down  to  infamy.. 

1  +  Rarely  as  an  error  for  caitifte :  see  Caitifty. 

a  1340  Hampole  Psalter  xiii.  1 1  Lord  has  turned  away  be 
eaitife  of  his  folke.  c  1340  Cursor  M.  7353  (Trin.)  Wib  caitif 
ICott.  caitiuete]  and  care. 

B.  adj. 

tl.  Captive.  Obs. 

138a  Wyclif  Isa.  v.  13  Therfor  lad  caitif  is  my  puple. 
—  Epkes.  iv.  8  He  . .  ledae  caitifte  caytif,  or  prysonynge 
prisoned. 

t  2.  Wretched,  miserable.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  9086  Yce  helpe  me  in  bis  caitiue  cas. 
1393  Langl.  P.  PI.  C.  xv.  90  Nober  in  cote  nober  in  caytyf 
hous  was  crist  y-bore.  Ibid.  xxm.  236  f*ei  chosen  chile  and 
chnytif  pouerte.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  211  Ful  sade  and  caytif 
was  she  eek.  c  1440  Promp.Parv.  58  Catyffe,  calamilosus, 
dolorosus.  1583  Stanyhurst  Asneis  1.  (Arb.)  35  Wee  cay  tiefe 
Troians,  with  storms  ventositye  mangled. 


CAITIFHEDE. 


21 


CAKE. 


3.  Vile,  base,  mean,  basely  wicked ;  worthless, 
'wretched',  'miserable*. 

a  iVM  Cursor  M,  16517  Ded  es  caitiue  iudas  nu.  C1325 
E.  £  A  Hit.  P.  B.  1426  A  caytif  counsayl  he  ca^t  bi  hym 
seluen.  1483  Caxton  G.  de  la  Tour  A  vij,  When  the  chay- 
tyf  body  hath  synned  by  his  fals  delytes.  1597  Bp.  Hall  Sat. 
iv.  ii.  120  When  Lolioes  caytive  name  is  quite  defast.  1626 
T.  H.  Caussin's  Holy  Crt.  130  An  age  so  caytiffe,  where 
braue,  and  courageous  magistrates  are  wanting.  1814  Scott 
Ld.  Isles  vi.  xxxi,  [He]  cursed  their  caitiff  fears.  1859 
Tennyson  Enid  35  Bandit  earls,  and  caitiff  knights.  1871 
Browning  Balaust.  1804  This  or  the  other  caitiff  quality. 

tCai'tifhede,  -ivehede.  Obs.   [f.  prec.+ 

-hede,  -head.]  a.  Wretchedness,  misery,  b.  Vile- 
ness,  baseness,  wickedness. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  7353  (Fairf.)  Wib  caitef  hede  [Cott.  cai- 
tiuete]  and  care  out  of  bis  werld  he  sal  fare.  Ibid.  22382 
(Fairf.)Quen  pat  ilk  warlagh  brid  [antecrist]  his  caitiuehede 
[Cott.  caitiute]  has  ij.  jere  kid. 

t  Caitifly,  -ively,  adv.  Obs.  [f.  Caitiff  a. 
+  -LY-.]  Like  a  caitiff:  a.  Wretchedly,  miser- 
ably,   b.  Vilely,  basely,  despicably,  badly. 

1393  Langl.  P.  PI.  C.  iv.  242  Caytiflyche  bow,  conscience 
consailedist  be  kyng.  c  1425  Wyntoun  Crou.  11.  viii.  106 
Lyve  as  Lowndreris  cayttevely.  J513  Douglas  /Eueis  ix. 
xiii.  22  Thynke  ?e  na  lak  and  schame.  .thus  catyfly  to  fle? 

t  Cai'tifhess,  -iveness.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-NESS.]    a.  Wretchedness,  misery,    b.  Baseness. 

1393  Langl.  P.  PI.  C.  x.  255  The  cause  of  al  bys  caitifte 
[v.  r.  caiteefnes]  comeb  of  meny  bisshopes.  c  1400  Judicium 
(1822)  13  The  day  is  comen  of  catyfnes.  1481  Caxton 
Myrr.  III. xxiii.  1 87  [In  heuen]  shal  neuer  be  ony  doubtaunce 
.  .of  caytifnesne  of  ony  trybulacion.  1649  Jer.  Taylor  Gt. 
Exemp.  1.  vi.  103  A  strange  caitivenesse  and  basenesse  of 
disposition. 

tCai-tifty,  -ivetie.  Obs.  For  forms  cf. 
Caitiff,  [a.  OF.  caitivetet  (mod.F.  chetivete)  :— 
L.  captivitdt-em  captivity,  f.  captlvus  captive.] 

1.  Captivity. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  23626  pe  gode  . .  sal  Hue  in  fredom  fre, 
be  wicked,  .euer  in  caitiuete.  1382  Wyclif  Ephes.  iv.  8  He 
sty3inge  into  hijj,  ledde  caitifte  caytif.  — Isa.  Prol.,  The 
ten  lynages  led  in  to  caitiftie. 

2.  Wretchedness,  misery. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  7353  Wit  caitiuete  and  care  He  sal  vte 
o  pis  werld  fare.  1340  Hampole  Pr.  Consc.  455  My  moder 
has  consayved  me  In  syn  and  in  caytefte.  1393  Langl. 
P.  PI.  C.  x.  255  The  cause  of  al  bys  caitifte  *  comeb  of 
meny  bisshopes. 

3.  Vileness,  wicked  baseness. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  22382  Quen  bat  ilk  warlau  bridd  [ante- 
crist] his  caitiute  has  tua  yeir  kidd. 

[Caitisned,  pa.  pple.  A  misprint  for  caytifucd 
=*caitivcd  (see  next),  copied  in  some  Diets.] 

1678  Phillips,  Caitisned,  chained,  a  word  used  by  Chaucer. 
[So  1721-1800  Bailey.] 

t  Caitive,  v>  Obs.  In  4-5  caityve,  chatyue, 
caytifue.  [f.  Caitiff  sb.]  trans.  To  make  captive. 
Hence  Caitived  ppl.  a. 

138a  Wyclif  Bible  Pref.  Ep.  iii,  Chatyuynge  al  vndirstond- 
yng  for  to  obeishe  to  Crist.  —  Jer.  2nd  Prol.,  Sathan, 
caityuende  the  soules  of  them  that  ben  forsaken  of  God. 
/TX400  '  Chancers*  Test.  Love  1.  Wks.  (1532)  In  this  derke 
prisone  caytifued  [331/1,  (1560)  272/2  printed  caytisned]  fro 
frendshippe  and  acquayntaunce,  and  forsaken  of  al.  c  1440 
Relig.  Pieces  fr.  Thorn.  MS.  36  Whyls  we  ere  in  bis  cay- 
tifede  worlde. 

|]  Cajan  (k^-dgan,  ka'd^an).   [a.  Malay 

kdchang  applied  to  various  leguminous  plants 
{Cajanus  Lablab,  Dolichos,  Phaseolus,  Soja,  etc.).] 

A  genus  of  plants,  Cajanus  (N.O.  Leguminosx), 
and  esp.  the  species  C.  Lndicus,  a  shrub  native  to 
the  East  Indies,  but  now  naturalized  in  Africa, 
tropical  America,  and  Polynesia,  for  the  sake  of 
the  seeds  or  pulse,  an  esteemed  article  of  food, 
called  in  India  Dhal,  Dhol,  and  Urhur,  and  in 
Jamaica  Pigeon-peas,  of  which  the  No-eye  pea  and 
Congo  pea  are  varieties. 

1693  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  688  The  Thora  Paeroti  or 
Cajan-Tree,  an  arborescent  Phaseolus  or  Laburnum,  much 
cultivated  at  the  Cape.  1885  Yule  Hobson-Jobson  109  The 
Cajan  was  introduced  to  America  by  the  slave-traders  from 
Africa. 

Cajaput,  cajeput,  variants  of  Cajuput. 

Cajole  (kadgtju-l),  v.  Also  7  caiole,  cageole, 
cajoul,  7-8  cajol.  [a.  F.  cajoler,  in  same  sense, 
of  uncertain  origin  and  history. 

Pare"  C1550  has  1  cageoller  comme  un  gay'  to  chatter  like 
a  jay.  Littre  has  16th  c.  examples  of  cajoler,  cajoller,  cageol- 
ler, in  the  senses  '  to  chatter  like  a  jay  or  magpie  ',  and  '  to 
sing',  also,  in  the  modern  sense  'to  cajole'.  Cotgr.  1611 
has  cajoler,  cageoler  '  to  prattle  or  jangle  like  a  jay  (in  a 
cage),  to  bable  or  prate  much  to  little  purpose '.  Most 
etymologists  taking  cageoler  as  the  original  form,  have  in- 
ferred its  derivation  from  cage  cage,  through  an  assumed 
dim.  *cageole.  This  is  doubtful  both  in  regard  to  sense  and 
form ;  the  early  meaning  '  to  chatter  like  a  jay '  does 
not  very  obviously  arise  from  cage,  and  does  not  clearly 
give  rise  to  the  modern  sense.  The  Fr.  dim.  of  cage  is  not 
*cageole  but  gedle  '  gaol whence  F.  eujoler  (OF.  engaioler, 
engauler,  Sp.  enjaular)  'to  put  in  gaol,  imprison',  also 
'  to  inveigle,  entice,  allure,  enthrall  by  fair  words,  cajole '. 
In  Namur,  cajoler  has  the  sense  enjoliver,  to  make  joli, 
whence  Grandgagnage  would  refer  it  to  the  stem  jol-_  of 
joli,  with  '  prefix  ca-  frequent  in  Walloon  with  an  iterative 
force*.  It  is  possible  that  two  or  even  three  words  are  here 
confused ;  in  the  modern  sense,  F.  cajoler  is  synonymous 


with  enjdlcr  above,  and  if  not  cognate  with  that  word,  its 
sense  has  probably  at  least  been  taken  over  from  it  by  form- 
association  of  cageoler  or  cajoler  with  enj&ler.  But  the 
working  out  of  the  history  must  be  left  to  French  etymo- 
logists.] 

1.  Irans.  To  prevail  upon  or  get  one's  way  with 
(a  person)  by  delusive  flattery,  specious  promises,  or 
any  false  means  of  persuasion,  ('  A  low  word"  J.) 

1645  King's  Cabinet  Open.  Pref.  2  How  the  Court  has 
been  Caiolde  (thats  the  new  authentick  word  now  amongst 
our  Cabalisticall  adversaries*  by  the  Papists.  Ibid.  46  He 
..gives  avisoes  to  Caiole  the  Scots  and  Independents. 
1649  Milton  Eikon.  xxi,  That  the  people  might  no  longer 
be  abused  and  cajoled,  as  they  call  it,  by  falsities  and 
court-impudence.  1678  Butler  Hud.  III.  i.  1526  'Tis  no 
mean  part  of  civil  State-Prudence,  to  cajoul  the  Devil. 
1723  Sheffield  (Dk.  Buckhm.)  IVks.  (17531 II.  137  Cajoling 
a  proud  Nation  to  change  their  Master.  1735  Pope  Donne 
Sat.  iv.  90  You  Courtiers  so  cajol  us.  1823  Lingakd  Hist. 
Eng.Vl.  196  They  sometimes  cajoled,  sometimes  threatened 
the  pontiff.  1863  W.  Phillh-s  Speeches  iii.  36  Leading 
statesmen  have  endeavored  to  cajole  the  people. 

b.  Const,  into,  from  an  action  or  state. 

1663  Pepys  Diary  17  Mar.,  Sir  R.  Ford,  .cajoled  him  into 
a  consent  to  it.  a  1853  Robektson  Led.  ii.  55  Nor  to  cajole 
or  flatter  you  into  the  reception  of  my  views.  1862  Tkench 
Mirac.  xxviii.  310  He  could  neither  be  cajoled  nor  terrified 
from  his.  .avowal  of  the  truth. 

c.  Const,  out  of :  {a.)  to  do  (a  person")  out  of 
(a  thingi  by  flattery,  etc. ;  (b.)  to  get  (a  things;  out 
of  a  person  by  flattery,  etc. 

1749  Fielding  Tom  Jones  xi.  ix.  (1840)  165/1  Everybody 
would  not  have  cajoled  this  out  of  her.  1835  Mahkyat  P. 
Simple  {1863)  33  The  stockings  which  she  cajoled  him  out 
of.  1839  W.  Irving  IVolfert's  K.  (1855)  247  The  populace 
.  .are  not  to  be  cajoled  out  of  a  ghost  story  by  any  of  these 
plausible  explanations. 

2.  intr.  or  absol.  To  use  cajolery,  f  To  cajole 
with  :  =  sense  1  (cf.  persuade  with). 

1665  Pepys  Diary  12  Oct.,  He  hath  cajolled  with  Sey- 
mour, who  will  be  our  friend.  1789  Belsham  Ess,  I.  iii.  40 
[Elizabeth]  knew  how  to  cajole,  now  to  coax,  and  to  flatter. 
1870  L' Estrange  Miss  Mitford  I.  vi.  210  The  well-fee'd 
lawyers  have  ceased  to  browbeat  or  to  cajole. 

tCajo'le,  sb.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  vb.]  A 
delusive  flattery. 

1716  Glossogr.  Nova,  Blandishment,  a  Complement,  a 
Cajole,  a  thing  pleasantly  done  or  spoken. 

Cajolement  (kadgflu'lment).  [f.  Cajole  v.  + 
-ment.  ]  The  action  of  cajoling. 

1816  Keatinge  Trav.  II.  85  Neither  official  pomposity, 
threat,  or  cajolement,  could  blind  him.  1825  Coleridge  in 
Rem.  (1836)  II.  356.  1852  Thackeray  Esmond  1.  xii.  11867) 
123  Plied  them  with  tears,  kisses,  cajolements. 

Cajoler  (kadg^a-lai).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -BR1,]  One 
who  cajoles  or  overcomes  by  flattery. 

1677  Hobbes  Homer  38  Cajoler,  that  confidest  in  thy  face. 
1814  Monthly  Rev.  LXXIV.  477  Cajolers  of  the  people. 
1841  Catlin  N.  Amer.  Ind.  (18441  H.  [viii.  238  The  superior 
tact  and  cunning  of  their  merciless  cajolers. 

Cajolery  (kad^-bri).  Also  7  cajollery,  8 
cajolry.  [a.  F.  cajolerie,  16th  c.  in  same  sense, 
f.  cajoler  to  Cajole.]  The  action  or  practice  of 
cajoling  ;  persuasion  by  false  arts. 

1649  Evelyn  Liberty  #  Serv.  iv.  (R.>  Those  infamous 
cajolleries.  1698  Sidney  Disc.  Govt.  iii.  §  45  (1704)  415 
Others  prefer'd  the  cajolery  s  of  the  Court  before  the  honor 
of  performing  their  duty  to  the  Country.  1835  Lytton 
Rienzi  ii.  iii.  111  Is  he  familiar  with  the  people? — it  is 
cajolery!  Is  he  distant? — it  is  pride!  1868  E.  Edwards 
Ralegh  I.  xxv.  650  He  had  mingled  the  usual  cajoleries 
with  more  than  the  usual  slightly-veiled  threats. 

Cajoling  (kad3<?»'lirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  Cajole  v. 
+  -ing  1.]    The  action  of  the  verb  Cajole. 

01745  Swift  Wks.  (1841)  II.  29  Fawning  and  cajoling  will 
have  but  little  effect.  1864  Burton  Scot.  Abr.  I.  iii.  149  He 
tried  cajoling,  threats,  and  appeals  to  chivalrous  feeling. 

Cajoling,  ppl.  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ing  That 
cajoles  ;  deceitfully  persuasive. . 

1715  Burnet  Own  Time  (1766)  I.  518  The  king  writ  him 
a  cajoling  letter.  6-1746  Hervey  Medit.  Cmttempl.  (1818) 
214  Vain  images,  and  cajoling  temptations.  1820  Foster 
in  Life  <y  Corr.  (1846)  II.  6  To  assume  a  cajoling  tone. 

CajO'lingly,  adv.  [f.  prec.  +  -lt2.]  In  a 
cajoling  manner. 

1853  Eraser's  Mag.  XLVII.  672  'What  man*,  asks 
another,  cajolingly,  1  can  ever  doubt  the  sincerity  of  our 
protestations?' 

II  Cajuput  (kse'dgapift).  Also  cajeput,  caja- 
put. [Ultimately  a.  Malay  kayu-putih  i.  e.  kayu 
wood  +pute/i  white  (whence  also  the  spec,  name 
leucodendron).  The  Eng.  spelling,  and  F.  cajeput, 
are  due  to  the  Dutch  transliteration  of  the  Malay, 
kajoepoetih,  and  mod.L.  cajttputi  (with  j=y). 
The  Malay  name  has  passed  into  the  vernaculars 
of  Southern  India  as  kaya-putek,  kaya-poote,  etc.] 

1.  Cajuput  tree  :  one  or  more  species  of  Mela- 
leuca (N.  O.  Myrtacex),  esp.  M.  minor  (Cajuputi), 
and  M.  leucodendron,  natives  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago and  New  Holland,  and  introduced  in  India. 

1876  Harley  Mat.  Med.  610  The  Cajuput  Tree  has  been 
distributed  over  the  whole  of  India. 

2.  Cajuput  oil :  the  aromatic  oil  obtained  from 
these  trees,  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant,  anti- 
spasmodic, and  sudorific. 

183a  Babbage  Econ.  Manuf.  xv.  (ed.  3)  145  [In  1831]  caje- 
put oil  was  sold,  .at  yd.  per  ounce,  a  1845  Hood  To  Mr. 
Malthus  vii,  Doors  all  shut,  On  hinges  oil'd  with  cajeput. 


1866  Treas.  Bot.  728  The  leaves,  .are  distilled  for  the  pur- 
pose of  yielding  the  oil  known  as  Cajuput  or  Cajeput  oil, 
which  is  green,  and  has  a  powerful  aromatic  odour. 

3.  Also  applied  to  a  Californian  tree,  Oreodaphne 
californica  (N.  O.  Lauracese). 

Hence  Cajuputene,  Cajputene,  Chem.,  *  Cl0  HH 
the  hydrocarbon  of  which  oil  of  cajuput  is  the 
hydrate'  {Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 

1863-72  Watts  Diet.  Chcm.  I.  711  Cajputene  is  obtained, 
together  with  two  isomeric  hydrocarbons,  isocajputene  and 
paracajputene.  1876  Harley  Mat.  Med.  611  Oil  of  Caju- 
put consists  chiefly  of  hydrate  of  cajuputene. 

Caka'te,  v.  humorous  nonce-formation,  intended 
to  mean  *To  serve  with  Cake'. 

1622  Middleton  &  Rowley  Old  Laws  v.  i,  Enter  Gustho 
and  others,  one  bearing  a  bride-cake.  Gits.  Will  it  please 
you  to  taste  of  the  wedlock-courtesy?.  .If  your  grace  please 
to  be  cakated,  say  so. 

Cake  (k^'k.),  sb.  Also  4  kaak,  4-6  kake,  6  Sc. 
caik.  [ME.  kake,  cake,  13th  c,  identical  with, 
and  piob.  a.  OX.  kaka  fern.  (mod.Icel.  and  Sw. 
kaka,  Da.  kage)  in  same  sense,  pointing  to  an 
OTeut.  *kak<U.  An  ablaut-derivative  from  the  same 
root  kak-  is  OHG.  chuohho  (MHG.  kuochc,  Ger. 
kuchc),  MLG.  koke,  MDu.  coeke  (Du.  koek),  all 
masc,  pointing  to  a  WGer.  *kokou-.  The  ulterior 
history  is  unknown,  but  the  stem  (Aryan  type 
*gag~)  can  in  no  way  be  related  to  L.  coqufre  to 
cook,  as  formerly  supposed.] 

1.  As  name  of  an  object,  with  plural :  A  baked 
mass  of  bread  or  substance  of  similar  kind,  dis- 
tinguished from  a  loaf  or  other  ordinary  bread, 
either  by  its  form  or  by  its  composition  : 

a.  orig.  A  comparatively  small  flattened  sort  of 
bread,  round,  oval,  or  otherwise  regularly  shaped, 
and  usually  baked  hard  on  both  sides  by  being 
turned  during  the  process. 

c  1230  Hati  Meid.  37  Hire  cake  bearneS  o  be  stan.  c  1325 
E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  635  prwe  bryftyly  ber-on  bo  bre  berue 
kakez.  1382  Wyclif  i  Sam.  ii.  36  That . .  he  offre  a  silueren 
peny,  and  a  round  kaak  of  breed.  1398  Trevisa  Barth. 
De  P.  R.  xvii.  Ixvii.  (1495)  643  Some  brede  is  bake  and  tornyd 
and  wende  at  fyre  and  is  callyd.  .a  cake.  1483  Cath.  Angl. 
51  A  Cake,  torta,  tortula.  1530  Palsgr.  202/2  Cake  of 
fyne  floure  made  in  a  print  of  yron,  gavfre,  1542  Boorde 
lutrod.  Knowt.  xxvii.  194  A  peny  worth  of  whyte  bread  . . 
ix.  kakys  for  a  peny  ;  and  a  kake  serued  me  a  daye.  1611 
Bible  Ex.  xii.  39  They  baked  vnleauened  cakes.  —  Hosea 
vii.  8  Ephraim  is  a  cake  not  turned.  1685  Baxter  Paraphr. 
N.  T.  Mark  viii.  4  Their  Loaves  then  were  but  like  our 
Cakes,  by  the  custom  of  breaking  them.  1719  De  Foe 
Crusoe  (1840)  I.  v.  97,  I  ..  reduced  myself  to  one  biscuit- 
cake  a  day.  1879  Kroude  Csesar  xxii.  381  They  made 
cakes  out  of  roots,  ground  into  paste  and  mixed  with  milk. 
Mod.  King  Alfred  and  the  cakes. 

b.  In  Scotland  (parts  of  Wales,  and  north  of 
England),  spec,  a  thin  hard-baked  brittle  species 
of  oaten-bread.  Hence  the  name  Land  of  Cakes 
(i.  e.  of  oaten  bread),  applied  (originally  in  banter) 
to  Scotland,  or  the  Scottish  Lowlands. 

a  157a  Knox  Hist.  Ref.  (1732)  42  (Jam.'  That  winter  fol- 
lowing sa  nurturit  the  Frenche  men,  that  they  leirnit  to  eit, 
yea,  to  beg  caikis,  quhilk  at  their  entry  they  scornit.  1620 
Venner  Via  Recta  i.  17  Of  Oates  in  Wales,  and  some  of 
the  Northerne  shires  of  England,  they  make  bread,  espe- 
cially in  manner  of  (Jakes.  1669  Sir  R.  Moray  in  Lauder- 
dale Papers  {1885)  II.  cxiv.  171  If  you  do  not  come  out  of 
the  land  of  cakes  before  New  Year's  day.  1715  Penne- 
cuick's  Tweeddale  Note  89  (Jam.)  The  oat-cake,  known  by 
the  sole  appellative  of  cake,  is  the  bread  of  the  cottagers. 
C1730  Burt  Lett.  N.  Scotl.  {1818)  II.  164  The  Lowlanders 
call  their  part  of  the  country  the  land  of  cakes.  1789 
Burns  Capt.  Grose  i,  Hear,  Land  o'  Cakes,  and  britner 
Scots.  1864  A.  McKay  Hist.  Kilmarnock  113  With  abund- 
ance of  cakes.  Mod.  Country  children  in  Scotland  still 
'seek  their  cakes 'on  Hogmanay  or  '  Cake-day '.  Among 
the  rimes  used,  one  hears  'My  feet's  cauld,  my  shoon's 
thin,  Gie's  my  cakes,  and  let's  rin.' 

C.  In  England,  cakes  (in  sense  a)  have  long  been 
treated  as  fancy  bread,  and  sweetened  or  flavoured ; 
hence,  the  current  sense : 

A  composition  having  a  basis  of  bread,  but 
containing  additional  ingredients,  as  butter,  sugar, 
spices,  currants,  raisins,  etc.  At  first,  this  was  a 
cake  also  in  form,  but  it  is  no  longer  necessarily 
so,  being  now  made  of  any  serviceable,  ornamental, 
or  fanciful  shape ;  e.  g.  a  tea-,  plum-,  wedding- 
cake,  etc. 

c  1420  Liber  Cocorum  (1862)  50  Geder  hit  [the  eggs,  tansy 
and  butter,  for  a  tansy  cake]  on  a  cake.. With  platere  of 
tre,  and  frye  hit  browne.  1577  Northbrooke  Dicing  (1843) 
100  His  mother  left  bringing  of  wine  and  cakes  to  the 
church.  1683  Tryon  Way  to  Health  233  Observe  the  com- 
position of  Cakes,  which  are  frequently  eaten  In  them 
there  are  commonly  Flour,  Butter,  Eggs,  Milk,  Fruit, 
Spice,  Sugar,  Sack,  Rose-Water  and  Sweet-Meats,  as 
Citron,  or  the  like.  1710  Addison  Tatler  No.  220  r  8  Ban- 
bury . .  was  a  Place  famous  for  Cakes  and  Zeal.  1816 
Southey  Poet's  Pilgr.  1.  44  Assche  for  water  and  for  cakes 
renown'd.  1841  Lane  Arab.  Nts.  I.  71  Sweet  cakes,  or  bis- 
cuits, of  an  annular  form.  Mod.  At  the  conclusion  of  the 
ceremony  each  child  was  regaled  with  a  cake.  To  buy  a 
cake  for  the  christening. 

2.  As  a  substance,  without  plural :  Fancy  bread 
of  the  kind  mentioned  in  1  c.  (In  Scotland,  plain 
oatmeal  bread  of  the  kind  mentioned  in  1  b.) 

1579  Fulke  Coftfut.  Sanders  591  The  last  answere  is  as 


CAKE. 


22 


CALABER. 


good  as  cake  and  pudding.  1633  B.  Jonson  T.  Tub  11.  i. 
N  If  he  ha'  cake  And  drink  enough,  he  need  not  vear 
[fearj  his  stake.  Mod.  Little  boys  are  fond  of  cake.  To 
buy  a  pound  of  cake  at  the  confectioner's.  To  send  wed- 
ding-cake to  friends  at  a  distance.    No  cards ;  no  cake. 

3.  Applied  to  other  preparations  of  food,  not  of 
the  nature  of  bread,  made  in  the  form  of  a  rounded 
flattened  mass  ;  e.  g.  a  fish-cake^  potato-cake,  pan- 
cake.  (The  last  named  has  the  characteristics  of 
a  cake  in  the  original  sense,  except  that  it  is 
cooked  soft,  eaten  hot,  and  is  reckoned  not  as  bread, 
but  as  a  kind  of  pudding.) 

4.  A  mass  or  concretion  of  any  solidified  or  com- 
pressed substance  in  a  flattened  form,  as  a  cake  of 
soap,  wax,  paint,  dry  clay,  coagulated  blood, 
tobacco,  etc.   See  also  Ague-cake,  Elf-cake. 

1528  Test.  Ebor.  fSurteesi  V.  267,  ij  cakes  of  wax.  1597 
Langham  Gard.  Health  1:633*  2  Vse  it  . .  in  thy  potage 
to  heale  the  elfe  cake.  1587  Fleming  Contn.  Holinshed 
III.  1 368/1  Their  cakes  of  waxe  which  they  call  Agnus  Dei. 
1626  Bacon  Sylva  §  552  A  Cake  that  groweth  upon  the  side 
of  a  dead  tree  . .  large  and  of  a  Chesnut  colour,  and  hard 
and  pithy.  1665  Phil.  Trans.  I.  36  It  [earth]  soon  melted 
and  became  a  Cake  in  the  bottom  1799  G.  Smith  Laborat. 
I.  122  Take  it  [the  enamel]  off  the  fire,  make  it  into  cakes, 
and  preserve  it  for  use.  1833  Marrvat  P.  Simple  iv,  Four 
cakes  of  Windsor,  and  two  bars  of  yellow  for  washing.  1884 
Manch.  Exa*n.  29  Feb.  5/3  A  parcel  of  cakes  of  dynamite. 

b.  fig. 

187a  Bagehot  Physics  <\  Pol.  (1876)27  To  create  what 
may  be  called  a  cake  of  custom.  1879  H.  George  Progr. 
<r  Pot',  x.  i.  1 1881)  433  A  body  or  '  cake  of  laws  and  customs 
grows  up. 

6.  Heraldry.  A  bearing  resembling  the  bezant; 
a  roundel. 

i486  BJk.  St.  A  Ibatts,  Her.  C  iij  b,  Besantys  and  lytill  cakys 
differ  not  bot  in  colore,  for  besanttis  be  euer  of  golden 
coloure. 

6.  dial,  and  slang.  A  foolish  or  stupid  fellow. 
1785  Grosk  Diet.  Vulgar  T ougue,  Cake  or  Cokey,  a  foolish 

fellow.  1847  78  in  HaluwelL  1877  Pkacock  A'.  Line.  Gloss. 
iE.  D.  S.\Cake,  a  silly  person,  especially  one  fat  and  sluggish. 
1881  Kvans  Leicester,  lira's.,  Cake,  a  noodle. 

7.  Cake  is  often  used  figuratively  in  obvious  allu- 
sion to  its  estimation  (esp.  by  children;  as  a  'good 
thing',  the  dainty,  delicacy,  or  'sweets*  of  a  re- 
past. So  cakes  and  ale,  cake  and  cheese  (Scot  I.). 
To  take  the  cake :  to  carry  off  the  honours,  rank 
first. 

1579  [see  2].  1601  Shaks.  TweL  .V.  11.  iii.  124  Dost  thou 
thinke  because  thou  art  vertuous,  there  shall  be  no  more 
Cakes  and  Ale?  1606  Day  Ileof  Gulls  III.  i.  11881168  That's 
Cake  and  Cheese  to  the  Countne.  1750  Karl  Holderness 
in  Ellis  Orig  Lett.  n.  466  IV.  390  If  I  stay  in  [office],  I 
must  now  have  my  share  of  the  Cake.  1854  Blmtkm.  Mag. 
LXXVI.  702  Malcolm  is,  par  excellence,  the  'cake'  of 
the  cor^s  dramatiqne.  1886  Garden  5  June  51 9/1  The 
gardener's  life,  as  a  rule,  is  not  all  'cakes  and  ale'.  1886 
Pall  Mall  G.  2  Sept.  5/1  As  a  purveyor  of  light  literature 
. .  Mr.  Norris  takes  the  cake. 

8.  Proverbs.  You  can  t  eat  your  cake  and  have  it 
(see  quotsA:  f  One's  cake  is  dough  :  one's  project 
has  failed  of  success  (0AO.  Every  cake  has  its 
make,  mate,  or  felltnv  {northern  dial,  and  Sc.). 

156a  J.  Hkywood  PrtK>.  <\  Epigr.  (18671  79  What  man,  I 
trow  ye  raue,  Wolde  ye  bothe  eate  your  cake,  and  haue 
your  cake?  17x1  Shaftesb.  Charac.  (1737*  I3°  ^*  ridicu- 
lous as  the  way  of  children,  who  eat  their  cake,  and  after- 
wards cry  for  it . .  They  shou'd  be  told,  as  children,  that  they 
can't  eat  their  cake,  and  have  it.  1815  Wellington  Let. 
in  Gurw.  Disp.  XII.  589  Our  own  government  also,  .having 
got  their  cake,  want  both  to  eat  it  and  keep  it. 

1596  Shaks.  Tout.  Shr.  1.  i.  no  Our  cake's  dough  on 
both  sides.  Farewell.  1687  Settle  Reflect.  Dryden  4  She 
is  sorry  his  cake  is  dough,  and  that  he  came  not  soon 
enough  to  speed.  1708  Motteu x  Rabelais  iv.  vL  You  shall 
have  rare  Sport  anon,  if  my  Cake  ben't  Dough,  and  my 
Plot  do  but  take. 

1641  D.  Ferguson  Scot.  Prov.  in  Ray  Prov.  (1670)  393 
There  was  never  a  cake,  but  it  had  a  make.  1678  May  Prov. 
68  Every  cake  hath  its  make,  but  a  scrape-cake  hath  two. 

9.  Comb.  a.  (senses  1,  2),  as  cake-basket,  -bowl, 
-maker,  -making,  man,  -mould,  -stall ;  b.  (sense 
4>,  as  cake-colour,  -copper,  -ink,  -las,  -soap;  o. 
adjs.,  as  cake- bearing,  -tike  ;  d.  +  cake-fiddler, 
cake-fumbler,  a  parasite  ;  cake-meal,  'linseed 
meal  obtained  by  grinding  the  cake  after  the  ex- 
pression of  the  oil'  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.);  cake-urchin, 
a  popular  name  for  Echinodcrms  of  a  discoid 
shape.    See  also  Cake-bread,  -house. 

1667  Phil.  Traits.  II.  510  As  in  all  "Cake-bearing  (called. . 
Placentifcra),  and  in  all  Kernel-bearing  (called  Glandu- 
ti/t-ra)  or  Ruminating  Animals.  1874  Mrs.  Whitnev  We 
Girls  ii.  43  A  #cake-bowl  in  one  hand,  and  an  egg-beater  in 
the  other.  1806-7  J-  Bkresford  Miseries  Hum.  Life  1 1826) 
111.  xxxvi,  Rubbing,  ."cake  colours  in  a  very  smooth  saucer. 
1859  Gullick  &  Timus  Paint.  394^  The  pigments  are  pre- 
pared, .as  dry  cake  colours,  as  moist  colours  in  earthenware 
pans  . .  and  in  metal  collapsible  tubes.  1803  Hatchett 
Phil.  Trans.  XCIII.  90  note.  The  fine  granulated  copper  is 
made  in  this  country  from  the  Swedish  Vake-copper.  1881 
Raymond  Mining  Gloss.,  Cake-copper,  Tough  cake,  refined 
or  commercial  copper.  1513  Douglas  Mneis,  Transl.  to 
Rdr.  75,  I  am  na  *cayk  fydlar  [1553  *caik  fumler],  full  weil 
ye  knawe.  1704  Lotui.  Gaz.  NoT  4022/4  The  Universal 
''Cake-Ink.  1883  Cossets  Pan,.  Mag.  Oct.  686/i  The 
sediment  . .  is  formed  into  small,  square  cakes  . .  known  as 
lac-dye,  or  *cake-lac.  1835  Todd  Cyct.  Anat.  <\  Phys.  I. 
764/3  The  •  cake-like  organ  ..  which  covers  the  ear.  1591 
Percivall  Sp.  Diet.,  Turronero,  a  *cakemaker,  pistor 


ptacentarius.  1814  Miss  Mitkord  Village^.  i.n863>22i 
The  preservings,  the  picklings,  the  *  cake- makings  183a 
Ibid.  Ser.  v.  (1863)  410  We  turned  off  our  old  stupid  deaf 
*cakeman.  1865  Circ.  Sc.  I.  343/1  Inspissated  juice  . . 
poured  into. .  'cake-moulds.  1607  Topsell  Four-/.  Blasts 
305  Dissolve  therein  one  ounce  of 'Cake-sope.  1877  A.  B. 
Edwards  Up  Nik  i.  5  The  old  Turk  who  sets  up  his  'cake, 
stall  in  the  sculptured  recess  of  a  Moorish  doorway. 
Cake  (k?k),  v.    [f.  prec.  sb.] 

1.  trans.  To  form  or  harden  into  a  cake  or  flattish 
compact  mass :  tSmatr.  (Chiefly  passive.) 

1607  Shaks.  Timon  B.  ii.  225  Their  blood  is  cak'd :  'tis 
cold,  it  sildome  flowes.  1708  I,  C.  Cam//.  Collier  (18451  >7 
Turn  it  over  after  it  is  Caked,  it  will  again  bum  brisk.  1719 
Di  Foe  Crusoe  1.(1840198  It  [a  Barrel  of  Gun-powder]  had 
taken  Water,  and  the  Powder  was  cak'd  as  hard  as  a  Stone. 
1848-77  II.  Arnold  Sohrab  «,  R.  Poems  (18771  1.  115  The 
biz  warm  tears  roll'd  down,  and  caked  the  sand. 

2.  inlr.  (for  refl.)  To  form  (itself)  into  a  cake 
or  flattened  mass.    Const,  together. 

1615  H.  Crooke  Body  of  Man  88  Lead  as  soone  as  it  is 
taken  off  the  fire..caketh  together.  16*1  Malvnes  Anc. 
LaTu-Merck.  49  Coale. .  such  as  will  not  cake  or  knit  in  the 
burning.  1719  De  Foe  CrxsoedBtoi  I.  xii.  112  The  powder 
..  caking  and  growing  hard.  1814  Sir  H.  Davy  Agric. 
Chew.  183  The  stiff  clays  ..  in  dry  weather  ..  cake,  and 
present  only  a  small  surface  to  the  air. 

Ca  ke-bread,  [f.  Cake  sb.  +  Bread.]  Bread 
made  in  flattened  cakes  ;  or  of  the  finer  and  more 
dainty  quality  of  cake. 

■377  Langl.  /'.  Ft.  B.  xvl.  229  P«  eten  Calues  flesshe  and 
cakebrede.  1479  Office  Mayor  Bristol  in  E.  E.  Gilds  418 
To  take  cakebrede  &  wyne.  1544  in  Latimer's  Whs.  (18441 
II.  484  Then  cake. bread  and  loaf-bread  are  all  one  with 
you.  1547  Boorue  Brev.  Healtk  ccvii.  I  refuse  Cake 
bread,  Saffron  bread  . .  Cracknelles,  Symnelles,  and  all 
maner  of  crustes.  1562  J.  Heywood  Prov.  ♦  Epigr.  (1867) 
166  Beyng  shod  with  cakebred  that  spumer  marth  all. 
.1  1613  Overbury  A  Wife  (1638)  204  In  friendly  breaking 
Cake-bread  with  the  Fish-wives  at  funerals.  1881  O'Don- 
ovan  Merv.  II.  xlv.  262  Some  brown  cake-bread  of  the 
coarsest  description  had  been  broken. 

b.  at/rid.  Like  cake,  brittle. 

}S79  }■  Stlbbes  Gaping  Gulf  E  vii,  The  Spanish  genet 
wil  soone  champ  thys  cakebread  snaffle  a  sunder. 

Caked  k/ikt  ,  ///.  a.  [f.  Cake  v.  +  -Ei)i.] 
Formed  into  a  cake,  concreted  ;  cake-shaped. 

a  1691  Bona  Wks.  V.  72  (R.i  A  very  shallow  and  wide- 
mouthed  vessel,  called  in  the  shops  a  clear  caked  glass. 
a  1821  Keats  Fancy  246  The  caked  snow . .  From  the  plough- 
boy's  heavy  shoon.  1866  Livingstone  Jrnl.  xii.  ( 1873I  I. 
325  When  we  had  dug  down  to  the  caked  sand. 

Ca  ke-house,    [f.  Cake  sb.  +  House  sb.] 

1 1.  A  house  where  cakes  are  sold.   Obs.  or  dial. 

1666  I'efys  Diary  (18791  III.  421  Thence  took  them  to 
the  cakehouse,  and  there  called  in  the  coach  for  cakes  and 
drank.  178a  V.  Knox  Ess.  (1819I  III.  clxx.  243  The  cake, 
house  at  Hoxton.  1815  Scott  Guy  M.  xvi,  On  the  other 
side  of  the  lake . .  is  a . .  cake-house. 

2.  A  building  where  cakes  of  anything,  e.g.  indigo, 
are  stored. 

1878  J.  Inglis  Sport  t,  W.  Nepaul  iv.  34  The  cakc-house 
boys  run  to  and  fro  between  the  cutting-table  and  the 
cake  house  with  batches  of  cakes  [of  indigo). 

Caking  kvi-kirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  Caketa  +  -mcl.] 
The  forming  of  a  cake ;  chiefly  gerundial. 

1816  Cleveland  Mist.  403  It  bums  without  caking. 

Caking,  ///.  a.    That  cakes. 

1810  Henry  Elem.  Chem.  (1840)  II.  319  Caking  coal.. 
because  its  fragments  melt  at  a  certain  temperature,  and 
unite  Hito  one  mass,    c  1865  Lktheby  in  Circ.  Sc.  I.  117/1. 

Caky  (k/>'ki),  a.    [f.  Cake  sb.  +  -y  U 

1.  In  the  form,  or  of  the  nature,  of  a  cake. 

"  'SS*  Cranmer  W**.(i8,6)  II.  56  An  horse,  refusing  to 
eat  wafers  so  long  as  their  caky  god  was  among  them. 
1604  Hieron  Wks.  I.  568  A  priest  . .  ore  his  head  the  wafer 
shakes  . .  Meane  while  the  vulgar  in  a  maze  Vpon  the  caky 
ldoll  gare.  1813  J.  Thomson  I.ect.  Inflam.  483  Hard 
caky  substances,  i860  O.  W.  Holmes  Elsie  r'emsierUSBj) 
90  Charlottes,  caky  externally,  pulpy  within.  1869  London 
Soc.  Christm.  No.  49/1  Warm  smells  of  a  cakcy  description. 

2.  dial.  Weak  of  intellect,  sillv. 

1879  Skropsk.  U'ordd>k. 

Cal  ,ka-l  .  Also  callen,  kal, :?  gal.  The  name 

given  by  Cornish  miners  to  the  native  tnngstate 
of  iron  and  manganese. 

1875  L're  Diet.  Arts  III.  1039  The  most  common  ore  of 
this  metal  (Tungsten)  is  nol/ram,  known  also  to  the  Cornish 
miner  as  ' cal'  or  'callen'.  Ibid.  There  remains  a  quan- 
tity of  this  mineral  substance  (gal).  1880  Miss  Courtney 
W.  Cornwall  Gloss.,  Cal. 

Cal,  obs.  form  of  Call  and  Caul. 

II  Calaba  (kwIiM).  [A  South  American  name.] 
A  tropical  evergreen  tree  ;  Calophyllum  Calaba) 
growing  in  Brazil  and  the  West  Indies,  from  the 
seeds  of  which  a  lamp-oil  is  obtained ;  it  also 
yields  Calaba-balsam,  or  -resin. 

■753  Chambers  (yd.  Supp.  s.v.  1866  Treat.  Bot.  201/1 
This  tree  is  called  Calaba  in  the  West  Indies. 

Calabar,  var.  of  Calabeh  ;  obs.  f.  Calibre. 

Calabar-bean  (kalaba  i  bi  n).  [From  Cala- 
bar, on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  in  Africa.]  The  seed 
of  Physostigma  vcneiiosum,  a  climbing  leguminous 
plant,  called  also  the  Ordeal-bean,  administered 
by  the  natives  to  persons  suspected  of  witchcraft. 

1876  Harley  Mat.  Med.  654. 

Hence  Calabarine,  '  an  alkaloid  found  in  the 
Calabar  bean  '  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 
1875  H.  Wood  Therap.  (1879)  310. 


Calabash  .karlaba:/).  Forms:  6  calabaza, 
7  callebass,  7  8  calabass  e,  cali-,  callabaeh' 
(?)  7-9  calabOBh,  8  calobash,  callebasse,  8-  ca- 
labash, [a.  F.  lalcbasse,  calabace,  Cotgr.)  ad. 
Sp.  calabaza,  calabaza  gourd,  pumpkin  =  Cat.  cara- 
bassa,  mod.Pr.  carabasso,  calebasso,  carbasso,  Sicil. 
caravazza.  The  ultimate  source  was  perh.  the  Per- 
sian kharbuz,  or  kharbuza,  also  khar- 
puza,  and  kharbtlza,  '  melon  ',  generally  '  marsh- 
melon  ',    occasionally    '  water-melon ',  whence 

Arabic  jpk,  khirbiz  '  melon  and  y> J>  kirbiz 
'pumpkin,  gourd';  also  Turk,  qdrpfiz,  Albanian 
and  mod.  Gr.  xapwovC',  KapPovfr ;  also  through 
Tartar  kharpuz,  karpus,  in  Slavonic  langs.,  Serb. 
karpuza,  Pol.  fharbuz,  ffarbttz.  fkarbuz,  at  buz, 
Little  Russ.  harbuz,  Russ.  arbuz  (Miklosich). 
The  Pers.  word  is  explained  as  f.  khar  large, 
c.?a.rse'  ani*  buza,  puza,  odoriferous  fruit.  The 
Sicilian  form  may  be  from  Arabic;  but  actual 
evidence  is  wanting.] 

L  A  name  given  to  various  gourds  or  pumpkins, 
the  shell  of  which  is  used  for  holding  liquids,  etc. 

1 1596  Raleigh  Disc.  Guiana  (1887)  32  He  also  called  for 
*!*.c*»~— 1  or  gourds  of  the  gold  beads.  (Though  ex. 
plained  as  a  '  gourd ',  this  was  probably  the  tree  calabash 
sense  2.1]  1658  Evelyn  Fr.  Gard.  H675)  44  Their  fruit  re- 
sembling  a  gourd  or  callebass.  a  1813  A.  Wilson  Foresters, 
Clustering  grapes  were  seen,  With  ponderous  calabashes 
hung  between.  1866  Livingstone  jrnl.  vii.  (1873)  I-  «8' 
The  manured  space  is  planted  with  pumpkins  and  cala- 
bashes. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  Calabash  Tree  (see  7)  of 
America,  the  shell  of  which  is  used  for  household 
utensils,  water-bottles,  kettles,  musical  instruments, 
etc. ;  it  is  round  or  oval,  and  so  hard  externally  as 
even  to  be  used  in  boiling  liquids  overa  fire.  Also 
short  for  Calabash-tree. 

1596  |sce  1).  1657  R.  Ligon  Barbadoes  14  High  and  loftie 
trees,  as  the  . .  Fistula,  Calibash,  Cherry.  1699  L.  Wafer 
Voy.  (1729)321  The  Calabash  grows  up  and  down  among 
the  boughs,  as  our  apples  do.  1730  G.  Hcches  Barbados 
116  The  fruit  called  calabashes  are  of  two  sorts.  1828  W. 
Irving  Columbus  I.  150  The  calabashes  of  the  Indians . . 
were  produced  on  stately  trees  of  the  sue  of  elms. 

3.  The  hollow  shell  of  either  of  the  preceding, 
used  as  a  vessel. 

1657  R.  Ligon  Barbadoes  15  With  either  of  them  a 
naturall  Pitcher,  a  Calibash  upon  their  arme.  1681  R. 
Knox  Hist.  Ceylon  162  Two  Calabasses  to  fetch  Water. 
1699  Dampier  Coy.  II.  11.  115  Their  Furniture  is  but  mean, 
vii.  Earthen  Pots  to  boil  their  Mail  in,  and  abundance  of 
Callabashes.  1746  Lond.  Mag.  323  Water  presented  . .  in 
a  copious  Calabash.  1836  Macgillivray  Humboldt's  Trav. 
vi.  84  Baling  out  the  water  with  a  calabash.  1866  Encel 
Nat.  Mus.  viii.  285  A  stringed  instrument  of  the  guitar 
kind,  the  body  of  which  was  a  calabash, 
b.  This  vessel  full  of  anything. 

1679  A  Paradox  (Harl.  Misc.  1753)  I.  258  They  will  not 
give  you  a  Calabash  of  Milk  for  it.  1843  Carlyle  Fast  t, 
Pr.  (18581  234  One  small  calabash  of  rice.  1875  Lcbbock 
Orig.  Cnntu.  vi.  280  Calabashes  of  w  in*. 

4.  A  similar  vessel  or  utensil  of  other  material. 

1 77a -84  Cook  Voy.  (1790)  IV.  1377  Calibashes  made  of 
reeds,  so  closely  wrought  as  to  be  water-tight.  1851  H. 
Melville  WkaU  xix.  104  Nothing  about  the  silver  cala- 
bash he  spat  into. 

5.  Sweet  Calabash,  the  edible  fruit  of  Passi- 

flora  maliformis. 

1840  Penny  Cyct.  XVII.  304/1  /'.  mali/ormis  bears  what  is 
called  the  sweet  calabash.    1866  Treas.  Bot.  851. 

6.  '  A  humorous  name  for  the  head '  Bartlett 
Diet.  Amer.  [Cf.  Pg.  cabala  =  calalmea  with  ca- 
beca  head.] 

7.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  calabash ful ;  calabash 
fruit  =  sense  2 ;  calabash  gourd,  the  bottle-gourd 
KLagcnaria  vulgaris)  =  sense  1  ;  calabash-nut- 
meg, Monotlora  Myristica  ;  calabash  -  tree,  a 
tree  (Crescentia  Cttjctc)  native  to  tropical  America 
and  the  West  Indies,  l>earing  the  large  oval  or 
globular  fruit  called  Calabash  (sense  2) ;  also  a 
name  of  the  Haobab  tree. 

1707  Sloane  Jamaica  I.  p.  xvi.  Horses  feed  on  'Calabash 
fruit  in  dry  times.  1814  Burchell  Trav.  II.  587  The 
'calabash  gourd  is  much  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  shell. 
1866  Treas.  Bot.  II.  752/1  Called  .. 'Calabash  Nutmegs 
from  the  entire  fruit  resembling  a  small  calabash.  1737 
Miller  Gard.  Diet.  led.  31  The  "Calabash-Tree,  .grows  to  a 
considerable  Height  in  the  warmer  Parts  of  America,  where 
it  produces  a  very  large  F'ruit.  1796  Stedman  Surinam 
II.  xx.  115  The  gourd  or  callebasse  tree  procures  them  cups. 
1816  Khih  1'hys.  Bot.  I.  50. 

t  Calabass.  Obs.    A  small  kind  of  gun. 

1578  BOOMS  Invent.  87  Certaine  smal  Ordinance  ..  as 
Markets . .  and  some  Calabasses  that  doo  shoote  small  stones. 

Calaber,  calabar  (knrlabajX  Forms:  4-6 
calabre,  5  calabere,  6  calubur,  calober,  callabre, 
calabrye,  calliber,  calloper,  6-7  callaber,  7 
caliber,  9  calabar,  6-  calaber,  [app.  a.  F. 
Calabre,  Calabria,  a  province  of  Italy  ;  but  why 
so  called  is  unknown.] 

1.  A  kind  of  fur,  apparently  obtained  from  some 
foreign  species  of  the  squirrel;  now,  commer- 


CALABOOSE. 


23 


CALAMINT. 


cially,  applied  especially  to  the  fur  of  the  grt  y  or 
Siberian  Squirrel :  also  attrib.  Calaber  pencil :  an 
artist's  colour-brush  made  of  the  hairs  of  this  fur. 

1361  Langl.  P.  PI.  A.  vii.  257  His  cloke  of  Calabre  with 
Itnoppes  of  Gold.  1483  Caxton  G.  de  la  Tour  E  ij,  Gownes 
of  moche  fyn  cloth  and  furred  of  calabre,  letuce,  and 
ermyn.  1531-3  Act  24  Hen.  VIII,  xiii.  Any  maner  of 
furres,  other  then  black  cony,  budge,  grey  cony,  shankes, 
calaber,  gray,  fiche.  1556  Chron.  Cr.  Friars  11852)  50  The 
ij.  day  of  June  [1549].  .alle  the  gray  ammesse  with  the 
calober  in  Powlles  ware  put  downe.  1555  Eden  Decades 
IV,  hid.  (Arb.)  291  The  people  of  Moscouia  . .  haue  ryche 
furres  as  Sabels,  Marteines,  Foynes,  Calaber.  1583  Plat 
Diuerse  Exper.  (1594)  14  With  a  fine  calaber  pensill  first 
dipped  in  y°  coppres  water.  1588  Gifts  to  Queen  in  Nichols 
Progr.  Q.  Eliz.,  Furred  thorough  with  mynnyover  and 
calloper.  a  1603  Fleetwood  ibid.  I.  355  We  sitting  in 
all  our  calabrye  clokes  of  murrey,  did  geve  the  newe 
shereffs  . .  theire  othes.  1720  Stotu's  Surv.  (ed.  Strype 
1754)  II.  v  viii.  255/1  Those  Aldermen  that  have  not  been 
Mayors  are  to  have  their  Cloaks  furred  with  Calabre. 
1832-52  MrCuLLOCH  Diet.  Comm.,  Calabar  Skin,  the  Sibe- 
rian squiirel  skin.  1875  Ure  Diet.  Arts  II.  516  Furs, 
Skins,  and  Pelts  imported. .  1870.  .Squirrel  or  Calabar  150, 
668. 

t  2.  The  animal  itself.  Obs. 

1607  Cowell  Interpr.  s.v.  Furre,  Calaber  is  a  little  beast, 
in  bigness  about  the  quantitie  of  a  squirell,  of  colour  gray. 
471626  Middleton  Love  Antiq.  Wks.  V.  289  Beasts 
bearing  fur. .  Lamb,  .wolverin,  caliber.   1721  in  Bailey. 

Calaber,  obs.  f.  Calibre. 

Calaboose  (koelab«'z).  U.  S.  [Negro  French 
(of  Louisiana)  calabouse,  ad.  Sp.  calabozo  dungeon.] 
The  name,  in  New  Orleans  and  adjacent  parts  of 
U.  S.,  for  a  common  prison. 

1837-40  Haliburton  51.  Slick,  Hum.  Nature  (Bartlett)  A 
large  calaboose  chock  full  of  prisoners.  1850  Mrs.  Stowe 
Uncle  Tom's  C.  xv.  148  Send  them  to  the  calaboose,  or  some 
of  the  other  places,  to  be  flogged.  1883  Century  Mag.  Mar. 
649/2  The  terrors  of  the  calaboza,  with  its  chains  and  whips 
and  branding  irons,  were  condensed  into  the  French  tri- 
syllabic Calaboose. 

II  Ca  labur  tree.  Name  given  in  the  West 
Indies  to  Muntingia  Calabura  (N.  O.  Tiliaceee), 
the  Silk-wood  tree. 

Calaburne,  variant  of  Calibden. 

II  Calade  (kala-d,  kalji'd).  [a.  F.  calade  in  same 
sense,  ad.  It.  caldta  descent,  f.  calare :— L.  chalare, 
ad.  Or.  xa^-"  to  let  down,  let  fall.]  The  slope 
of  a  manege  ground,  down  which  a  horse  is  rid- 
den at  speed,  to  teach  him  to  ply  his  haunches. 

1731  in  Bailey  vol.  II.  1792  Osbaldistone  Brit.  Sportsm. 
87/1.   [In  mod.  Diets.] 

II  Caladium  (kal?'di»m).  Bot.  Also  9  ealla- 
dium.  [mod.L.  adaptation,  by  Rumph,  1 750,  in 
Herb.  Amboinense  V.  318,  of  the  Malay  name 
kHady  (Forbes  Watson)  of  Caladium  (now  Coloca- 
sia)  esculentum.  The  genus  in  its  present  botanical 
acceptation  was  established  by  Ventenat  in  1800, 
when,  by  a  carelessness  too  frequent  in  botanical 
nomenclature,  the  actual  species  to  which  the 
name  kelady  belonged,  was  excluded  from  the 
Calatlinms  and  made  a  Colocasia.] 

A  genus  of  plants  belonging  to  the  Arum  family, 
grown  in  this  country  as  hot-house  plants,  but 
cultivated  in  their  native  regions  for  their  under- 
ground corms,  which  contain  much  starch. 

1845  Penny  Cycl.  Supp.  I.  264/1  Caladium  arborescens  . . 
yields  a  great  quantity  of  starch.  1858  Hogg  Veg.  Kingd. 
797.  x88x  Mrs.  Praed  Policy  Passion  I.  270  The  ve- 
randah was  adorned  with  stands  of  choice  ferns  and  calla- 
diums.  1882  Garden  4  Mar.  145/3  Caladiums.  .will  now  be 
starting  rapidlyinto  growth.  1885  Lady  Brassey  in  Trades 
70  Caladiums  and  ferns  growing  in  the  wildest  profusion. 

t  Caladrie.  Obs.  rare.  Wyclif's  adaptation  of 
the  Charadrius  of  the  Vulgate,  XctpaSpio's  of  the 
Septuagint.  The  latter  was,  '  according  to  Sunde- 
vall,  the  stone-curlew  or  thick-kneed  bustard, 

Charadrius    OSdicnemus'   (Liddell  and  Scott). 

Calatirius  occurs  also  in  later  writers  (quoting 
from  Aristotle)  as  some  reputed  white  bird. 
1388  Wyclif  Dent.  xiv.  18  Ete  je  not  vncleene  briddis 

. .  a  cormeraunt,  and  a  caladrie  [1382  jay  ;  1611  the  Storke 
and  the  Heron],  1567  Marlet  Gr.  Forest  76  The  Cala- 
drius,  sayth  Aristotle,  is  of  milkie  colour,  without  any 

black  spot.  x6oi  Chester  Love's  Mart,  clviii.  (1878J  117 

The  snow-like  colour'd  bird,  Caladrius. 
II  Calaltr.    Also  calaloo,  -loe,  oaleloe.  A 

West  Indian  name  for  various  plants  cultivated  as 

culinary  vegetables. 
1756  P.  Browne  Jamaica  174  The  branched  Caleloe 

[Solatium  nodiflorum]  . .  The  negroes  make  use  of  it  every 

day  almost  in  the  year.  Ibid.  232  Spanish  Calaloe  [Phyto- 
lacca ociandra].    Ibid.  340  The  prickly  Calaloo  [Amaran- 

tus  spinosus]. -used  as  a  green,  when  the  more  valuable 

sorts  are  scarce.    1884  Miller  Plant-n.,  Calalu. 
Calamanco  (kselamarnkfl).    Forms  :  6  eala- 

manee,  6-9  oali-  7  calla-,  7_9  callimanco,  (9 

calamanca),  7-  calamanco.   [Found  also  in  Du. 

kalamink,  kalmink,  Ger.  kalmank,  kalmang,  F. 

calmande,  Genev.  calamandre  :  of  unknown  origin. 
The  form  has  naturally  suggested  connexion  with  med.  L. 

camelaucus,  a  kind  of  cap,  and  a  cloth  of  camel's  hair  ;  but 

evidence  of  connexion  is  wanting.    See  Du  Cange.] 
1.  A  woollen  stuff  of  Flanders,  glossy  on  the 

surface,  and  woven  with  a  satin  twill  and  chequered 


in  the  warp,  so  that  the  checks  are  seen  on  one 
side  only  ;  much  used  in  the  18th  c. 

1592  Lyly  Midas  [see  2].  1598  Florio,  Tesserino  . .  a 
kinde  of  fine  stuffe  like,  .calimanco.  1693  Lond.  Gaz.  No. 
2832/3  His  Wastcoat  of  a  Striped  Calamanco.  1760  Sterne 
Tr.  Shandy  11802)  VII.  xvii.  32  A  tawny  yellow  jerkin, 
turned  up  with  red  calamanco !  1848  Thackeray  Bk. 
Snobs  iv,  The  body,  .trimmed  with  calimanco. 
b.  attrib. 

1605  Loml.  Prodigal  1.  i.  223  What  breeches  wore  I  o' 
Saturday  ?  Let  me  see  :  o'  Tuesday  my  calamanco  . .  o' 
Thursday,  my  velure  ;  o'  Friday  my  calamanco  again.  1639 
Ford  Lady's  Tr.  11.  i,  Diamond-button'd  callamanco  hose. 
1710  Steele  Taller  No.  96  7  5  A  Red  Coat,  flung  open  to 
show  a  gay  Calamanco  Wastcoat.  1812  H.  &  J.  Smith  Rej. 
Addr.  1 1852)  41  A  pair  of  black  calamanco  breeches.  1840 
Wheeler  Westmoreland  Dial.  Gloss,  A  calliminky  petti- 
coat. 

e.  cllipt.  Garments  of  this  material. 
1859  Thackeray  Virgin,  xxxii,  The  girls  went  off  straight- 
way to  get  their  best  calamancoes,  paduasoys.  .capes,  etc. 
U.  S.  Newspr.  The  seat  of  his  striped  calimancoes. 

2.  fig.  Applied  to  :  a.  language  ;  b.  a  person. 
1592  Lyly  Midas  iv.  iii,  Doest  thou  not  understand  their 

[huntsmen's]  language?  Min.  Not  I  !  Pet.  Tis  the  best 
calamance  in  the  world,  as  easily  deciphered  as  the  charac- 
ters in  a  nutmeg.  1607  Dekker  &  Webster  Sir  T.  IVyat 
45  A  Spaniard  is  a  Camocho,  a  Calimanco. 

3.  Applied  to  wood  and  plaster  buildings. 

1792  Misc.  Ess.  in  Ann.  Reg.  150/2  The  mansion,  .was  of 
plaister  striped  with  timber,  not  unaptly  called  callimanco 
work.  1822  W.  Irving  Braceb.  Hall  (1855)  267  Calimanco 
houses  as  they  are  called  by  antiquaries. 

Calamander  (ka:lamarnd3.i).  Also  eala- 
minder,  (?  oalaminda).  [Of  uncertain  origin  : 
see  quot.  1 859.  Clough  Singhalese  Diet,  gives  kalu- 
madiriya  as  the  Singhalese  name  ;  which  Forbes 
Watson  cites  also  as  calumidiriya,  kalumederiye, 
etc.,  but  these  may  be  adaptations  of  the  Dutch.] 

A  beautiful  and  extremely  hard  cabinet  wood  of 
Ceylon  and  India,  the  product  of  Diospyros  qux- 
sita  (N.  O.  Ebenacete),  specifically  akin  to  ebony. 

1804  R.  Percival  L>y^«  in  Ann.  Rev.  II.  47/2  The  banyan, 
the  cotton-tree,  the  tickwood,  and  the  beautiful  calamander 
..are  indigenous  here.  1828  Heber  fourn.  Upper  India 
(1844)  II.  161  (Y.)  The  Calamander  tree  . .  is  become  scarce 
from  the  improvident  use  formerly  made  of  it.  ^  1833  Ht. 
Martineau  Cinnamon  P.  v.  79  The  finely-veined  cala- 
minda.  1859  Tennent  Ceylon  I.  1.  iii.  118,  I  apprehend 
that  the  name  Calamander,  which  was  used  by  the  Dutch, 
is  but  a  corruption  of  Coromandel. 

Calamary  (kcedamari).  Also  6-7  ealamarie, 
9  ealamer,  calamury.  [f.  L.  calamdri-us  per- 
taining to  a  calamus  or  pen  ;  in  Sp.  calamar,  F. 
calmar.  From  the  pen-like  internal  shell  (and 
perhaps  also  having  reference  to  the  '  ink '  or 
black  fluid,  which  these  animals  squirt  out'.] 

The  general  name  for  Cephalopods  or  Cuttle-fish 
of  the  family  Teuthidm,  more  especially  of  the 
genus  Loligo,  cuttle-fishes  having  a  long  narrow 
body  flanked  by  two  triangular  fins,  and  with  the 
internal  shell  '  a  horny  flexible  pen ' :  e.  g.  the 
Common  Calamary,  Squid,  or  Pen-fish. 

1567  Maplet  Gr.  Forest  75  Calamarie.  .is  like  the  Cuttle, 
but  that  she  is  a  little  longer.  1635  Swan  Spec.  M.  ( 1670) 
342  The  Calamary  is  sometimes  called  the  Sea-clerke,  hav- 
ing as  it  were  a  knife  and  a  pen.  Some  call  him  the  Ink- 
horn-fish.  1758  Phil.  Trans.  L.  778  The  body  of  the  . . 
Calamary  is  a  sort  of  cartilaginous  case . .  of  a  roundish  ob- 
long shape.  1848  Carpenter  Aniin.  Phys.  101  The  body 
. .  furnished  with  a  fin-like  expansion  behind,  as  in  the 
calamary.  1854  Woodward  Mollusca  iii.  11  Tbe  calamary 
can  even  strike  the  surface  of  the  sea  with  its  tail. 

II  Calambac  (karlambaik).  Also  7  callam- 
baok,  oalembuo,  7-8  calamba,  8  -bo,  8-9  -beg, 
9  -bao.  [Kalambak  is  given  by  Crawfurd  and 
Forbes- Watson  as  Malay  and  Javanese  :  Col.  Yule 
thinks  'it  perh.  came  with  the  article  from  Champa ' 
in  Anam.  The  other  forms  are  corruptions  or 
adaptations  in  Portuguese  and  other  European 
langs. :  French  has  calambac,  -bart,  -bouc,  -bou, 
bonri] 

An  eastern  name  of  Aloes-wood  or  Eagle-wood, 
produced  by  Aquilaria  Agallocha,  Roxb.  (See 
Agalloch.) 

(So  all  recent  authorities  on  Indian  Botany.  Aloexylum, 
regarded  as  the  source  by  earlier  authors,  is  now  given  up. ) 

[1552  Barros'  Decades  d Asia  I.  ix.  1  (transl.  Yulei  Campa, 
in  the  mountains  of  which  grows  the  genuine  aloes-wood, 
which  the  Moors  of  those  parts  call  Calambuc]  1594 
Merry  Knack  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  VI.  571  Then  will  I  have 
. .  Calambac  and  Cassia.  1667  H.  Oldenburg  in  Phil. 
Trans.  II.  417  Where  the  best  Calamba-wood,  or  Palo 
d'Aquila,  grows.  1690  Songs  Costume  (1849)  189  Calembuc 
combs  in  pulvil  case.  1751  Chambers  Cycl.  s.v.  Aloes,  The 
calambo.  .is  brought  in  small  bits  of  a  very  fragrant  scent. 
1871  E.  Balfour  Cycl.  India,  Calambac,  Calambao,  Ca- 
lambeg,  also  called  Aloes  wood  is  the  Agallochum  of  the 
ancients  and  the  Agilla  or  Eaglewood  of  the  moderns.  It 
is  produced  in  Siam  and  Silhet  by  Aquilaria  Agallocha. 
1885  G.  Watt  Diet.  Econ.  Prod.  India  s.  v.,  In  the  in- 
terior of  old  trees  we  found  irregular  masses  of  harder  and 
darker  coloured  wood,  which  constitutes  the  famous  Eagle- 
wood,  .called,  .also  Calambac,  Agallochum,  Aloe  or  Aloes 
Wood. 

II  Calambour.    In  7  callembour.  One  of  the 

Fr.  forms  of  prec.    [See  Littre.] 
Said  in  modern  English  Dictionaries  to  be  '  A  species  of 


Agallochum  or  aloes-wood,  less  fragrant  than  calambac, 
used  by  cabinet-makers 1 :  but  this  appears  to  be  merely  an 
error  copied  from  dictionary  to  dictionary. 

1685  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  201 1/8  A  little  Callembour  Box.  1847 
Craig,  Calambac,  Aloes- wood.  Calambour,  the  name  given 
to  a  species  of  aloes-wood.  [In  Webster,  Ogil\te,Cassell.  ] 

Calamel,  obs.  form  of  Calomel. 

Calament,  obs.  form  of  Calamint. 

Calamer,  variant  of  Calamabt. 

Calamiferous  (kadami-feras\  a.  Bot.  [f. 
C.U.AM-US  +  -FEROl'S.]  +  a.  Producing  culms, 
culmiferous  (obs.).    b.  Bearing  reeds,  reedy. 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Calamiferous,  a  denomina- 
tion given  by  some  to  those  otherwise  called  culmiferous 
plants.    1847  in  Craig;  and  later  Diets. 

Calamiforni,  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -form  ;  cf.  F. 
calami/orme.]  Of  the  shape  of  a  calamus,  reed, 
or  feather.  1881  in  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

II  Calamina'ris,  a.  and  sb.  [L. :  in  full  lapis 
calaminaris  '  calamine  stone',  f.  med.L.  calamina  : 
see  Calamine.]    Earlier  name  of  Calamine. 

1577  Harrison  England  in.  xii.  (1878)  79  Those  other 
which  we  call  calaminares  and  speculares.  1585  Lloyd 
Treas.  Health  S  vij,  Take  . .  of  the  stones  called  Lazulus  and 
Calaminaris.  1750  tr.  Leonardus'  Mirr.  Stones  93  Calami, 
naris,  is  a  Stone,  yellow,  tender,  not  lucid,  nor  transparent. 
1750  Hkawes  Lex.  Mtrcat.  '1752)  582  Somersetshire  Pro- 
duce.  .Copper,  Lapis  Calaminaris,  Crystal. 

t  Cala'minary,  -ar,  a.  Obs.  Adapted  forms 
of  preceding. 

1662  Fi  ller  Worthies  ill.  17  The  Calaminary-stone  being 
of  it  self  not  worth  above  six  pence  in  the  pound.  1799  I '-. 
Smith  Laborat.  II.  446  Prepare  and  calcine  ..  some  small 
bits  of  calaminary  stone,  i860  Mayne  Exp.  Lex.,  Calami- 
naris. .of  or  belonging  to  calamine,  .calaminar. 

Calaminary,  mistaken  form  of  Calamary. 
1620  Vcnner  Via  Recta  iv.  76  The  Calaminary,  the 
Cuttle-fish,  .are  euen  of  one  and  the  same  nature. 

Calaminda,  -der,  obs.  ff.  Calamander. 

Calamine  karlamoin).  [a.  F.  calamine,  ad. 
med.L.  calamina,  app.  (like  the  Ger.  galmei,  for- 
merly kalmci  -.—calmia)  corrupted  by  the  alchemists 
from  I.,  cadmia,  Gr.  xaS/teia,  naSfiia,  'calamine'. 

Agricola  supposed  the  name  to  be  from  calamus  reed,  in 
allusion  to  the  slender  stalaclitic  forms  common  in  the 
cadmia  fomacum  (oxide  of  zinc  from  furnace  chimneyst.] 

An  ore  of  zinc :  originally  applied,  like  med.L. 
lapis  calaminaris,  and  the  cadmia  of  Pliny,  to 
both  the  carbonate  ZnCO.,  and  the  hydrous  silicate 
Zn,  SiO„  H20  but  chiefly,  in  France  and  England, 
to  the  former,  which  is  an  abundant  and  important 
English  ore  of  zinc.  The  silicate,  found  in  Carin- 
thia,  Hungary,  Belgium,  New  Jersey,  etc.,  is  dis- 
tinguished as  Siliceous  or  Electric  Calamine. 

The  chemical  difference  between  the  two  ores  was  esta- 
blished by  Smithson  in  1802  ;  in  1807  Brongniart  unfortu- 
nately chose  calamine  as  the  mineralogical  name  of  the 
silicate,  leaving  the  other  ore  as  zinc  carbonatce,  which 
Beudant  in  1832  named  Smithsonite.  This  nomenclature 
is  followed  by  Dana.  But  common  English  and  French 
use  (see  Littre'i  continued  to  apply  the  name  calamine  to 
the  carbonate ;  and  in  conformity  with  this  Brooke  and 
Miller  in  1852  reversed  Beudant's  use  of  calamine  and 
smithsonite.  With  British  mineralogists,  chemists,  miners, 
and  manufacturers,  calamine  therefore  means  the  carbonate. 

1601  Holland  Pliny  1 1. 520  Some  thinke  it  better  to  wipe 
..the  dust  from  the  Calamine  with  wings.  1683  Pettis 
Fleta  Min.  11. 18  Having  here  [in  England]  both  the  best 
Copper  and  Calamine  of  any  part  of  Europe.  1794  Sul- 
livan Vieto  Nat.  I.  470  Zinc  in  the  state  of  calamine. 
1799  G.  Smith  Laborat.  I.  243  Calamine  is  dug  in  mines 
about  Mendip,  etc.  in  the  West  of  England.  1802  Smith- 
son  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIII.  16  This  calamine  hence  con- 
sists of— Carbonic  acid,  0.352 ;  Calx  of  zinc,  0.6^8.  1812 
Sir  H.  Daw  Chem.  Philos.  373  Calamine,  which  is  a  com- 
bination of  zinc  with  oxygene  and  carbonic  acid.  1839 
Ure  Diet.  A  rts  s.v.  Zinc,  The  principal  ores  of  zinc  are  the 
sulphuret  called  blende,  the  silicate  called  calamine,  and 
the  sparry  calamine,  or  the  carbonate.  1869  Roscoe 
Elem.  Chem.  231  Zinc  Carbonate,  an  insoluble  substance, 
occurring  native  as  calamine.  1875  Ure  Diet.  Arts  III. 
1187  Calamine  is  a  mineral  occurring  usually  in  concretion- 
ary forms  and  compact  masses,  yellowish-white  when  pure 
. .  it  is  a  normal  carbonate  of  zinc  . .  Calamine  is  worked 
in  a  rich  mine  of  galena  at  Holywell.  .The  second  locality 
of  calamine  is  in  the  magnesian  limestone  formation.  1877 
Watts  Diet.  Chem.  V.  1067  Zinc  occurs  as  carbonate,  form- 
ing the  ore  called  calamine ;  as  silicate  or  siliceous  cala- 
mine ;  as  sulphide  or  blende. 

b.  attrib.,  as  in  calamine  stone  =  lapis  cala- 
minaris (see  Calaminaris). 

1601  Holland  Pliny  II.  486  Brasse  . .  Made  . .  of  the 
Chalamine  stone,  named  otherwise  Cadmia.  1761  Hume 
Hist.  Eng.  II.  xliv.  501  Oil,  calaminestone,  glasses., 
had  been  appropriated  to  monopolists.  1802  Smithson 
in  Phil.  Trans.  XCIII.  17  The  smallness  of  these  calamine 
crystals. 

Calamint  (kredamint).  Forms:  4-7  cala- 
ment, 5-6  ealamynt(e,  6  -menthe,  7  calaminth, 
8  oalemint,  6-  calamint.  [ME.  calament,  a.  F. 
calament  (14th  c.  in  Littre),  med.L.  calamentum, 
ad.  L.  calaminthe,  a.  Gr.  KaXnfiivBr),  «aAcW0os,  ap- 
plied to  the  same  or  some  similar  plant.  The^  Gr. 
is  explained  from  kclKus  beautiful  +  \iivai),  iiivios 
mint :  but  this  is  perh.  only  popular  etymology. 
The  Eng.  word  was  subsequently  assimilated  to  the 
L.  form,  and  to  mint.~\ 

A  genus  of  aromatic  herbs,  Calamintha  (N.  O. 


CALAMIST. 


24 


CALATHUS. 


[abiat/e),  including  the  Common  Calamint  (C. 
officinalis),  formerly  in  repute  for  its  medicinal 
virtues,  Lesser  Calamint  (C.  Nepeta),  Wood  Cala- 
mint (C.  sylvatica),  and  several  other  species. 

[c\i6$  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  557  Calamentum,  (Anglo- 
Fr.)  calemente.]  131a  Wardrobe  Acc.  16  Edw.  II,  23  Caja- 
ment  4<l"per  lb.  1398  Trevisa  Barth.  De  P.  R.  M  xxxiv. 
(1495)623  Calament  is  an  herbs  like  Mynte.  c  1440  Promp. 
Pan.  58  Calamynt,  herbe,  calamenta,  balsamita.  1551 
Turner  Herbal  1.  (1568)  81  Calamynt .  .is  good  for  them  that 
ar  byten  of  serpentes.  1579  Langham  Card.  Health  (1633) 
112  Calament  drunke  three  dayes,  helpeth  the  Jaundies. 
1S96  Spenser  F.  Q.  hi.  ii.  49  But  th'  aged  nourse  . .  Had 
gathered  rew  . .  and  calamint.  1625  B.  Jonson  Pan's  An- 
nh>.  25  Blue  hare-bells,  pagles,  pansies,  calamjnth.  1688  R. 
Holme  Armoury  11.  108/1  Calamint  is  purplish,  and  of  a 
blush  colour.    1835  Hooker  Brit.  Flora  248. 

tCa  lamist.  Obs.-"  [f.L.fa/a«-K.rreed  +  -IST.] 

1.  1  One  who  plays  upon  a  reed,  a  piper.' 
1656  in  Blount  Glossogr. ;  1678  in  Phillips. 

2.  '  One  hauing  his  haire  turning  vpwards.'  (Cf. 
next.)  1623  in  Cockekam. 

t  Calamrstrate,  ~>-  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  cala- 
mistrdt-us  crisped,  curled,  f.  calamistrum  curling- 
iron  ;  cf.  F.  calamistrer.]  trans.  To  curl,  crisp, 
frizzle  'the  hair).    Hence  Ca  lamistra  tion. 

i6ai  Burton  Anat.  Mel.  m.  ii.  IL  ii.  469  Which  belike 
makes,  .great  women  to  calamistrate  and  curl  it  up.  Ibid. 
lit.  ii.  IS.  lii.  When  those  . .  calamistrations,  ointments,  etc. 
shall  be  added,  they  will  make  the  veriest  dowdy  other- 
wise, a  goddess. 

Calamite  (koe-lamait).  [ad.  mod.L.  generic 
name  calamites,  f.  L.  calamus  reed  ;  see  -ITS.] 

1.  Palocont.  A  fossil  plant,  of  a  genus  or  order 
abundant  in  the  Coal  Measures,  of  which  the  stems 
are  found  in  jointed  fragments,  ribbed  and  furrowed. 
They  are  generally  considered  to  have  been  allied 
to  the  existing  Equisctacae  or  Mare's-tails,but  their 
stem  was  furnished  with  wood  and  bark. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  293/2  Calamites  have  been  found 
with  a  diameter  of  fourteen  inches.  184a  H.  Miller  O.  P. 
Sandst.  vii.  led.  21  175  Some  plant  resembling  a  calamite  of 
the  Coal  Measures.  1873  Dawson  Earth  ^  Man  v.  104 
Calamites,  gigantic  and  overgrown  mares'-tails.  _ 

2.  Min.  A  variety  of  tremolite  (white  horn- 
blende) occurring  in  crystals  sometimes  reed-like. 

i88>  Watts  Diet  X  hem.  III.  1 69  Calamite  is  an  asparagus- 
green  variety  of  tremolite,  found,  .in  Sweden. 

+  3.  '  A  name  given  by  some  to  the  osteocolla 
.  .  others  have  called  some  of  the  fossile  corall- 
oides  by  this  name.'  Obs.     1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp. 

Calamitous  ^kalarmitos),  a.  [ad.  F.  cala- 
miteux,  -cus  (16th  c.  in  I.ittrtS)  ad.  L.  calamit- 
ostts,  contr.  of  calamitdt-dsus  adj.,  from  calami- 
tiit-em  Calamity.  (The  contracted  termination 
has  supplied  an  analogy  for  several  similar 
formations  in  French  and  Eng.:  see-iTous,  -ouh.)] 

1.  Fraught  with  or  causing  calamity;  disastrous, 
distressful;  full  of  distress,  affliction,  or  misery. 

1545  Jove  Exp.  Dan.  vii.  1 R.  t  Here  is  to  be  noted  another 
heuey  thretening  which  precheth  the  calamitous  afflictions 
of  y*  chirche.  1646  Sir  T.  Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  13  That 
calamitous  error  of  the  Jewes,  misapprehending  the  Prophe- 
sies of  their  Messias.  ^  S"J*X  De  Foe  Eng.  Tradesm.  vii. 
(1841)  I.  45  In  former  times,  it  was  a  dismal  and  calamitous 
thing  for  a  tradesman  to  break.  1772  84  Cook  Voy.  (1790) 
VI.  1984  The  late  calamitous  accident.  1839  Thirlwall 
Greece  III.  189  Contests,  in  which  victory  would  be  un- 
profitable, defeat  calamitous. 

+  2.  Of  persons :  Involved  in  calamity,  distress, 
or  afrliction  ;  distressed,  unfortunate,  miserable. 
Obs. 

1668  Act  Present.  <y  Suppress.  Fires  in  I.ond.  2  Fire  .. 
rendring  very  many  of  the  Inhabitants  calamitous.  17*6 
Ayliffe  Parerg.  313  The  Tears  and  Prayers  of  calamitous 
Persons.  175a  Johnson  KambL  No.  190  P  6  Thou  hast 
seen  me  happy  and  calamitous. 

Calamitously  (kalarmitssli),  adv.  [f.  prec. 
4-  -LY  ^.]    III  a  calamitous  manner ;  disastrously. 

1794  Ld.  Auckland  0>rr.(i862l  III.  232  Kvery  subject  in 
which  he  has  borne  a  part,  .has  ended  calamitously. 

Cala'mitousness.  rare.  [f.  as  prec.+-NESS.] 
Calamitous  condition  or  quality. 

1667  H.  More  Div.  Dial.  11.  ix.  1 1713)  114  The  Calamitous, 
ness  of  this  Scene  of  things.  185a  Smith  ■'  5ng.  4-  Fr.  Diet. 
Calamitousness.  .affreuse  misere. 

Calamity  (kalnemiti).  Also  5-6  oalamyte, 
6-7  calamitie.  [a.  F.  calamite,  f.  L.  calamital-em 
(nom.  calamitas),  damage,  disaster,  adversity ;  by 
Latin  writers  associated  with  calamus  straw,  corn- 
stalk, etc.,  in  the  sense  of  damage  to  crops  from 
hail,  mildew,  etc.  But  there  is  difficulty  in  recon- 
ciling this  with  the  force  of  the  suffix,  which  ety- 
mologically  could  give  only  some  such  sense  as 
1  the  quality  of  being  a  calamus,  reed,  or  straw '  (cf. 
civilas,  auctoritas,  bonitas) ;  hence  some  would 
refer  it  to  a  lost  *calamis  '  injured,  damaged ', 
whence  incolumis  '  uninjured,  sound '. 

Bacon  (Sylva  §  6691  thus  fancifully  etymologized  the 
word  '  Another  ill  accident  is  drouth,  at  the  spindling  of 
the  corn,  which  with  us  is  rare,  but  in  hotter  countries  com- 
mon ;  insomuch  as  the  word  calamitas  was  first  derived  from 
calamus,  when  the  corn  could  not  get  out  of  the  stalke.'J 

1.  The  state  or  condition  of  grievous  affliction  or 


adversity  ;  deep  distress,  trouble,  or  misery,  arising 
from  some  adverse  circumstance  or  event. 

1490  Caxton  Eneydos  xxii.  80  He  was  restored  ..  from 
anguisshe  and  calamyte  in  to  right  grete  prosperite.  c  1529 
Wolsey  in  Ellis  Orlg.  Lett.  1.  103  II.  6,  I  shalbe  releuyd 
and  in  this  my  calamyte  holpyn.  IJ53  Eden  Decades  W. 
Ind.  11. 1.  (Arb.)  109  They  fell  from  one  calamitie  into  an 
other,  itta  Shaks.  Rom.  ff  Jul.  111.  iii.  3  Thou  art  wedded 
to  calamitie.  1623  Cockeram,  Calamity,  misery.  1751 
Johnson  Rambl.  No.  203  r  3  So  full  is  the  world  of  calamity, 
that  every  source  of  pleasure  is  polluted.  1754  Richardson 
Grandism  III.  xxx.  352,  I  am  in  calamity,  my  dear.  I 
would  love  you  if  you  were  in  calamity.  1841-44  Emer- 
son Ess.,  Compensation  Wks.  (Bohn)  I.  54  Yet  the  com- 
pensations of  calamity  are  made  apparent  to  the  under- 
standing also,  after  long  intervals  of  time. 

2.  A  grievous  disaster,  an  event  or  circumstance 
causing  loss  or  misery  ;  a  distressing  misfortune. 

i«a  Abp.  Hamilton  Catech.  (1884)  32  Thair  is  na  calamitie 
.  .that  may  chance  to  man  or  woman.  1586  Cogan  Haven 
Health  Ixxv.  (16361  81  A  griefe  of  the  head,  proceeding  of 
a  rheume,  which  is  a  common  calamity  of  Students.  1671 
Milton  Samson  655  The  bearing  well  of  all  calamities. 
1683  BtnUTKT  tr.  More's  Utopia  143  Because  of  any  great 
Calamity  that  may  have  fallen  on  their  Person.  1748  John- 
son /-.  P.  Wks.  1816  X.  325  It  was  not  his  custom  to  look 
out  for  distant  calamities.  1871  Morley  Voltaire  (18861  60 
Voltaire  saw  his  [Newton's]  death  mourned  as  a  public 
calamity. 

t  Ca  lamize,  v.  Obs.-"     [ad.  Gr.  icaka/i{uv 

to  pipe  on  a  reed,  f.  KaXaiios  reed :  see  Calamus.] 
intr.  To  pipe  or  sing.        1656  in  Blount  Glossogr. 

I!  Ca  lamode'ndron.  Balseont.  [f. Gr.  mXainos 
reed  +  iivtpov  tree.]  A  supposed  genus  of  fossil 
treet;  the  fruits  are  found  along  with  calamites, 
■ltd  are  supposed  by  many  to  belong  to  them. 

1873  Dawson  Earth  >,  Man  rt  131  The.  Calamodendron 
or  Reed-tree  ,  had  stems  with  thick  woody  walls. 

Calamury,  variant  of  Calamaby. 

II  Calamus  (ka;-lam/5s).  Also  6  kalmus,  cal- 
mu8.    [a.  L.  calamus,  Gr.  KaAa^os  reed.] 

■fr  1.  A  reed,  a  cane :  vaguely  used  by  early  writers, 
after  Ijitin  or  Greek  authors.  Obs. 

1398  Trevisa  Barth.  Del'.  R.  xvh.  xxix.  <M95*  622  Cala- 
mus is  holowe  wythin  as  a  cane.  Ibid.  xxx.  622  Strawe  is 
called  Calamus  vsualis.  1597  Gerard  Herbal  I.  xlv.  63 
Bastard  or  false  Calamus  grows  naturally  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill.  1601  Holland  Pliny  I.  375  The  shorter  and  thicker 
that  the  reed  is,  the  better  is  the  Calamus.  171a  tr. 
I'omefs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  53  The  true  or  bitter  Calamus  is  a 
Kind  of  Reed. 

2.  Sweet  Calamus,  C.  aromaticus :  a.  some 
eastern  aromatic  plant  or  plants  supposed  by  some 
to  tie  Andropogon  Schcenanthus,  the  Sweet-scented 
I^mon  Grass  of  Malabar)  ;  b.  applied  by  some 
English  herbalists  to  the  native  Sweet  Flag  or 
Sweet  Rush  {Acorus  Calamus). 

1388  Wvclif  Ezek.  xxvii.  19  Dan,  and  Greece,  and  Mosel, 
settiden forth  inthifairis.  .calamus.  1398 Trevisa  Barth.  De 
P.  R.  xv.  lxxiii.  ( 1495I  515  Calamum  smellyth  fujl  swete  of 
yuory.  1535  Coverdale  Jer.  vL  20  Wherfore  bringe  ye  me 
..swete  smellinge  Calamus  from  farre  countrees?  1611 
Bible  Ex.  xxx.  23  Take  thou  ,  of  sweet  calamus  [Coverdale 
Kalmus)  two  hundred  and  fiftie  shekels.  1650  Rawlev  tr. 
Bacon's  Life  tf  Death  45  Broath.  .with,  .a  little  Angellica  • 
Seed,  and  Calamus.  1741  Compl.  Eam.Piece  1.  iv.  243 
Calamus  Aromaticus  3  Ounces,  leaves  of  Wall-Rue  4 
Ounces.  1794  Martvn  Rousseau's  Bot.  xviii.251  Of  plants 
not  ciliaceous  . .  Calamus  Aromaticus  or  Sweet  Rush.  1851 
Longf.  Gold.  Leg.,  Nativity  vi,  Another  goblet  1  ..  Stir 
. .  drops  of  myrrh  And  calamus  therein  I 

3.  A  genus  of  palms  comprising  many  species, 
the  stems  of  which  grow  to  an  extraordinary 
length,  and  form  canes  or  rattans. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  VI.  135/2  Calamus,  .the  species  . .  grow 
in  the  forests,  climbing  over  trees  and  bushes  to  a  greater 
extent  than  any  other  known  plants.  1885  H.  Stanley 
Congo,  The  luxuriant  and  endless  lengths  of  calamus  are 
useful  for  flooring  and  verandah  mats. 

4.  '  A  fistular  stem  without  an  articulation 
(Treas.  Bot.). 

tCa'lamy1.  Obs.  rare.  Also  chaalamy. 
Flarly  form  of  Calami's,  in  sense  1. 

138a  Wyclif  Ex.  xxx.  24  Tak  to  thee  swete  smellynge 
thiugis.  of  chaalamy  [1388  calamy).  —  Jer.  vi.  2oWherto 
to  me  . .  a,ee  bringen  . .  calamy  swote  smcllende  ? 

t  Calamy  2.  Obs.  rare.  [Cf.  Ger.  ka/mei.J 

1756  C.  Lucas  Ess.  Waters  I.  11  l.apis  calaminaris,  or 
cadmia ;  in  our  language  calamine,  calamy,  or  cadmy. 

t  Calander,  -re.  Obs.  [a.  F.  calandre  ( = 
It.  calandra,  Sp.  calandria),  ad.  med.L.  calandra, 
Gr.  KoXaytooi,  all  applied  to  the  same  bird.] 

A  species  of  lark  (Alauda  Calandra)  with  a  body 
thicker  than  that  of  the  sky-lark,  found  in  the 
countries  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

1599  Nashe  Lent.  Stuffe  65  He  was  a  Triton  of  his  time, 
and  a  sweete  singing  calander  to  the  state.  1616  Surfl.  & 
Markh.  Countr.  Farm  726  Concerning  the  nature  of  the 
Calander . .  she  is  hard  to  tame,  if  she  be  not  taken  in  the  nest. 
1803  Rees  Cycl.,  Calandra,  the  calandre  lark. 

Calander,  obs.  form  of  Calender. 

II  Calando  (kalcrndo).  [It.  calando  slackening, 
descending:  cf.  Calade.]  A  musical  direction 
indicating  that  the  tone  is  to  be  gradually  dimin- 
ished, and  the  rate  slackened. 

t  Calandring.  Obs.  [cf.  Calxbdcb  v.  and 
ti*\    A  kind  of  stuff. 


1697  Evelyn  Numism.  viii.  280  Several  sorts  of  Stuffs, 

Calandring  and  Chambletings. 
Calangall,  var.  of  Galingale,  a  plant. 
II  Cala  ngay .  A  kind  of  white  parrot,  a  native 

of  the  Philippine  islands. 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Calangay ..  has  a  crest  of 
white  feathers.    177S  in  Ash  ;  and  in  subseq.  Diets. 

Calange,  obs.  form  of  Challenge. 

Calapash,  Calapee,  var.  Calipash,  Calipee. 

Ca-lapite,  calappite.  [In  Fr.  calapite:  f. 
Malay  calapa,  kalappa,  the  coco-nut.]  A  stony 
concretion  sometimes  found  in  the  coco-nut,  and 
used  as  an  amulet ;  a  vegetable  bezoar. 

Calapyne,  var.  of  Calepine. 

Calash  (kala: -J),  sb.  Also  7  gallesh,  ealleche, 
calesh,  galeche,  7-8  caleche,  9  caleche.  [a.  F. 
caliche,  from  Slavonic :  Boh.  Mesa,  Pol.  kotaska, 
dim.  of  kotasa  '  wheel-carriage  ',  f.  koto  wheel :  cf. 
Russ.  kolaska  calash,  kolesS  wheel.  In  Eng.,  after 
many  eccentricities,  the  word  settled  down  as  ca- 
lash ;  but  the  Fr.  form  caliche  is  frequent  in  modern 
writers  in  reference  to  the  Continent  or  Canada.] 

1.  A  kind  of  light  carriage  with  low  wheels, 
having  a  removable  folding  hood  or  top.  In 
Canada,  a  two-wheeled,  one-seated  vehicle,  usu- 
ally without  a  cover,  with  a  seat  for  the  driver  on 
the  splashboard. 

a.  Form  caliche,  etc. 

1666  I.ond.  Gas.  Na  104/1  The  Pope  . .  taking  the  air  in 
a  rich  Caleche.  1673  Drvden  Marr.  A  la  Mode  (1691)16, 
I  have  been  at  your  Lodgings  in  my  new  Galeche.  16^6 
Etheredge  Man  0/  Mode  ill.  ii.  (18641  3*  Truly  there  is 
a  bell  air  in  Galleshes  as  well  as  men.  1678  Butler  H ud. 
111. 11.  871  Ladies  hurried  in  Calleches,With  Comets  at  their 
Footmens  Breeches.  1681  Dineley  J  ml.  Tour  Irel.ia 
Trans.  Kilkenny  Archmol.  Sac.  Ser.  11.  (1864I  IV.  46  The 
Modell  of  a  Calesh  or  Relune  to  be  drawn  with  one  Horse. 
170a  I.ond.  Gat.  No.  3801/7  A  Cannon  Shot . .  carried  away 
part  of  his  Caleche.  1845  Greslev  Frank's  First  Trip 
to  Continent  24  A  caleche  was  called.  1866  1  horeau 
Yankee  in  Can.  i.  10  The  Canadians,  .were  riding  about  in 
caleches. 

0.  Form  calash. 

1679  R.  M  ansell  Narr.  Popish  Plot  43  Proposing  first  to  go 
in  his  Calash,  and  pass  for  a  French-man.  1711  I .  Fuller 
Med.Gymn.  43The  Motion  [of  a],  .light  Calash,  .at  first  may 
seem  a  little  troublesome,  and  the  Shocks  too  rude.  1849 
Sir  R.  Wilson  ZVi/Vci86a)I.  iii  129  Sleeping  in  the  Calash. 

2.  The  folding  hood  of  such  a  carriage  ;  also,  the 
hood  of  a  bathing  machine,  perambulator,  etc 

185*  A.  Smith  Mr.  Ledbury  I.  xv.  117  The  calash  of  a  . . 
bathing-machine.  , 

3.  A  woman's  hood  made  of  silk,  supported 
with  whalebone  or  cane  hoops,  and  projecting  be- 
yond the  face.    F'ormerly  in  common  use. 

1774  li'estm.  Mat.  II.  352  Chip  hats  or  caUshes.  1791 
Weslev  in  Wks.  11872)  VIII.  307  Give  no  ticket  to  any  that 
wear  calashes.  1848  Thackeray  Km  Fair  xxxix.  That 
lady  in  her  clogs  and  calash.  185a  Hawthorne  Blithed. 
Rom.  II.  xii.  212  Priscilla  wore  . .  a  calash,  which  she  had 
flung  back  from  her  head,  leaving  it  suspended  by  the 
strings.  1867  Mrs.  Gaskell  Cran/ord  118731  5>  \hn*  °* 
four  ladies  in  calashes  met  at  Miss  Barker's  door.  A  calash 
.  is  a  covering  worn  over  caps  not  unlike  the  heads  fastened 
on  old-fashioned  gigs. 

4.  attrib.,  as  111  calash-driver,  -head,  -top. 

I  8m  Edin.  Rev.  XXXVII.  255/4  His  sketch  of  the  calash- 
driver.  1824  Scott  St.  Reman' s  1 1832 1  233  IThe  vehicle)  had 
a  calash  head. 

Cala  sh,  v.  Also  9  callaah.  [f.  prec.  sb.] 
trans.  To  furnish  with  a  calash. 

1807  W.  Irvinc  Salmagundi (lil^i'  We"  callash'd  with- 
out and  well  bolster'd  within. 

Calash,  obs.  form  of  Galosh. 

Calastic,  a.  so  in  Ilurton  for  chalastick,  ad.  Gr. 
XaAao-Ti«ot  laxative. 

1621  Burton  Anat.  Mel.  B.  V.  ill.  i.  (1651)  401  Octavius 
Horatianus.  prescribes calastick Cataplasms ordrypurging 
medicines.  1656  Blount  Glossogr.,Calasticks,  purging  mede- 
cines,  or  oyntments.    1678  Phillips,  Calasticks. 

Calat  a,  var.  of  Cali.et,  Obs.,  drab,  strumpet. 

Calatbian  (kal.T'-bian),  a.  [ad.  L.  calathiana, 
otherwise,  pcrh.  correctly,  calatina  (viola).]  In 
Calathian  Violet,  a  name  transferred  from  Pliny, 
identified  with  a  gentian  ( Gentiana  pneumonanthe). 

1578  Lyte  Dodoens  n.  xxi,  Of  Autumne  Belfloures,  or 
Calathian  Violets  ..  Cordus  calleth  them  Pneumonanthe  : 
and  truly  it  seemeth  to  be  a  certayne  kinde  or  Gentian. 
1601  Holland  Pliny  II.  85  Some  smell  not  at  all,  to  wit, 
the  Calathian  Violet  with  the  small  leafe.  <  1806  R.  St  RTEES 
Poem  in  Taylor  Life  (1852)  301  Our  autumn  fields  are  with 
pale  gentian  set.  And  the  calathian  glowing  violet. 

II  Calathidium.  Bot.  [mod.L;  dim.  f.  L. 
calalhus  (see  below).]  'A  name  for  the  head  of 
flowers  (or  better  for  the  involucre  only)  of  Com- 
positse'  (Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.). 

Calathiform  karlabipim),  a.  Bot.  [mod.  f. 
L.  type  *calathi/omtis  basket -shaped,  f.  calalhus 
basket  (see  below)  +  -formis  -fobm  :  cf.  F.  calathi- 
forme.]    ;See  quot.) 

1880  Gray  Pot.  Text-bk.  400  Calathiform,  cup-shaped; 
of  somewhat  hemispherical  outline. 

HCalathuS  CwUJrffc).  ri.  -i.  [L.:  a.  Gr 
KdAaeos  vase-shaped  basket,  as  seen  on  the  head 
of  Demeter  in  ancient  Greek  statues.] 


CALA  VANCE. 


25 


CALCIFORM. 


1.  An  ancient  basket  (in  sculpture,  etc.). 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  The  calathus  or  work-basket 
of  Minerva,  is  no  less  celebrated  among  the  poets,  than  her 
distaff.  1846  Ellis  Elgin  Marb.  I,  20  On  the  head  is  a 
calathus,  or  basket.  1857  Birch  Anc.  Pottery  I.  (1858)  43. 

2.  Bot.  —  C alathidium ;  'The  head  of  flowers 
borne  by  composites'  (Treas.  Bot.  1866). 

Calavauce  (karliivEens).  ?  Obs.  Forms  :  7 
garvance,  caravance,  8  calla-,  callovance,  call- 
vanse,  kalavansa,  8  eallivancy,  8-  calli-,  cala- 
vance.  [Orig.  garvance,  caravance,  a.  Sp.  garbanzo 
chick-pea,  according  to  Larramendi  ad.  Basque 
garbantzu,  f.  garauseed,  corn  +  antzu  dry.  (Diez 
says  the  question  of  derivation  from  Gr.  tpt&iv&os 
chick-pea  is  not  worth  consideration  ;  though  the 
Pg.  form  ervanco  suggests  connexion  with  the  Gr.) 
Calavance  appears  to  have  come  into  Eng.  through 
some  foreign  lang.  which  changed  r  into  /.] 

A  name  lor  certain  varieties  of  pulse,  as  Dolichos 
barbadcnsis,  D.  sinensis,  etc. 

1620  Cocks's  Viary  II.  311  (Y.)  They  make  their  provition 
in  aboundance.  .garvances,  or  small  peaze  or  beanes.  1767 
Chron.  in  Ann.  Reg.  Orders  of  his  Majesty  in  council 
. .  Importation  into  this  Kingdom  of  oats  . .  peas,  beans, 
tares,  callivancies.  1772-84  Cook  Voy.  (1790)  I.  246  Rice, 
callevances,  and  water-melons.  Ibid.  255  To  bring  away 
the  maize  and  callavances.  1779  FoHHKST  New  Guinea  104 
Abounding  with  kalavansas  (beans',  but  having  no  rice. 
1829  Marryat  E\  Mild/nay  vi,  Salt  fish  and  calavances,  for 
such  was  our  cargo,  c  1880  Sir  J.  Hooker  in  Yule  Gloss. 
s.v.,  When  I  was  in  the  Navy,  haricot  beans  were  in  con- 
stant use  as  a  substitute  for  potatoes,  and,  in  Brazil  and 
elsewhere  were  called  Calavances. 

Calaverite  (kalarverait).  A/in.  [f.  Calaveras  in 
California  (where  first  found)  +  -ite.]  A  tellurid 
of  gold, or  ofgold  and  silver,  bronze-yellow,  massive, 
and  without  crystalline  structure. 

1868  Dana  Min.  795  (Supp.)  Calaverite  is  frequently  as- 
sociated with  petzite.  1874  Proc.  Amcr.  Phil.  Soc.  XIV. 
229  Calaverite  . .  is  associated  with  sylvanite  and  quartz. 

Calaw,  variant  of  Cali.oo. 

Calawey,  var.  of  Calewey,  Obs.,  a  kind  of  pear. 

Calc-  (kcelk).  Min.  and  Geol.  [a.  Ger.  kalk 
lime,  MHG.  kale,  OHG.  chalch  (=OE.  cealc 
Chalk),  WGer.  a.  L.  cale-em  {calx)  lime.  In 
adopting  the  German -term,  English  mineralogists 
have  spelt  it  like  Latin,  and  extended  its  use.] 

Lime :  used  allrib.  or  in  comb.  = '  lime-,  calcareous', 
as  in  Calc -sinter,  -spar,  -tuff;  also  oalc- 
aphanite,  a  calcareous  variety  of  aphanite ;  oalo- 
-sohist,  calcareous  schist,  limestone  shale. 

1875  Dawson  Dawn  0/ Life  iii.  53  Dark  grey  micaceous 
limestone  or  calc-schist.  1879  Rutley  Stud.  Rocks  xiii.  247 
The  calc-aphanite  schist  has  a  schistose  structure. 

II  Calcaire  (kalke'r).  [Fr.  (ad.  L.  calcdrius) ; 
'calcareous',  sb.  in  Geology  'calcareous  stone, 
limestone'.]  In  calcaire  grassier  and  calcaire 
silicieux  (lit.  coarse  and  siliceous  limestone)  the 
French  names  of  two  Middle  Eocene  strata  of  the 
Paris  basin,  used  by  geologists  generally. 

1833  Lveli.  Princ.  Geol.  III.  64  The  yellowish  white 
building-stone  of  Paris,  well  known  by  the  name  of  Cal- 
caire grossier.  1838  —  Elem.  Geol.  (1865)  300  The  calcaire 
siliceux  and  the  calcaire  grossier  occupy  distinct  parts  of 
the  Paris  basin.  1873  Dawson  Earth  Man  x.  247.  1874 
Dawkins  Cave  Hunt.  ii.  26  The  same  may  also  be  said  of 
the  calcaire  grossier  of  the  basin  of  Paris. 

t  Calcane.  Obs.  [see  -ane  2  a.]  Davy's  name 
for  chloride  of  calcium  ;  cf.  bismuthane. 

1812  Sir  H.  Davy  Chent.  Philos.  348  Calcane  consists  of 
31  chlorine  and  19  of  calcium. 

Calcaneal,  Calcanean  (kselkfi-mal,  -an),  a. 

Phys.  [f.  L.  calcdne-um  +  -al,  -an.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  the  heel-bone. 

1847-9  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  <y  Phys.  IV.  770/1  A  superior  and 
inferior  calcaneal  branch  are  generally  observed.  1855 
Owen  Skel.  <y  Teeth  65  There  are  three  calcaneal  processes. 

Hence  Calcaneo-  (-Htdtfi),  combining  form, 
as  in  calcaneo-cuboid,  -scaphoid,  -tibial  adjs. 

1836  39  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  #  Phys.  II.  340  The  strong 
calcaneo-cuboid  ligament.  1842  E.  Wilson  Anat.  lade  M. 
131  The  inferior  calcaneo-scaphoid  ligament  is  a  broad  and 
fibro-cartilaginous  band  of  ligament.  1839-47  Todd  Cycl. 
Anat.     Phys.  III.  452/1  The  calcaneotibial  articulation. 

II  Calcaneum  (kadk^-nzwn).  Phys.  [L.  {os) 
calcdneum,  {.  calc-em  heel.]   The  bone  of  the  heel. 

1751  Chambers  Cycl.  1798  C.  H.  Wilkinson  Ess.  Phys.  » 
Philos.  39  The  Calcaneum  or  hock.  1866  Huxley  Preh. 
Rem.  Caithn.  94  The  whole  length  of  the  limb  from  the 
.  .head  of  the  femur  to  the  under  surface  of  the  calcaneum. 

t  Calcanth.  Obs.    Name  of  a  plant. 

1607  Topsell  Four-/.  Beasts  398  The  fume  of  wall-wort, 
calcanth,  parsely  . .  do  also  kill  mice. 

Caleanth,  -thum,  vitriol ;  see  Chalcanthum. 

Caleanthus,  improper  f.  Chalc-,Caltcanthi's. 

Calcar1  (karlkai).  [ad.  It.  calcara  'a  lime- 
kill  '  (Florio),  '  a  kind  of  oven  or  furnace  to  cal- 
cine vitreous  matter  in '  (Baretti) ;  cf.  L.  calcdria 
lime-kiln,  fern.  sing,  of  calcdrius,  f.  calx,  -cis  lime.] 

1.  In  Glass-making :  '  A  small  furnace,  in  which 
the  first  calcination  is  made  of  sand  and  potash, 
for  the  formation  of  a  frit '  (Ure  s.v.). 

1662  C.  Merret  tr.  Nerts  Art  Glass  19  Mix  &  spread 
them  well  in  the  Calcar,  with  a  rake,  that  they  may  be  well 

Vol.  II. 


I  calcined,  &  continue  this  till  they  begin  to  grow  into  lumps. 
1712  tr.  Potuefs  Hist.  Drugs  I.  104  The  English  call  the 
whole  Quantity,  bak'd  at  a  time  in  the  Calcar,  a  Batch. 
1832  Porter  Porcelain  <y  Gl.  in  Lard  Iter's  Cab.  Cycl.  155 
The  Calcar  is  in  the  form  of  an  oven  about  ten  feet  long, 
seven  feet  wide,  and  two  feet  high.  1875  Ure  Diet.  Arts 
II,  654  A  reverberatory  furnace  or  calcar. 

2.  Metall.  An  annealing  arch  or  oven. 

ii  Calcar  -  (karlkai).  Bot.  [L.  calcar,  calcdri- 
spur,  f.  calc-  heel  +  -dri-  belonging  to  :  see  -All.] 

A  hollow  '  spur '  from  the  base  of  a  petal. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  VI.  138/2  Calcar,  or  spur  in  flowers,  is 
a  hollow  projection  from  the  base  of  a  petal,  and  has  usually 
a  conical  figure.  1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Calcar,  a 
spur;  mostly  used  for  the  nectariferous  one  of  a  calyx  or 
corolla. 

Calcar,  var.  of  Calker  1,  Obs.,  a  diviner. 

Calcarate  (karlkare't),  a.  Bot.  [f.  Calcar2  + 
-ate.]    Furnished  with  a  calcar  or  spur  ;  spurred. 

1830  LtndLEY  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  143  Sepals  4-5,  combined  at 
the  base,  .the  upper  one  calcarate.    1870  BentLEV  Bot.  221. 

CalcareO-  (kselke»-ri|0).  Combining  form  of 
Calcareous,  used  a.  with  adjectives,  as  calcarco- 
argillaceous  (composed  of  clay  with  a  mixture  ol 
lime),  calcarco-magnesian,  -sulphureous,  etc. ;  also 
calcareo  -  coralligcnons,  producing  a  calcareous 
coral ;  b.  with  sbs.  as  calcarco-baritc  (see  quot.) 

1799  Kirwan  Geol.  Ess.  127  Springs  strongly  impregnated 
with  calcareous  or  calcareo-sulphureous  matters.  1830 
Lyf.ll  Princ.  Geol.  I.  204  Calcareo-magnesian  limestone. 
1837  Dana  Min.  118681  617  Calcareobarite  is  a  white 
bante  from  Strontian  containing  . .  6"6  °/  of  lime.  1845 
Darwin  I'oy.  Xat.  iv.  (1873*  75  The  grand  calcareo-argil- 
laceous  deposit.  1846  Dana  /.ooph.  vii.  1 18481  113  Astratidx, 
calcareo-coralligenous. 

Calcareous,  -ions  (kselkeVpas),  a.  [f.  L. 
calcdri-ns  of  lime  (f.  calc-em  +  -drius)  +  -OUS.  The 
spelling  in  -eotts,  which  appeared  about  1790,  is 
erroneous,  influenced  by  words  in  -cous,  from  L. 
-eus.  The  etymological  sense  of  calcar-cous  would 
be  '  of  the  nature  of  a  spur'.] 

Of  the  nature  of  (carbonate  of)  lime;  composed 
of  or  containing  lime  or  lime-stone. 

1677  Plot  Oxfordsh.  52  If.,  the  stones  he  of  the  warm 
calcarious kind.  1774  Goldsm.  Nat.  /list.  IV.  10  An  animal 
or  calcarious  earth,  which  ferments  with  vinegar.  1792  A. 
Young  Trav.  Prance  284  Rich  loams  on  a  calcareous  bottom. 
1802  Bingley  Auim.  Biog.  (1813)  I.  34  Eggs  covered  with  a 
hard,  calcareous  shell.  1854  Woodward  Mollusca  81  The 
calcarious  grit  of  Berkshire.  1878  Huxley  Physiogr.  viii. 
120  If  a  water  he  described  simply  as  calcareous,  it  is 
generally  assumed  that  the  particular  salt  of  lime  which 
it  holds  in  solution  is  the  carbonate. 

b.  Calcareous  earth  —  lime,  chalk  ;  calcareous 
j/o-^Calc-spar  ;  calcareous  tufa = C  a  lc-t  u  ff  . 

1756  Watson  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.IX.  806  Ten  grains  of 
calcarious  earth.  1799  Mitchill  Med.  Geog.  in  Med.  Jrnl. 
I.  255  Chalk,  or  calcareous  earth.  1816  Sir  H.  Davy  in 
Faraday  Exp.  Res.  4  Calcareous  tufas,  .found  in  every  part 
of  Italy.  1817  R.  Jameson  Charac.  Min.  107  Calcareous 
spar,  heavy  spar  afford  examples  of  the  hexahedral  prism. 

Hence  Calcareously  adv.,  Calca  reousness. 

1816  Keatinge  Trav.  E'rauee,  etc.  II.  167  This  bank  ap- 
pears to  be  calcareously  stratified.  1864  Webster  Cal- 
careousness. 

Calcarifei'OUS  ikrelkari'feras),  a.  [properly 
f.  L.  calcar  spur  t  -(i)ferous  ;  cf.  F.  calcarifere  ; 
the  misuse  (as  if  f.  calc-)  in  2  was  app.  due  to 
thoughtless  analysis  of  calc-arious  as  calcar-cous.] 

1.  '  Bearing  spurs'  {Syd.  Soc.  /.ex.). 

2.  catachr.  for  Calciff.rous. 

1853  Tit.  Ross  Humboldt's  Trav.  III.  xxxii.  387  M.  Bous- 
singatllt  ..  calls  the  rock  of  the  Morros  a  'problematic  cal- 
canferous  gneiss'.  1881  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.,  Calcari/crous, 
containing,  or  mingled  with,  lime. 

Calcarifbrm  (kaykarriftum),  a.  [mod.  f.  L. 
calcdri-  spur  +  -  FORM,  or  a.  F.  calcariforme ;  with 
the  same  confusion  of  calcar  with  calc-  as  in  prec] 

a.  '  Shaped  like  a  calcar  or  spur'  (  Treas.  Bot.). 

b.  catachr.  '  Having  a  calcareous,  rhomboidal 
appearance  '  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1881). 

Calcar  ill  e  (karlkarain),  a.  [f.  L.  calcar  spur 
+  -INE.]  Spur-like. 

1871  Huxley  in  Darwin  Desc.  Man  vii.  (18831  205  The 
deep  calcarine  fissure. 

Calcarious,  etymol.  form  of  Calcareous. 

+  Ca"lcary,  a.  Obs.  rare— '.  [ad.  L.  calcdrius : 
see  -ary1.]  =  Calcareous. 

1766  Phil.  Trans.  LVI.  232  The  rocks  below  are  mixed, 
calcary  and  noncalcary. 

+  Ca'lcate,  t>-  Obs.  rare.  [f.  L.  calcdt-  ppl. 
stem  of  calcdre  to  trample  under  foot,  f.  calx  the 
heel.]  trans.  To  trample  or  stamp  under  the  heel. 

1623  Cockeram,  Calcate,  to  stampe.  1657  Tomlinson 
Renou's  Disp.  552  It  should  be  calcated  with  ones  feet. 

Calca'tion.  rare.   [f.  prec. :  see  -ation.] 

Trampling  under  the  heel ;  kicking. 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Calcation,  a  treading  or  stamp, 
ing.  1721  90  in  Bailey.  1822  Black™.  Mag.  XII.  342  Even 
a  few  supernumerary  calcations  would  have  been  overlooked. 

+  Ca-lcatory.  Obs.  rare—1,  [ad.  L.  calcdtd- 
riutn,  f.  calcdre  (see  Calcate).]  A  winepress, 
where  the  grapes  are  trodden. 

.1420  Pallad.  on  Husb.  1.  461  Above  it  [thi  wyne  celar] 
well  the  ealeatory  make,  A  wyne  pitte  the  oon  half  either 
to  take. 


II  Calcavella,  Calcave'llos.    [so  called 

from  Carcavelhos  (karkave-l>'t;s)  in  Portugal.]  A 
sweet  white  wine  brought  from  Lisbon. 

1816  Accum  Chem.  Tests  11818)  190  Various  wines  and 
spirituous  liquors.  .Calcavella. 

Calce,  calce-vive  :  see  Calx. 

t  Ca'lceate,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  calcedtus,  pa.  pple. 
oicalcedre  to  shoe,  f.  calccus  shoe  ;  see-ATE-.] 

Furnished  with  shoes,  shod.  Bathers  Calceate: 
the  'mitigated'  or 'moderate'  Carmelites,  who  do 
not  go  barefoot.    Also  as  sb. 

1669  Woodhead  St.  Teresa  II.  xvii.  117  He  lived  among 
the  Fathers  Calceate  of  the  Rule  relaxed.  Ibid.  n.  xxi. 
137  A  Calceate  Carmelite.  Ibid.  II.  xxvii.  170  To  live., 
apart  from  the  Calceates. 

Ca'lceate,  v.  Obs.  [f.  L.  calcedre :  see  prec.  and 
-ate  '■'>.]  '  To  shooe  or  put  on  shooes  or  socks  ' 
;  Blount  Glossogr.  1656). 

I  lence  Caleeated  ///.  a.  —  Calceate  a. 

1730  6  Bailey,  Caleeated,  shod,  or  fitted  with  Shoos. 
Hence  in  Johnson  and  mod.  Diets. 

Calced  (kaelst),  a.  rare.  [f.  I.,  calc-eus  shoe  + 
-ED2.]    Shod  ;=  Calceate.    (Cf.  Discalced.) 

1884  Addis  &  Arnold  Cath.  Diet.  s.v.  Carmelite,  In  Ire- 
land there  appear  to  be  seven  or  eight  Carmelite  I-'riarics, 
calced  and  discalced. 

Calcedon,  ealcedony,  etc. :  see  Chal-. 

Calceiform  (kx'lsj liffum), a.  Bot.  [mod.  f.  L. 
calccus  shoe-  +  (i)¥Oim  ;  cf.  F.  calcciforme.]  Shaped 
like  a  shoe  or  slipper ;  calceolate. 

1860  Worcester  cites  Gray. 

Calceolaria  (kse:ls»'i</le°Tia,  kselsitf-).  Bot.  [f. 
L.  calccolus  'small  shoe,  slipper',  dim.  of  calccus  + 
botanical  suffix  -aria.']  'Slipper-flower'  or  'slip 
per-wort';  a  genus  of  Scrophulariaccx,  the  flower 
of  whicli  has  some  resemblance  to  a  broad-toed 
slipper.  Native  to  S.  America,  but  cultivated  in 
our  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  the  flower. 

1846  J.  Baxter  Libr.  Preset.  Agric.  I.  324  Cuttings  of 
Calceolarias,  Fuchsias,  Linums,  and  Pelargoniums,  should 
now  be  planted  in  a  shady  border.  1873  MlSS  BroucHTON 
Nancy  II.  35  The  scentless  Hame  of  the  geraniums  and 
calceolarias. 

Calceolate  kseds/iJIif't),  a.  Bot.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ate-.]    Shaped  like  a  slipper. 

1864  in  Webster.  1870  Bentley  Bot.  221  A  slight  modi- 
fication of  the  personate  . .  sometimes  termed  calceolate. 
1872  Oliver  Elem.  Bot.  11.  216. 

Hence  Ca'lceolately  adv. 

1881  Dickson  in  Jrnl.  Bot.  X.  i3t  The  far  side  of  the 
funnel  becomes  calceolatelypouched  to  an  enormous  extent. 

Calces,  pi.  of  Calx. 

1  Calce'sceiice.  Obs.  [f.  L.  calc-  lime,  after 
fluorescence  ;  so  called  because  typically  exhibited 
in  the  lime-light.]  Earlier  term  for  Calorescence. 

1881  Nature XXIV.  66  Akin  gave  the  name  of  calcescence 
to  the  phenomenon  of  the  change  of  non-luminous  heat-rays 
into  luminous  ones  ias  in  lime-light1,  but  the  term  has  been 
superseded  by  Tyndall's  term  calorescence. 

Calcey,  obs.  form  of  Causeway. 

+  Ca'lcia.  Chem.  Obs.  [f.  L.  calc[i )-  lime ;  cf. 
magnesia,  soda,  etc.]    Oxide  of  calcium,  lime. 

1812  Sir  H.  Davy  Chem.  Philos.  346  The  important 
substance  lime  or  calcia. 

Calcic  (karlsik),  a.  Chem.  [f.  Calc-jum  + -tc] 
Of  or  containing  calcium  ;  =  Calcium  allrib. 

1871  Nichols  Fireside  Sc.  275  Calcic  carbonates.  1883 
Nature  1  Feji.  325  Precipitated  calcic  and  magnesic  phos- 
phates. 1884  Harper's  Mag.  Aug.  442/2  [It]  contains  so 
large  a  per  cent,  of  lime  that  it  may  well  be  called  a  calcic- 
sulphur  water. 

Calcidoine,  obs.  form  of  Chalcedony. 

Calciferous  (kselsi'feras\  a.  [f.  L.  calc'i)- 
lime  +  -ferous.  Cf.  F.  calci/irc.]  Yielding  or 
containing  (carbonate  of)  lime.    (Chiefly  Geol.) 

1799  Kirwan  Geol.  Ess.  436  An  effervescent  calciferous 
clay.  1836-9  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  $  Phys.  II.  380/2  This  cal- 
ciferous fluid  forms  a  layer  of  shell.  1876  Page  Adv. 
Text-bk.  Geol.  xvii.  314  Some  beds  of  calciferous  sandstone. 

Calcific  kselsi  fik),  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -FTC.] 
Forming  lime  ;  belonging  to  calcification. 

1861  Bumstead  I'en.  Dis.  (18791  594  Gummatous  tumors 
occasionally  undergo  calcific  degeneration.  1866  A.  Flint 
Princ.  Med.  (1880)  59  We  find  calcific  deposits  in  cheesy 
masses.  1869  Huxley  Phys.  xii.  324  A  deposit  of  calcific 
matter  takes  place. 

Calcification  (kDedsifikt^jan^.  [n.  of  action 
f.  Calcify  (L.  *calcific-dre) ;  see  prec.  and  -ation  ; 
cf.  F.  calcification]  Conversion  into  lime ;  re- 
placement of  other  matter  by  lime ;  the  hardening 
of  a  structure,  tissue,  etc.  by  the  deposit  of  salts 
of  lime,  as  in  the  fonnation  of  teeth,  and  many 
forms  of  'petrifaction'. 

1849-52  Todd  Cycl.  A  fust.    Phys.  IV.  876/1  As  calcification 
of  the  tooth  progresses  towards  its  base.    1854  Woodward 
Mollusca  11. 229  The  shells,  .differ from  Rhynconella chiefly 
in  the  calcification  of  the  oral  supports, 
b.  concr.  vthe  result  of  calcifying.) 

1869  Nicholson  Zool.  xxx.  (1880)  289  A  calcareous  shell 
formed  by  calcifications  within  the  walls  of  the  first  three 
cephalic  segments.  1872  —  Palceont.  88  The  sclerodermic 
coral . .  is  an  actual  calcification  of  part  of  the  tissues  of  the 
polype. 

Calciform  (ksedsif/rm),  a.  [f.  L.  calc(i)-  lime 
a  pebble  +  -form  ;  but  see  also  3.] 

4 


CALCIFY. 


26 


CALCITRATE. 


+  1.  Of  metals:  In  the  state  of  Calx  ;  oxidized. 

178a  Withering  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXX.  333  Iron  in  a  cal- 
ciform  state.  1784  KflHMM  OiA  LXX1V.  t6o  Many  calci- 
form  iron  ores  become  magnetic  by  calcination.  x8ia  Sir 
H.  Davy  Chem.  /'kilns.  47  Thus,  as  the  metals  have  been 
distinguished  by  the  termination  '  um'  as  '  aurum ',  so  their 
calciform  or  oxidated  state  might  have  been  denoted  by  the 
termination  'a'  as  'aura'. 

2.  '  l'ebble-shaped'  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1881). 

3.  [f.  L.  calx  heel.]  *  Having  a  projection  like  a 
heeV  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1881). 

Calcify  (ka-lsifoi  ,  v.  Phys.  [f.  L.calc(i^-  lime 
+  -FY;  on  the  type  of  a  L.  *calci-ftearef  F.  calcific*] 

1.  trans.  To  convert  into  lime;  to  replace  othtr 
matter  by  lime ;  to  harden  by  the  deposit  of  lime. 

1854  Woodward  Mollusca  (1856)  43  Each  layer  was  suc- 
cessively calcified  . .  and  thrown  ofT  by  the  mantle  to  unite 
with  those  previously  formed.  1861  Hilme  tr.  Moquin- 
Tandon  11.  in.  iii.  97  The  stones  are  gradually  dissolved,  and 
serve  to  calcify  and  harden  the  new  skin. 

2.  intr.  To  become  calcified ;  see  prec. 

1859  ).  Tomf.s  Dent.  Surg.  1 1873)  3  The  edges  of  the  front 
teeth  first  assume  their  fuir  dimensions  in  the  form  of  pulp, 
and  then  calcify.  1876  tr.  Wagner's  Pathol.  259  The  fibrin 
calcifies,  becoming  a  fixed,  continuous  stone-like  mass. 

Hence  Ca  lcified  ///.  a.  ;  Ca  lcifying  vbl.  sb. 
and  ///.  a. 

1836  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  <y  Phys.  I.  116/1  The  chorion  of  the 
ova  is  generally  thin  or  coriaceous,  seldom  calcified  or  hard. 
Ibid,  11.  381/2  The  calcifying  fluid  from  which  the  shell  is 
formed.  1875  Blake  /.ool.  233  The  calcifying  processes 
continue  to  deposit  shelly  material.  1880  Glnther  Pishes 
315  Covered  with  calcified  papilla?. 

Calci  genous,  a.  (  hem.  lObs.  [(.  L.  calc(i )- 
in  sense  of  Calx  +  -gen-us  born,  bearing  +  -OU8; 
cf.  ALKAUGKHOUS.]  Producing  a  calx  ;  said  of 
those  metals  which  with  oxygen  form  a  *calx*. 

1854  Scorram  in  Orr*t  Circ.  Sc.  Chem.  434  Metals,  the 
oxides  of  which  were  termed  by  ancient  chemists  caters, 
and  which  are,  therefore,  known  as  the  calcigenous  metals. 
c  1865  J.  Wylde  in  Circ.  Sc.  I.  31 1/1  Three  classes ;  namely, 
Alkaligeneous,  Calcigeneous,  and  Metals  proper, 

Calcigerous  (k&si'dgeras),  a.  [f.  L.  cole  i  '  - 
+  gcr  bearing  +  -ors.]  Holding  or  containing  lime. 

1839  47  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  %  Phys.  III.  847/2  Calcigerous 
cells.  184s  K.  \\  ilson  Anat.  fade  M.  53  True  bone,  cha- 
racterised by  the  existence  of  numerous  calcigerous  cells. 

Calcimangite  tkxlsimx-rjgaitA  Min.  [f.  L. 
calc(jy  lime  +  Mang-anf.hf.  +-ite.]  A  synonym 
of  Spartaite  or  manganiferous  calcite. 

1868  Dana  Min.  678. 

Calcimine  kxlsimin,  -msin\  [f.  L.  catc(i)- 
lime,  with  factitious  ending.]  A  trade  name  given 
to  a  kind  of  white  or  coloured  wash  for  walls. 

1864  Webster  cites  Hart. 

Hence  Ca  lcimine  v.,  to  whitewash ;  Ca'lci- 
mi:ner,  a  whitewashes  or  wall-colourer. 

1885  Advance  t  Chicago)  4  June  361  Yesterday  the  calci- 
miners  invaded  our  dwelling. 

Calcimurite  (ka?lsimiu**reit).  Min.  [f.  L. 
calc{i)-  lime  +  muri-ate  (  —  chlor-ate)  4  -ite.J  '  A 
chloritic  calcareous  earth  1  Craig^  ;  a  blue  or  olive- 
green  earth  of  the  consistency  of  clay. 

Calcixxable  (kcelsai-nab'l),  a.  [f.  Calcine  v. 
+  -  able.]    Capable  of  being  calcined. 

165a  French  Yorksh.  Sfia  ii.  22.  1756  Wright  in  Phil. 
Trans.  XLIX.  675  Marble,  sea-shells,  chalk,  and  other 
calculable  matter.  1769  J.  Keir  Diet.  Chew.  93/1  Ity  lire 
it  [molybdena}  is  calcinable. 

t  Ca  lcinate,  a.  and  sb.  Obs.  [ad.  mcdX.  cal- 
cindtum  (that  which  is")  calcined.] 

A.  adj.  Calcined.  B.  sb.  A  calcined  form 
or  product,  as  calcinate  of  magnesia. 

1610  Makkham  Masterp.  11.  xli.284  Eatc  it  out  either  with 
verdigrease  . .  or  else  with  Mercury  calcinate.  [1685  Boylk 
F.ffects  of Motion  iv.  3^  Nitre  itself  may  without  Tartar  be 
speedily  reduced  to  a  Calcinatum.] 

t  Ca'lcinate,  f .  Obs.  [f.  med.L.  calcinat-  ppl. 
stem  of  catcindrc.']  Calcine. 

1559  Morwvng  Evonym.  319  Sum  put  Tartarum  to  be 
calcinated  in  a  newe  pot  in  a  potters  oven.  1598  Florio, 
Calcinare,  to  calcinate.  1610  Markham  Master^,  it,  lxxix. 
355  Other  Farriers  vse  to  calcinate  Tartar,  and  dissolue  it  in 
water.  1626  Bacon  Sytr-a  $  87  The  Heat  hath  these  de- 
grees;  First,  it  indurateth  and  then  maketh  Fragile;  And 
lastly  it  doth  Incinerate,  and  Calcinate. 

Hence  Calcinated,  Calcinating  ///.  adjs. 

161 1  Cotgr.  ,  Catcinatoire,  calcinatorie,  calcinating.  1615 
Daniel  Queen's  Arcad,  (1717)  185  He  sucks  Out  of  a  little 
hollow  instrument  Of  calcinated  Clay,  the  Smoak  thereof. 
1656  IIlount  Gtossogr.t  Cinnaber,  made  of  calcinated  Sul- 
phur and  Quick-silver. 

Calcination  (kcelsin,7!  Jan),  [n.  of  action  f, 
med.L.  calcinate:  see  Calcine  and  -ation.1 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  calcining  ;  reduction 
by  fire  to  a  g  calx  \  powder,  or  friable  substance ; 
the  subjecting  of  any  infusible  substance  to  a 
roasting  heat. 

e  1386  Chaucer  Chan.  Vem.  Prol.  <y  T.  251  Oure  fourneys 
eek  of  Calcinacion  [v.r.  Calcynacion].  1393  Gower  Con/. 
II.  86  The  point  of  sublimation  And  forth  with  calcination. 
1583  I'lat  Divers  mm  Px/er.  (1594'  22  Wheresoeuer  there 
l>ee  any  stones  that  be  subiect  to  calcination.  1610  II. 
Jonson  Alt  h.  11.  v.  u6i6>  632  Name  the  vexations,  and  the 
martyrizations  Of  mettalls  in  the  worke  ..  Putrefaction, 
Solution,  Ablution,  Sublimation,  Cohobation,  Calcination, 
Ceration,  and  Fixation.    1678  R.  Russell)  tr.  Other  11.  1. 


iv.  xiv.  120  Calcination  is  the  Pulverization  of  a  Thing  by 
Fire.  1831  R.  Knox  Cloqnet's  Anat.  167  Bones  . .  may  1* 
freed  of  the  animal  matter  by  calcination.  1875  Ure  th\  t. 
Arts  I.  573  The  process  of  burning  lime,  to  expel  the  car- 
bonic  acid,  is  one  of  calcination. 

+  b.  Kxtended  to  other  processes  producing 
similar  results ;  or  used  as  synonymous  with  ox- 
idation in  general.  Obs. 

1611  Woodall  Surg.  Mate  Wks.  (1653)  268  Calcination  is 
solution  of  Ixxlies  into  Calx  or  Alcool,  by  desiccation  of  the 
native  humidity,  by  reverberate  ignition,  by  Amalgamation, 
by  Aqua  fortis,  the  Spirit  of  salt  Vitriol,  Sulphur,  or  the 
like.  1641  French  Distill.  L  (1651)  9  Calcination  . .  may 
be  done  two  waies — by  firing,  by  Corosion.  1751  Chambers 
Cycl.  s.v.  1 791  Hamilton  Berthollets  Dyeing  I.  1.  i.  l 
10  According  to  its  degree  of  oxydation  (calcination*.  i8x> 
Imison  Sc.  $  Art  II.  20  The  process  of  combining  a  metal 
with  oxygen  was  called  calcination,  now  oxigenation. 

2.  gen.  A  burning  to  ashes,  complete  combustion. 
1616  Buli.okar,  Calcination,  a  burning,  a  turning  into 

ashes.  17*3  Won.  as  ion  Retig.  Sat.  v.  92  The  earth  reformed 
out  of  its  ashes  and  ruins  after  such  a  calcination.  182a 
Btackto.  Mae;.  XII.  280  Those  burnings  of  bams.. and  the 
general  calcination  which  has  gone  through  the  country. 

3.  A  calcined  condition. 

1830  LffBLL  Princ.  Ceot.  I.  28  Steno  had  compared  the 
fossil  shells  . .  and  traced  the  various  gradations  from  the 
state  of  mere  calcination,  when  their  natural  gluten  only 
was  lost,  to  the  perfect  substitution  of  stony  matter. 

b.  concr.  That  which  has  been  calcined,  a  cal- 
cined product  or  1  calcinate*. 

171a  tr.  Pomet's  Hist.  Drugs  I.  104  Fritt  is.,  a  Calcination 
of  those  Materials  which  mat e  Glass.  17M  Bradley  Fam. 
Diet.  II.  s.v.,  A  quarter  of  an  Ounce  of  thu  Calcination. 

t  Ca'lcinator.  Obs.  [Agent-noun  f.  med.L. 
calcindre.']    One  who  practises  calcination. 

163s  Person  Varieties  1.  42  What  is  your  opinion  concern* 
ing  the  potableness  of  Gold,  after  which,  our  Chymists  . . 
and  Calcinators  . .  make  such  search  and  labour? 

Calcinatory  kxlsinatari,  kaeisi-),  a.  and  sb. 
[f.  med.L.  catcindt-  ppl.  stem  of  calcindre  f  -orv.] 

A.  Oilj.  Serving  for  calcination. 

1611  Cotcr.,  Catcinatoire,  calcinatorie,  calcinating.  1678 
R.  R[issELLltr.  Geberw  i.  273  I^t  the  Calcinatory  Furnace 
be  made  square  in  length  four  foot. 

B.  sb.  A  vessel  used  for  calcination  [  =  calcind - 
torittm  vas"  in  Du  Cange]. 

1730  6  in  Bailey  ;  hence  in  Johnson  and  mod.  Diets. 

1  Calcine,  a.  Obs.  rare-1.  [V  ad.  med.L.  cat* 
cineus,  or  't*calcintts>  f.  calx  lime.]    Of  lime. 

1576  Baker  Gesner's  Jewel  of  Health  206  a,  An  oyle  will 
then  issue,  which  shall  be  named  the  calcine  oyle. 

Calcine  (kfelsain),  v.  Also  4  calcene,  4-5 
calcyne.  [ad.  med.L.  calcinJref  a  term  of  the 
alchemists, '  to  burn  like  lime,  to  reduce  to  Calx  \ 

Prob.  the  med. I.,  word  arose  in  Italy,  where  carina 
'  lime,  quick-lime',  dcriv.  of  I ;  cater,  I ...,/.'..  >..-,  is  cited  by 
Du  Cange  in  a  I-itin  document  of  1215;  Florio  has  also 
ealcinarr  to  burn  lime,  *  to  bum  minerals  to  correct  the 
malignitie  of  them".  The  accentuation  ca'terning  occurs 
in  Chaucer;  calci'ne  is  the  pronunciation  in  Ben  Jonson, 
and  all  the  poets  since;  though  KMM  recent  Dictionaries 
give  ca'leint  either  as  an  alternative  or  sole  pronunciation.] 

1.  To  reduce  to  quick-lime,  or  to  an  analogous 
substance,  by  roasting  or  burning;  'to  burn  in 
the  fire  to  a  calx  or  friable  substance*  J. 

By  the  alchemists  and  early  chemUts  this  was  supposed  to 
be  to  reduce  a  mineral  or  metal  to  its  purest  or  most  refined 
residuum  by  driving  off"  or  consuming  all  the  more  volatile 
and  perishable  constituents  ;  in  reality  it  yielded  in  most 
cases  a  metallic  oxide,  though  sometimes  only  a  finely  com- 
minuted or  sublimed  form  of  a  metal,  or  a  desiccated  form 
of  other  substance. 

-  "386  (see  Calcining  vbl.  sb.\.  c  1460  70  Hk.  Quintessence 
9  The  science  to  brynge  gold  into  calx  . .  in  be  corusiblc  »e 
schal  fyndc  be  gold  calcyned  and  reducid  into  erbe.  1580 
R.  Day  {title)  The  Key  of  Philosophic  . .  howe  to  prepare, 
Calcine,  Sublime,  and  dissolue  all  manner  of  Mineral  Is, 
1601  Holland  I  tiny  II.  599  Fire  burneth  and  calcine! h 
stone,  whereof  is  made  that  mortar  which  bindcth  all  worke 
in  masonry.  1610  B.  Jonson  Alch.  11.  iii.  (1616)624,  *  J*"1 
you  of  his  fece*  there,  calcin'd.  Out  of  that  calx,  I  ha* 
wonne  the  salt  of  Mercvry.  1611  Woodall  Surg,  Mate 
Wks.  (1653)  199  Swines  hoofs  burnt  or  Calcined  till  they  be 
white.  1643  L  Browne  Relig.  Med  1.  f  50,  I  would 
gladly  know  how  Moses  with  an  actual!  fire  calcin'd,  or 
burnt  the  Golden  Calfe  into  powder.  1799  G.  Smith 
Lalk>rat.  I.  77  A  little  nitre  thrown  into  the  crucible,  which 
efTectuallycalcines  the  remaining  regulus  of  antimony.  1822 
Imison  Sc.  4-  Art  II.  318  Take  some  oysters-shells,  calcine 
them,  by  keeping  them  in  a  good  fire  for  about  an  hour. 
183a  Ht.  Martinf.au  Hill  4  Pall.  iv.  57  Mr.  Wallace  ex- 
plained how  the  ironstone,  or  mine  as  it  is  called,  is  calcined 
in  the  kilns.  1874  Knk;ht  Diet.  Meek,  s.v.  Calcimttion, 
Copper  and  other  ores  are  calcined,  to  drive  off  the  sulphur, 
the  sulphurets  being  oxidized  and  sulphuric  acid  being  dis- 
engaged and  volatilized. 

Tt>.  To  subject  to  a  heat  sufficient  to  desiccate 
thoroughly,  destroy  contained  organisms,  etc. 

1880  MacCormac  A  ntisept.  Surg.  105  Schn">der  and  Dusch 
established  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  calcine  air. 

c.  fig.  To  purify  or  refine  by  consuming  the 
grosser  part. 

1634  HahinctoM  Castara  (18701  130  Vet  you  by  a  chaste 
Chimicke  Art,  Calcine  fraile  love  to  pietie.  1648  Karl 
Westmorld.  Otia  Sacra  (1879)  88  The  Crimson  streaks 
belace  the  Damaskt  West,  Calcin'd  by  night,  rise  pure  Gold 
from  the  Fast,  a  1711  Ken  Pre/ar.  Wks.  1721  IV.  159  Vour 
Clay  by  the  last  Fire  calcin'd,  Shall  to  spiritual  be  refin'd. 

2.  gen.  To  bum  to  ashes,  consume. 

1641  M.  Frank  Sew/.  1 16721  225  Though  the  general  con- 
flagration shall  at  last  calcine  these  glorious  structures  into 


ashes.  1646  J.  Hall  Poems  1  Harmlesse  reams  . .  Tobacco 
can  Calcine  them  soon  to  dust.  1855  Costello  Stor.  Screen 
77  His  body  was  found  on  the  stone  floor  of  his  dormitory 
calcined  to  a  cinder.  188a  Farrar  Parly  Chr.  I.  214  Cal- 
cining the  cities  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah. 

1633  G.  Herbert  Temple,  Easter  \,  As  his  death  calcined 
thee  to  dust,  c  1650  Denhau  Progr.  Learning  \.  157  Fiery- 
dispute*  that  union  have  calcined.  1879  Farrar  St.  Paul 
I.  19  There  are  souls  in  which  the  burning  heat  of  some 
transfusing  purpose  calcines  every  other  thought. 

3.  intr.  To  suffer  calcination. 

1704  Newton  Opticks  (J.)  This  crystal  is  a  pellucid  fissile 
stone,  .enduring  a  red  heat  without  losing  its  transparency, 
and,  in  a  very  strong  heat,  calcining  without  fusion.  1771 
Hamilton  in  Phil.  'Praxis.  I  \  1.  ;  ,  Its  cone  in  many  part-, 
has  been  calcined,  and  is  still  calcining,  by  the  hot  vapours. 
1861  A.  B.  Hope  Eng.Cathrdr.  vi.  226  The  drawback  of  these 
stones  {clunch  and  chalk]  is.  .that  under  fire  they  calcine. 

Calcined  [kidiarnd).  [f.  Calouti  v.+-n»t.] 

Reduced  to  dry  jx>wder  or  ash  by  burning  ;  sub- 
jected to  the  thorough  action  of  fire  ;  purged  by 
fire. 

1583  Plat  Divers  neiv  E xprr.  ( r  594 1  37  Weigh  out  of  this 
calcined  coppresse  one  part.     1605  TlMldl  Qurrstt.  11.  t 
1   105  Salts  may  be  extracted  out  of  all  calcined  metalK.  1732 
1   Ariu  thnot  Rules  of  Dirt  264  Calcin'd  Hartshorn,  which 
I  has  something  of  this  Quality.    1810  Henry  Elem.  Chem. 
I  (18261 1. 619  Pure  magnesia,  .is. .  prepared  by  the  calcination 
of  the  carbonate,  and  hence  its  name  of  calcined  magnesia. 
1870  Tyndall  Fragm.  Sc.  led.  31  xi.  301  When  a  decoction 
of  meat  is  effectually  screened  from  ordinary  air,  and  sup- 
plied solely  with  calcined  air,  putrefaction  never  sets  in. 
1876  Roltleuce  Discav.  28  The  calcined  ore  is  then  ready 
for  the  blast  furnace. 

tCalci  neous,  Obs.  rare-1,  fa.  med.L.  cal- 
cine-us  (f.  calx  limeN  +  -otm.]  Of  the  nature  id 
ijuick-lime  ;  caustic. 

1660  tr.  Paracelsus  Archidoxis  1.  vi.  86  How  acute  or 
Calcineous  soever  it  be  . .  lis  by  that  acuity  alone  that  it 
Operates. 

Calciner  karls^rnoi  .   [f.  Calcine  v.  +  -n 
1.  One  who  calcines. 

rMoTTEL  X  Rabelais  rv.  xxix,  A  Calciner  of  Ashes. 
\n  apparatus  for  calcining ;  spec,  a  kiln  or 
furnace  for  roasting  ore. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  502/1  The  charge  of  ore  usually 
put  into  the  calciner  weighs  about  three  . .  tons.  1870  F.n,-. 
Afech.  2t  Jan.  447/3  There  are  two  calciners  in  use  [in  roast- 
ing copper  ore),  one  of  them  known  as  an  'open',  and  the 
other  as  a  '  Mind'  calciner.  1879  Eneycl.  Brit.  IX.  842. 
Calcining  i^k.-elsai  nirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  CAU8K1  I 
+  -IKG1.]  The  process  of  reducing  to  a  calx, 
burning  to  ashes,  or  subjecting  to  a  roasting  heat. 

*  13B6  Ch  alxer  Chan.  Vem.  Prol.  4  T.  218  The  care  and 
wo  That  we  hadden  in  oure  matires  sublymyng  And  in  al- 
malgamyng  and  calceniyng  Of  quyk  siluer.  1601  Holland 
Pliny,  Ex/t.  H'ds.  of  Art,  Calcining,  the  burning  of  a 
ininerall,  or  any  thing,  for  to  correct  the  malignitie  of  it,  or 
reduce  it  into  pouder.  1641  French  Distill.  1.11651)9  Cor- 
rosion is  the  Calcining  of  bodies  hy  corrosive  things.  1861 
W.  Fairbairn  Addr.  Brit.  Assoc.,  The  different  processes, 
from  the  calcining  of  the  ore  to  the  production  of  the  bar. 

attrih.    1 66a  Merrett  Serfs  Art  of  Class  \\,  The  Calrar 
is  a  kind  of  calcining  furnace.    1S75  Urf.  Diet.  Arts  I.  914 
The  Calcining  Furnace  rests  upon  a  vault.  1876  Koctledoe 
I   Discov.  28  Large  calcining  kilns. 

Calcining  (ktelsai  nin  \  fpl.a,  [f.  as  prec. + 
-ing  2.]    That  calcines. 

1644-58  Cleveland  Gen.  Poems  (1677)  15  No  more  of  your 
calcining  Flame.    1757  Dyer  Fleece  (l 807 j  97  Dissolving 
water's,  and  calcining  sun's  and  thieving  air's  attacks. 
Calcinitre,  synonym  of  NiTKocAi.cm:. 
tCa'lcinize,      Obs.  [see  -izk.]  =  (\u.<  ink  :■. 
1607  Sylvf.stkr  />m  Bartas  11.  iv.  i.  (16231  417  Gods  dread 
wrath,  which  quick  doth  calcinize  The  marble  Mountains. 
1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Calcimine,  to  burn  to  ashes,  to 
reduce  metals  to  powder  by  the  fire,  to  refine. 

Calcio-  kwlsitf-),  a  combining  form  of  Cal- 
Cii'M,  usetl  in  names  of  minerals :  as  calcio-cele - 
stite,  a  variety  of  Cei  khtitk  containing  much 
lime ;  calcio-fe'rrite,  a  hydrous  phosphate  of 
calcium  and  iron,  occurring  as  a  sulphur-yellow 
mineral  (Dana). 
Calcite  (kae-lsait).  A/in.  [mod.  (Ilaidingtr 
1845  ca/cit)  f.  L.  cale -em  Iime  +  -ITE,  q.v.]  The 
native  crystallized  rhombohedral  anhydrous  car- 
l>onate  of  lime  calcium  carbonate),  which  exists  in 
an  immense  variety  of  forms  :  calc-spar,  calcareous 
spar.  Taken  by  Dana  as  the  type  of  the  Calcite 
Group  of  anhydrous  carbonates.    Also  attrib. 

1849  Mi  kchison  SUuria  Apn.  547  A  change  into  crystal- 
line calcite.  1874  Dawkins  Cave  Hunt.  ii.  64  Lined  with 
glittering  crystals  of  calcite.  1878  Bates  Centr.  Amer.  vi. 
81  Brown  and  black  blende  in  quartz  and  calcite  seams. 

Calcitrant,      rare,    pedantic.)  [ad.  L.  cal- 
citrant-em, kicking:  see  next.]     Kicking;  that 
'kicks'  at  any  restriction.    Cf.  Recalcitrant. 
1866  Lend.  Rev.  8  Dec.  621 A  calcitrant  son  of  Cambridge. 
Calcitrate  ^karlsitr^O,  v.  [f.  L.  ealcitrat- 
'  ppl.  stem  of  calcitrd-re  to  strike  with  the  heels, 
I  kick,  f.  calc-em  heel ;  cf.  obs.  F.  calcitrer  (Cotgr.).] 
trans,  and  intr.  To  kick. 

1623  Cockeham.  Calcitrate,  to  kicke,  or  wince.  1668 
Wilkins  Real  Char.  179  Calcitrate,  kick.  1708  Mottei  x 
Rabelais  iv.  xiii.  "737^  54  '  he  FiUy.  began  to  spurn  it,  to 
calcitrate  it.  183a  Eraser's  Mag.  V.  243  They  erect  an 
idol.,  which  the  succeeding  generation';,  each  for  itself, 
calcitrates  and  heels  over. 


CALCITRATION. 


:>7 


CALCULATOR. 


Calcitration  (kaelsitrcijan).  [n.  of  action  f. 
prec. :  see  -ATIOK.]    Kicking,  lit.  and  fig. 

1652  A.  Ross  A  nana  Microc.  52  The  birth  of  a  child  is 
caused  partly  by  its  calcitration.  1702  C.  Mather  Magn. 
Clir.  ill.  in.  iii.  (1852)  537.  1866  G.  Macdonald.  Ann.  Q. 
Neigh,  x.  (1878)  181  There  were  signs  of  calcitration  in  the 
churchwarden,  when  he  perceived  whither  I  was  leading  him. 

Calcium  (karlsiita).  Chem.    [f.  (by  Sir  H. 

Davy)  L.  calx,  calcif)-  lime,  on  the  type  of  other 
names  of  metals  in  -UM,  -ium.] 

1.  A  chemical  element,  one  of  the  '  metals  of  the 
alkaline  earths',  being  the  basis  of  lime;  though 
one  of  the  most  widely  diffused  of  elements,  it  is 
found  in  nature  only  in  composition,  and  was  first 
separated  by  Davy  in  1808,  as  a  light  yellow 
metal,  ductile  and  malleable,  about  as  hard  as 
gold,  which  rapidly  oxidizes  in  air  containing 
moisture,  and  forms  'quick-lime'.    Symbol  Ca. 

1808  Sir  H.  Davy  in  Phil.  Trans.  XCVIl'l.  346,  I  shall 
venture  to  denominate  the  metals  from  the  alkaline  earths 
barium,  strontium,  calcium,  and  magnium.  1815  W.  Phillii-s 
OutL  Mill,  ,y  Geol.  (ed.  3>  25  Lime  has  been  proved  by  Sir 
H.  Davy. .  to  be  a  metallic  oxide,  consisting  of  28  per  cent, 
of  oxygen  and  72  of  calcium.  1878  Huxley  Physiogr.  81 
A  solid  carbonate  of  calcium  . .  more  commonly  termed 
carbonate  of  lime.  1881  Lockyer  in  Nature  No.  614.  321/2 
Those  short  common  lines  of  calcium  which  for  years  past 
we  had  watched  coming  out  of  the  salts  of  calcium  when 
decomposition  was  taking  place. 

2.  attrib.  =  Calcic  ;  as  in  calcium  compounds, 
salts,  etc. ;  esp.  calcium  carbonate,  CaCOs ,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  or  limestone,  and  arragonite;  cal- 
cium chloride,  Ca  Cl3,  chloride  of  lime,  bleach- 
ing powder;  calcium  fluoride,  Ca  FI2,  fluor 
spar ;  calcium  light,  the  lime-light ;  calcium 
oxide,  Ca  O,  quick-lime  ;  calcium  phosphate 
Ca3  (PO,)2,  phosphate  of  lime,  the  chief  constituent 
of  bone-ash  ;  calcium  silicate,  Ca  Si  03,  found 
crystallized  in  tabular  spar,  etc. ;  calcium  sul- 
phate, Ca  SO  4,  found  crystallized  as  Gypsum. 

1864  .  Daily  Tel.  4  Oct.,  A  blinding  ray  from  a  calcium 
light  apparatus.  1869  Roscoe  Elem.  Chem.  154  When  bones 
are  burnt,  a  white  solid  mass  is  left  behind ;  this  is  called 
Calcium  Phosphate.  1872  Daily  Neios  7  Nov.,  Calcium 
lights  shone  on  smiling  multitudes.  1873  Fownes  Chem. 
364  Calcium  Carbonate  is  always  precipitated. 

Calco-  (karlko),  combining  form  of  L.  ceUc-em 
lime  [not  formed  on  L.  analogies,  which  give  calci-, 
but  after  Gr.  words]  in  various  technical  terms. 

1876  Tomes  Dental  Anat.  139  The  '  calcospherites,'  by 
which  name  he  designated  the  globular  forms  seen  and  de- 
scribed by  Ramie,  Ibid.  140  For  this  modified  albumen  he 
proposes  the  name  of '  calcoglobulin '.  _  1882  Dana  .1/ in.  App. 
Hi.  20  Caleozineite .  .a  mixture  of  zinciteand  calcite. 

Caleography,  improper  spelling  of  Chalc-. 
+  Ca  lcops.  Obs.    A  kind  of  fish. 
1727  A.  Hamilton  New  Ace.  E.  Intl.  II.  xxxiii.  11  Fish- 
ponds to  serve  his  Kitchin  with  Carp,  Calcops  and  Mullet. 

Calcour,  var.  of  Calkeb,  Obs.,  a  diviner. 

Calc-sinter  (karikisuntoi).  Min.  [ad.  Ger. 
kalk-sintcr,  f.  kalk  lime  (a.  L.  calc-em ;  see  Calc-) 
+  sinter  slag.]  A  hard  crystalline  deposit  from 
springs  which  hold  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution. 

1823  W.  Buckland  Reliq.  Diluv.  115  Firmly  cemented 
together  by  stalagmitic  infiltrations  of  calc-sinter.  1830 
Lyell  Princ.  Gec-l.  I.  200  One  of  these  springs .  .has  formed, 
by  its  incrustations,  an  elevated  mound  of  solid  travertin, 
or  calc-sinter.  1850  Leitcii  Midler's  Anc.  Art  §  268.  300 
In  Greece  . .  tufa  and  calc-sinter  . .  were  also  employed. 

Calc -Spar  vkse'lk|Spau).  Min.  [see  Calc-.] 
Calcareous  spar  or  rhombohedral  crystallized 
carbonate  of  lime. 

1822  Mrs.  Lowry  Convert,  Min.  II.  28  Most  of  the  fine 
calcspar  of  Derbyshire  is  of  a  deep  topaz  yellow  colour. 
1850  Daubeny  Atom.  The.  viii.  (ed.  2)  267  Why  ..do  the 
particles  of  carbonate  of  lime,  assume  sometimes  the  form 
of  calc-spar,  sometimes  of  arragonite? 

Calc-tuff  (karlkityf).  Min.  [see  Calc-.]  A 
porous  deposit  of  carbonate  of  lime,  formed  by  the 
waters  of  calcareous  springs  ;  calcareous  tufa. 

1822  Mrs.  Lowry  Confers.  Min.  II.  265  Acidiferous 
Earthy  Minerals  . .  Calc-tuff.  1857  Page  Adv.  Text-bk. 
Geol.  xx. (1876)420  Calc-luff  . .  is  an  open,  porous, and  some- 
what earthy  deposition  of  carbonate  of  lime  from  calcareous 
springs.  1863  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  I.  722  Calctuff,  an  allu- 
vial form  of  carbonate  of  calcium. 

Calculability  (ksedkirflabWiti).  [f.  next :  see 
-ity.]    The  quality  of  being  calculable. 

1873  B.  Stewart  Conserv.  Force  vi.  158  The  characteristic 
of  all  such  [machines]  is  their  calculability. 

Calculable  (kaj'lkWlab'l),  a.  [f.  L.  calculd-re 
or  F.  calcul-er  to  calculate  :  see  -able,  -ble.  So 
mod.F.  calculable.']  Capable  of  being  calculated  ; 
that  may  be  reckoned,  measured,  or  computed. 

11734  North  Lives  II.  182  Eclipses  .  .  being  regular  and 
calculable.  1809-10  Coleridge  Friend(lB6s)  103  Incapable 
of  producing  any  regular,  continuous,  and  calculable  effect. 
1829  I.  Taylor  Enthus.  vi.  (1867)  113  The  connexion  of 
physical  causes  and  effects  is  known  and  calculable.  1865 
Sat.  Rev.  25  Mar.  332/2  There  is  always  a  calculable  risk  of 
a  vacancy. 

b.  Of  a  person  :  Such  that  his  action  in  given 
circumstances  can  be  reckoned  upon  and  estimated. 

1865  Pall  Matt  G.  t  May  2  He  is  the  least  consistent,  re- 
liable, and  calculable  of  public  men.    1876  Geo.  Eliot 


Dan.  Der.  222  He  was  exactly  the  mall  to  feel  the  utmost 
piquancy  in  a  girl  whom  he  had  not  found  quite  calculable. 

Calcular  (kadkirflai),  a.  Math.  [?  f.  Calcul- 
us +  -AS*.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  a  calculus. 

1831  Brewster  Newton  (1855)  II.  xiv.  9  The  rules. are  . . 
extricated  from  algebraical  process,  and  presented  in  cal- 
cular form. 

t  Ca'lculary,  sb.  ?  Obs.  [same  deriv.  as  next.] 
Grew's  name  for  a  'congeries  of  little  stony  knots  ' 
in  a  pear. 

1674  Grew  Anat.  Plants  vi.  §  3  The  Calculary  imost  ob- 
servable in  rough-tasted,  or  Chouk. Pears'  is  a  Congeries  of 
little  stony  Knots.  1677  —  Anal.  Fruits  ii.  §  6  Tartareous 
Grains  . .  in  some  Pears  . .  almost  as  hard  as  a  Plum-stone  ; 
which  I  have  thereupon  named  the  Calculary.  1753 
Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.,  The  calculary  is  no  vital,  or 
essential  part  of  the  fruit.  1832  Smith  Fug.  tj  Fr.  Diet., 
Calculary, Pierre. 

Calculary  (karlkirflari),  a.  Med.  [ad.  L.  cal- 
culdrius,  f.  calculus  stone :  see  -amy.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  calculus  ;  gravelly. 

1660  Galtjen  Bp.  Brovmrigg  218  Motion  was  tedious. .  to 
him,  by  reason  of  his  calculary  infirmity  and  corpulency. 

+  Calculate,  sb.  Obs.  [f.  L.  calculdre  to  reckon  : 
see  next.    Cf.  estimate  sb.,  and  see  -ate  1,  -.] 

A  calculation,  reckoning,  estimate. 

1695  E.  Bernard  Voy.fr.  Aleppo  in  Misc.  Cur.  11708'  III. 
99  By  a  moderate  Calculate  there  could  not  have  been  less 
at  first  than  560.  1700  Rycaut  Hist.  Turks  III.  432  An 
Exact  aifd  Secret  Calculate  was  made  of  the  true  Number. 
a  1734  North  Exam,  m  viii.  p  26.  602  Nor  were  these 
Brothers  mistaken  in  their  Calculate. 

Calculate  (kse-lki^t),  v.1  [f.  I.,  calculdl- 
ppl.  slem  of  calculd-re  to  count,  reckon,  f.  calculus 
a  stone  (see  CalculusI.  Cf.  It.  calcolare,  Sp.,Pg. 
calcular,  F.  cakuler.  An  early  form  of  the  pa. 
pple.  was  calculat,  -ate,  ad.  L.  calcu/dl-us.'] 

1.  trans.  To  estimate  or  determine  by  arithme- 
tical or  mathematical  reckoning ;  to  compute, 
reckon. 

1570  Dee  Math.  Pre/.  42  Hable  to  Calculate  the  Planetes 
places  for  all  tymes.  1656  tr.  Holies'  Elem.  /'kilos.  (18391 
92  When  we  calculate  the  magnitude  and  motions  of  heaven 
or  earth.  1671  True  Non-Con/.  152  About  165  years,  before 
the  Councel  . .  is  the  highest  period  from  whence  they  can 
be  calculat.  1833  Ht.  Martineau  Mauck.  Strike  iii.  35  The 
men  looked  at  the  ground,  and  calculated  how  much  digging 
and  other  work  there  would  be,  i860  Tyndall  Gtac.  11.  §  1. 
223  Bradley  was  able  to  calculate  the  velocity  of  light. 

b.  absol.  To  perform  calculations,  to  form  an 
estimate. 

1601  Shaks.  Jul.  C.  1.  iii.  65  Why  Old  men,  Fooles,  and 
Children  calculate.  1613  R.  C.  Table  Alph.  (ed.  3)  Calcu- 
late,  cast  a  count,  reckon.  1789  T.  Jefferson  Writ.  (1859) 
III.  35  As  yet,  no  vote  has  been  given  which  will  enable 
us  to  calculate,  on  certain  ground. 

2.  ellipt.  To  ascertain  beforehand  the  time  or 
circumstances  of  (an  event,  e.  g.  an  eclipse,  a  nativity) 
by  astrology  or  mathematics. 

1593  Shaks.  2  Hen.  VI,  iv.  i.  34  A  cunning  man  did  cal- 
culate my  birth  And  told  me  that  by  Water  I  should  dye. 
1667  Milton  P.  L.  vm.  80  When  they  come  to  model  Heav'n 
And  calculate  the  Starrs.  1837  De  Quincey  China  10  To 
calculate  a  lunar  eclipse. 

t  3.  To  reckon  in,  count,  include.  Obs. 

1643  Sober  Sadness  32  [He]  must  have  been  calculated  in 
the  Black-bill,  if  he  had  not  taken  himselfe  off. 

4.  To  plan  or  devise  with  forethought ;  to  think, 
out ;  to  frame,  arch. 

1654  G.  Goddard  in  httrod.  to  Burton's  Diary  (18281  I. 
30  For  the  indenture,  that  was  calculated  at  Court.  1672 
Grew  Idea  Hist.  Plants  §  3  That  . .  is  a  Thought  not  well 
Calculated.  X708  Swift  Sentiments  Ck.  Eng.  Man  Wks. 
1755  II.  1.  68  He  doth  not  think  the  church  of  England  so 
narrowly  calculated,  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular 
species  of  government.  1820  Hoyle's  Games  Intpr.  171  Each 
[player]  calculates  his  game  without  inspecting  the  tricks. 
1856  Emerson  Eng.  Traits,  Character  Wks.  iBohn)  II.  61 
The  English  did  not  calculate  the  conquest  of  the  Indies. 
It  fell  to  their  character. 

5.  To  arrange,  design,  prepare,  adjust,  adapt, 
or  fit  for  a  purpose.  Const,  for,  or  inf.  with  to; 
now  only  in  passive. 

1639  Fuller  Holy  War  11.  iii.  (1840)  51  This  vision,  though 
calculated  for  this  one  bishop,  did  generally  serve  for  all  the 
nonresidents.  1691  T.  H[ale]  A  a .  New  Invent.  16  Voyages 
all  calculated  for  the  proving  her  against  the  Worm.  1727 
Swift  Modest  Prop.  Wks.  1755  II.  11.  66,  I  calculate  my 
remedy  for  this  ..  kingdom  of  Ireland,  and  for  no  other. 
1732  Berkeley  Sermon  to  S.  P.  G.  Wks.  III.  250  The 
Christian  religion  was  calculated  for  the  bulk  of  mankind. 
1816  Scott  Antiq.  i,  The  coach  was  calculated  to  carry  six 
regular  passengers.  1848  Thiklwall  Rem.  (1877)  1. 137  The 
college  is  calculated  for  the  reception  of  sixty  students. 

b.  In  the  pa.  pple.  the  notion  of  design  gradually 
disappears,  leaving  merely  the  sense  '  suited ' :  see 
Calculated  below.  (Cf.  the  similar  history  of 
apt,  fit,  adapted,  fitted.) 

6.  intr.  To  reckon  or  count  upon  or  on. 

1807  Southey  Life  (1850)  III.  109  All  those  may  almost  be 
calculated  upon.  1829  I.  Taylor  Enthus.  vi.  (1867)  114 
Security  in  calculating  upon  the  future..  1873  Tristram 
Moab  viii.  150  We  had  calculated  on  a  quiet  Sunday. 

7.  U.S.  colloq.  To  think.opine,  suppose, ' reckon ' ; 
to  intend,  purpose. 

1830  Galt  Lawrie  T.  n.  v.  1 1849>  56,  I  calculate,  that  ain't 
no  thing  to  make  nobody  afeard.  1833  MarRyat  Peter  S. 
x!iv.  [American  speaking]  1  Well,  captain,'  said  he, '  so  you 
met  with  a  squall'/'    '  I  calculate  not.'    1837  Haliburton 


Cloekm.  I.  291,  I  calculate  you  couldn't  fault  it  in  no  par- 
ticular. 1859  Knickerbocker  Mag.  XVII.  (Bartlett),  Mr. 
Crane  requested  those  persons  who  calculated  to  join  the 
singin'  school  to  come  forward. 

t  Calculate,  v.-  Obs.  [f.  L.  calculus  stone, 
pebble  ;  cf.  coagulate,  etc.]  intr.  To  form  stone 
in  the  bladder.    Hence  Calculating  ///.  a. 

1607  Toisell  Four-/.  Beasts  197  The  same,  .with  Parsley 
drunk  in  Wine  . .  dissolveth  the  stone  in  the  bladder,  and 
preventeth  all  such  calculating  gravel  in  lime  to  come. 

Calculated  (kse'lkitfleited),  pa.  pple.  Scppl.  a. 
[f.  Calculate  v.  1  +  -ed  1 .] 

1.  Reckoned,  estimated,  devised  with  forethought. 
1863  Geo.  Eliot  Romola  111.  xxvi.  (1880)  II.  266  When  he 

did  speak  it  was  with  a  calculated  caution. 

2.  Fitted,  suited,  fit,  apt ;  of  a  nature  or  character 
proper  or  likely  to. 

1722  De  Foe  Col.  Jack  (18401  286  The  state  of  life  that  I 
was  now  in  was.  -  perfectly  calculated  to  make  a  man  com- 
pletely happy.    1793  W.  Roheris  Looker-on  (1794)  No.  52 

II.  273  These  interlopers  . .  acted  in  a  manner  that  was  cal- 
culated to  bring  scandal  upon  the  profession.  1795  Southey 
Life  1 1849}  I.  256  Never  had  man  so  many  relations  so  little 
calculated  to  inspire  confidence.  1864  Mansel  Lett,,  etc. 
(18731  298  These  transparent  disguises  were  not  calculated, 
and,  probably,  were  not  intended,  to  deceive.  1868  Glad- 
stone Juv.  Muntlix.  (18701  3  A  circumstance  calculated  to 
excite  strong  suspicion.  1879  in  CasseHs  Techn.  Educ.  IV. 
76/2  Ireland  is  ..  well  calculated  for  the  successful  prose- 
cution of  ostreoculture. 

Calculating  karlkirfle'tirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -ING  1 .]  The  action  of  the  vb.  Calculate  ; 
calculation :  chiefly  attrib.,  as  in  calculating-engine, 
-machine,  -machinery,  etc. 

1710  Brit.  Apollo  III.  66  His  Trigonometry  for  the  Cal- 
culating of  Sines,  Tangents,  etc.  1833  Brewster. Nat.  Magic 
xi.  292  The  greater  part  of  the  calculating-machinery.  1878 
Tait  &  Stewart  Unseen  Univ.  ii.  §  80.  90  Charles  Babbage, 
the  designer  of  the  well-known  calculating  engine. 

Calculating  (ka."lki/?kithj  ),ppl.a'.  [f.  as  prec. 
+  -ING2.]  That  calculates  ;  csp.  that  shrewdly  or 
selfishly  reckons  the  chances  of  gain  or  advantage. 

1809-12  Mar.  EdgewoRTH  Absentee  i.\,  He  was  calculating 
and  mercenary.  1828  Scon  /■'.  M.  Perth  xxxii,  It  had 
been  resolved,  with  the  most  calculating  cruelty.  1841 
Miall  in  Nonconf.  I.  145  Men  of  a  hardier,  more  sincere, 
less  calculating  religion. 

Hence  Calculatingly  adv. 

1855  Mrs.  Whitney Gaywortliyti.dSjg) 7  Huldah  Brown 
looked  calculatingly  upon  the  gathered  material. 

+  Calculating,  a?  Obs.  See  Calcu- 
late v.- 

Calculation  (k2elki/?L7'jbn).  Also  4  ealcu- 
laeioun.  [a.  F.  calculation,  ad.  L.  calculation-cm, 
f.  calculdre  to  reckon,  Calculate.    See  -ation.] 

1.  The  action  or  process  of  reckoning ;  computa- 
tion. 

1393  Gower  Con/.  II.  230  A  great  magicien  Shuttle  of  his 
calculation,  Seche  of  constellation,  How  they  the  citee 
mighten  gette.  Ibid.  III.  46  Hemaketh  his  calculations,  He 
maketh  his  demonstrations,  c  1400  Maundev.  236  The 
Philosophres  comen,  and  seyn  here  avys  aftre  her  calcula- 
ciouns.  1614  Raleigh  Hist.  World  in.  xxv.  (R.)  One  Bar- 
tholomew Scullel.  .hath  by  calculation  found  the  very  day. 
'757  Johnson  Rambl.  No.  154  f  5  No  estimate  is  more  in 
danger  of  erroneous  calculations.   1875  Jowett  Plato  (ed.  21 

III.  412  All  arithmetic  and  calculation  have  to  do  with 
number. 

2.  concr.  The  form  in  which  reckoning  is  made  ; 
its  product  or  result. 

1646  Sir  T.  Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  134  If  we  suppose  our 
present  calculation,  the  Phaenix  now  in  nature  will  be  the 
sixt  from  the  Creation.  1812  Jane  Austen  Mans/.  Park 
(1851)  81  If  the  first  calculation  is  wrong,  we  make  a  second 
better.  1871  C.  Davies  Metr.  Syst.  111. 125  This  calculation 
could  not  long  suit  the  revenue.  • 

3.  Estimate  of  probability,  forecast. 

1847 Emerson Repres.  Men  vi.  Napoleon  Wks.  (Bohn)  1. 372 
His  very  attack  was  never  the  inspiration  of  courage,  but 
the  result  of  calculation.  1848  Lytton  Harold  v.  142 
Hitherto,  he  had  advanced  on  his  career  without  calcula- 
tion. 1864  Tennyson  En.  Ard.  470  The  lazy  gossips  of  .the 
port,  Abhorrent  of  a  calculation  crost. 

CalCUla-tional,  a.  rare.  [f.  prec.  +  -AL.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  calculation. 

1874  Piazzi  Smyth  Our  Inherit,  ii.  14  Knowing  well  the 
numerical  and  calculational  value  of  tt. 

t  Calculative,  "J  Med.  ?  Obs.  [/.Calcul-us 
+  -ative.]    Liable  to  calculary  disease. 

1657  Tomlinson  Renou's  Disp.  189  Foments  applyed  to 
pleuritical  . .  persons,  as  also  to  the  calculative. 

Calculative  (krc-lkirfl/tiv),  a?  [f.  Calcu- 
late vA  :  see  -ative.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  cal- 
culation ;  given  to  calculating. 

<;i766  Burke  Popery  Laws  Wks.  IX.  389  Habits  of  calcula- 
tive dealings.  1840  Eraser's  Mag.  XXI.  307  Extraordinary 
calculative  powers.  1865  Caul\lk  Frcdk.  Gt.  VIII.xix.  v. 
170  Daun  . .  sits  expectant;  elaborately  calculative. 

Calculator  (kse-LVtiUfli'tai).  [a.  L.  calculator, 
n.  of  agent  f.  calculd-re,  corresp.  to  F.  calcula- 
teur :  see  Calculate  and  -ob.] 

1.  One  who  calculates ;  a  reckoner. 

c  1380  Wyclif  Set.  Wks.  II.  408  Siche  ben  many  calkela- 
tours.  1611  Cotgr.  Calculateur,  a  reckoner,  calculator. 
1722  De  Foe  Plague  (1884)  227  Calculators  of  Nativities. 
1841  Thackeray  Sec. Fun.  Nap.  ii.(Pock.  ed. 1887)  321  Econo- 
mists and  calculators.  1841-4  Emerson  Est,  Experience 
Nature  hates  calculators ;  her  methods  are  saltatory'  and 
impulsive. 


CALCULATORY. 


38 


CALEFY. 


2.  a.  A  set  of  tables  to  facilitate  calculations 
b.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  performing  cer- 
tain calculations  ;  a  calculating  machine. 

1784  Thomson  ititle)  The  Universal  Calculator.  1814  W. 
Walton  Wt)  The  Complete  Calculator  . .  and  Universal 
Ready  Reckoner.  1876  S.  Kensington  Museum  Catal.  No. 
831  'this  screw  bears  a  calculator  which  serves  to  read 
angular  displacements  of  less  than  20  seconds. 

Calculatory,  a.  1  Obs.  [f.  Calculate  v.  + 
-ory  ;  corresp.  to  L.  calculdtoritts,  F.  calculatoire.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  calculation  or  estimate. 

1611  CoTGR.,  Calculatoire,  calculatorie,  calculating.  1617 
Jackson  Creed  vi.  Wks.  V.  260  The  argument  is  but  cal- 
culatory, and  this  kind  of  argument  is  deceitful.  1649  Br. 
Hall  Cotes  Consc.  111.  ii.  (1654)  179  Calculatory  or  figure- 
casting  Astrology.  1677  Plot  Ox/ordsh.  286  The  first 
Contriver  of  the  Art  Calculatory  in  disputation. 

t  Ca  lcule,  sb.  Obs.  Also  7  calculi,  8  calcul. 
[a.  K  calcul  in  same  sense,  ad.  L.  calculus:  see 
below.]  =  Calculation. 

1601  Holland  Pliny  xvm.  xxix,  According  to  the  calculi 
of  others,  the  true  reason  and  cause  is  this.  1 681  Win  1  1  k 
Joum.  Greece  1.  20  He  is  much  mistaken  in  the  Calcule,  both 
of  its  Longitude  and  Latitude.  1718  Wookow  Corr.  118431 
1 1.  407,  1  design  . .  to  . .  bring  the  matter  to  a  close  calcule 
with  the  printers.  1754  Krskink  Prim.  Sc.  Law  (1809)  480 
Decrees  . .  founded  on  an  error  in  calcul. 

t  Ca  lcule,  v.  Obs.  Forms  :  4  oalculen,  cal- 
clen,  5  calkule,  -el,  -ylle,  5-6  -11(1,  4-6  calcule. 

[?  a.  F.  calcule-r  in  same  sense,  ad.  L.  calculd-re : 
see  Calculate.]    To  reckon  ;  =  Calculate  v. 

'377  Langl.  /'.  I'l.  B.  xv.  364  Of  bat  was  calculcd  of  be  ele- 
ment be  contrarie  bei  fynde.  1:1380  Wvclip  Serm.  xxix. 
Sel.  Wks.  I.  75  l>ci  traveilen  in  veyn  bat  calculen  bat,  etc. 
1387  Trevisa  Higden  (Rolls  Ser.l  II.  237  He  calcleb  and 
accounteb  be  ages  of  be  world  by  bowsendes.  1496  Dives 
t,  Paup.  (W.  de  W.>  1.  xxv.  63/1  They  that  calculen  &  casten 
yeres,  dayes  &  monethes.  1549  Conipl.  Scot.  167  Quha  can 
calkil  the  degreis  of  kyn  &  blude.  1559  H.  Halnavis 
in  Keith  Hist.  Aff.  Sr.  App.  44  You  may  calkill  what  twa 
thousand  futemen.  .will  tak  monethlie. 

tCalculer.  Obs.   [f.  prec]  Calculator. 

c  1391  Chaucer  Astrol.  14  Thin  almury  is  cleped  the  den- 
ticle of  capricorne  or  elles  the  kalkuler.  1470  HardingOSwi. 
clxxxviii.  ix,  The  xx.  daye  of  Maye.  .as  calculers  it  knowe. 

Calculifrage  kaelkiiaifr/wji  .  Med.  [a.  F. 
calculi/rage  a.  '  that  breaks  calculi ',  L.  type  *<«/- 
culifragus,  f.  -frag-us  break \w^,frang!re  to  break.] 
An  instrument  introduced  into  the  bladder  for 
breaking  down  calculi  {Syd.  Soc.  Lex.).  Hence 
Calculi  fragous  a.,  medicines)  fitted  for  break- 
ing or  reducing  calculi. 

t  Ca  lculing,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  [f.  Calcule  v.  + 
-ingI.]    Calculating,  reckoning. 

e  1374  Chaucer  Troylus  1.  71  Whan  bis  Calcas  knew  by 
calkclyng.  1387  Trevisa  Higden  1  Rolls  Ser.l  I.  39  pe  caf- 
culynge  of  Denys.  .hab  lasse  nyxxii  3cre  ban  be  calculynge 
of  Jerom.  158a  Batman  Bartlt.  Dt  P.  R.  VUL  xxvi.  J31  Able 
to  science  and  use  of  calkling  and  of  accompts. 

Calculist.  [f.CALCUL-us  +  -i8T.]  One  skilled 
in  a  mathematical  calculus  ;  a  mathematician. 

18*9  Carlvlk  For.  Rev.  4-  Cont.  Misc.  IV.  138  Mathesis, 
of  which,  it  has  been  said,  many  a  Great  Calculist  has  not 
even  a  notion. 

t  Calculose,  a.    [ad.  L.  calculos-us  stony.] 

1.  Stony,  pebbly. 

r  14x0  Pallad.  on  Husl.  11.  274  The  feldes  calculose. 

2.  Med.  -Calculous  i. 

1686  Sir  T.  Browne's  Pseud.  Ep.  11.  iv.  61  Calculose  [cd. 
1646  calculous]  concretions  in  the  kidney. 
Hence  Calculosity.  rare-". 

1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Calculosity,  fulness  of  stones  or 
Counters. 

Calculous  (karlki/aas),  a.  [ad.  L  calculos-us, 
f.  calculus  stone*  pebble  ;  corresp.  to  F.  calculcux.] 

1.  Med.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  calculus  or  the 
stone  ;  diseased  with  the  stone  ;  calculary. 

'6?S  Tlmme  Quersit.  111.  156  A  remedy  . .  to  mittigatc  and 
to  dissolue  such  calculous  &  stony  matter.  1*83  Robinson  in 
Rays  Corr.  11848)  137  A  good  medicine  in  some  scorbutic 
and  calculous  cases,  a  1801  W.  Hkiiiroen  Comment,  xvi. 
{1&061  84  In  opening  the  bodies  of  calculous  persons.  1803 
Med.  Jrnt.  IX.  355  To  ascertain  the  precise  nature  of  cal- 
culous urine.  .1 1827  Ahkknethy  Surg.  Wis.  (18271  II.  207 
No  calculous  concretion  was  found  after  death.  1858  Loud. 
Rev.  Oct.  230  A  victim  of  confirmed  calculous  disease. 

t  2.  Stony  (as  the  '  calculary '  of  a  pear).  Obs. 

1671  Chew  Anal.  Plants  vi.  8  3  A  simple  Body,  having 
neither  any  of  the  Lignous  branches  in  it,  nor  any  Calculous 
Knots. 

Calculus  (kx  lki/zlos).   PI.  -i,  -uses.    [L.  ;  = 

'  small  stone',  dim.  of  calx  stone,  pebble  ;  also, 
a  stone  or  counter  used  in  playing  draughts,  a 
stone  used  in  reckoning  on  the  abacus  or  counting 
board,  whence, reckoning, calculation, account;  and 
a  stone  used  in  voting,  whence,  vote,  sentence.] 

||  1.  Med.  '  A  stone.  A  generic  term  for  concre- 
tions occurring  accidentally  in  the  animal  body' 
{Syd.  Soc.  Lex.).  Calculi  are  of  many  kinds,  and 
receive  names  from  the  various  parts  of  the  body 
in  which  they  occur,  as  renal  in  the  kidneys  , 
vesical  (in  the  bladder),  prostatic  (in  the  pros- 
tate), intestinal  \\n  the  intestines,  chiefly  of 
animals),  etc.,  or  from  the  nature  of  their  com- 
position, as  lit/iic  acid,  uric  acid  calculus,  etc. 

[1619  Sc later  Exp.  Thess.  (1627)  I.  To  Rdr.  5  That  fla- 


gellum  studiosorum,  Calculus  Renum]  1731  Arbuthnot 
Rules  0/  Diet  420  A  Human  Calculus,  or  Stone.  1760  tr. 
Reysler's  Trav.  IV.  339  Beroar  is  . .  a  stone  or  calculus 
taken  from  a  species  of  the  East  and  West  Indian  goats. 
1807  M.  Kaillie  Mori.  Anat.  308  Calculi  when  divided., 
exhibit  most  commonly  a  laminated  structure.  1849  Tool) 
Cycl.Anat.  4  Phys.  IV.  85/1  The  oriental  bezoard,  a  resinous 
intestinal  calculus.  1880  Med.  Temp.  Jrnl.  Oct.  6  Biliary 
calculi  arc  not  infrequently  due  to  this  influence. 

t  2.  Computation,  calculation.  Obs. 

1684T.  Burnet  The.EarthX.  i66Supposetheabysswasbut 
half  as  deep  as  the  deep  ocean,  to  make  this  calculus  answer, 
all  the  dry"  land  ought  to  be  cover'd  with  mountains.  1693 
K.  Hallev  in  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  654  Were  this  Calculus 
founded  on  the  Experience  of  a  very  great  number  of  Years. 
1817  Coleridge  Biog.  Lit.  140  For  the  purposes  of  mathe- 
matical calculus  it  is  indifferent  which  force  we  term  nega- 
tive, and  which  positive. 

3.  Malh.  A  system  or  method  of  calculation, 
'  a  certain  way  of  performing  mathematical  investi- 
gations and  resolutions'  (Hutton);  a  branch  of 
mathematics  involving  or  leading  to  calculations, 
as  the  Differential,  Integral  Calculus,  etc. 
The  differential  calculus  is  often  spoken  of  as  '  the 
1  calculus '. 

1671  Phil.  Trans.  VII.  4017,  I  cannot  yet  reduce  my  Ob- 
servations to  a  calculus.  1750  Ibid.  Xl.VII.  xi.  62  Mr. 
Clairant ..  kept  his_ calculus  a  profound  secret.  1804  . 
j  XCIV.  219  If  the  introduction  of  the  new  calculi,  as  they 
I  have  been  called,  has  extended  the  bounds  of  science.  1796 
Hutton  Math.  Diet.  I.  234  We  say  the  Arithmetical  or 
Numeral  Calculus,  the  Algebraical  Calculus,  the  Differ- 
ential Calculus,  the  Exponential  Calculus,  the  Kluxional 
Calculus,  the  Integral  Calculus,  the  Literal  or  Symbolical 
Calculus, etc  .  .Algebraical,  Literalor .S><«<W/<7i/CaIculus 
is.. the  same  with  algebra.  1837  Carlvle  Fr.  Rev.  11872! 
III.  11.  L  60  Science  which  cannot  with  all  its  calculuses, 
differential,  integral,  and  of  variations,  calculate  the  Prob- 
lem of  Three  gravitating  Bodies.  1846  Mill  Logic  iil  xxiv. 
§  6  The  general  problem  of  the  algebraical  calculus.  1854 
Boole  Invest.  Laws  Th.  i.  (Ui  The  exhibition  of  logic  in 
the  form  of  a  calculus.  1878  Geo.  Eliot  Coll.  BreaJcf.  P. 
279  Fount  of  spirit  force  Beyond  the  calculus. 

Cald,  obs.  f.  Cold  ;  obs.  pa.  t.  of  Call. 

Caldarium  k:Milc-riftn).  [L.,  f.  calid-us 
hot.]  A  (Knman  hot  bath  or  bath-room. 
17S3  in  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  183a  Cell  Pompeiaua  I. 
■  vi.  106  The  stove  of  the  caldarium.  1656  R.  vaughan 
Mystics  11860'  I.  v.  i.  no  It  .  grinds  their  corn,  fills  their 
caldarium.  1881  Darwin  Earth-lvorms  227  The  tops  of 
the  broken  down  walls  of  a  caldarium  or  bath  were  like- 
wise covered  up  with  2  feet  of  earth. 

Caldee,  obs.  form  of  Chaldee. 

II  Caldera  (kulde'-ra  .  Ceol.  [a.  Sp.  caldera  - 
I'g.  caldeira,  F.  chaudiire  cauldron,  kettle,  boiler 
:— L.  calddria,  pi.  of  prec]  A  deep  cauldron-like 
cavity  on  the  summit  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

1865  Lvkll  Elcm.  Geol.  led.  6)  632  Enlarged  afterwards 
into  a  caldera.  187s  Watts  Did.  Ckem  VII.  553  [In]  the 
valley  of  Furnas  . .  the  soil  is  now  perforated  by  a  number 
of  geysers.  The  three  largest  and  most  active  of  these  are 
called  '  caldeiras '. 

Ca'lderite.  Min.    A  variety  of  garnet. 

1837  Dana  Min.  (1868!  269  Calderite,  a  mineral  from 
Neuaul,  is  said  to  be  nothing  but  massive  garnet. 
Caldese,  var.  of  Chaldese  v.,  to  cheat, 
t  Caldewelle.  Obs. 

1463  Mann,  a-  Honsch.  Exp.  192  Item  pa  yd  ffor  viij.  pypys 
of  cafdewelle,  txa. 

t  Caldmawe  :  see  Calmewe. 

Caldrife,  var.  of  Cauldriee  a.  Sc.  cold. 

Caldron,  another  spelling  of  Cauldron. 

tCale,  sb.1  Obs.  [a.  F.  cale  in  same  sense.]  A 
kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  women  ;  a  Caul. 

1588  Deloney  in  Roxburgh  Ballads  (1887)  VI.  391  Her 
Indies,  .in  costly  cales  of  gold. 

t  Cale,  Obs. 

1708  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  4453/4  One  black  Gelding  . .  with  a 
very  large  Star  tending  to  a  Cale,  a  charge  lately  laid  on 
his  Left  Eye. 

Cale,  sb.'i,  early  northern  f.  Kale,  Cole,  cab- 
bage, and  cabbage  broth  or  soup. 
Cale  :  sec  also  Cales. 

t  Cale,  v.  Obs.  [a.  F.  cale-r  in  same  MBM 
{  •  Pr.,  Sp.  calar,  It.  calare)  :—\..  chald-re,  ad.  Gr. 
XaAd-K  to  slacken,  loosen,  let  down,  lower.] 

trans.  To  lower  (sails,  yards,  etc.). 

1652  URyUHARr  Jevvl  Wks.  I1834)  211  By  the  MMfi 
uancie  or  over-mastering  power  of  a  cross  winde,  they 
shotild  be  forced  to  cale  the  hypocritical  bunt. 

II  Calean,  callean,  calleoon.  [Pus.  ^LJli 

i/aliyan.]  '  A  water-pipe  for  smoking  ;  the  Tertian 
form  of  the  hubble-bubble  '  (Yule). 

1739  Elton  in  Hanway  Trav.  {1763)  I.  1.  v.  16  Several 
Persians  of  distinction,  who,  smoaking  their  callean,  ob- 
served a  profound  silence.  1811  H.  Martvn  Let.  in  Mem. 
111.  11825*  41*  Reclining  in  garden  and  smoking  caleans. 
1828  Knzzitbash  i.  59  <Y.t  'I  he  elder  of  the  men  met  to 
smoke  their  calleoous  under  the  shade. 

Caleatour :  see  Cai.iatour. 
Calecannon,  var.  of  Colcannon. 
Caleche,  caleche  :  see  Calash. 
Caledonian    ka.lAU"-nian),  a.  and  sb.  [f. 

Caledonia,  Roman  name  of  part  of  northern  Britain, 
in  modem  times  applied  poetically  or  rhetorically 
to  Scotland,  or  the  Scottish  Highlands,  '  Cale- 
donia, stern  and  wild  '  (Scott).] 


A.  adj.  Of  ancient  Caledonia  ;  of  Scotland. 
1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Caledonian,  belonging  to  Scot- 
land, formerly  called  Caledonia.  1785  Warton  Milton's 
Sitv.  Lib.  fT.)  Tinged  with  Caledonian  or  Pictish  woad. 
Mod.  Used  in  titles,  as  'the  Gentlemen  of  the  Caledonian 
Hunt',  'the  Caledonian  Railway'. 

B.  sb.  A  native  of  ancient  Caledonia  ;  humor- 
ously =  Scotchman. 

1768  J.  Macfherson  {title)  Critical  Dissertations  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Ancient  Caledonians.  17*1  i  title)  The  Un- 
fortunate Caledonian  in  England.  1813  J.  Grant  itilU) 
Account  of  the  Picts,  Caledonians,  and  Scots.  1883  Daily 
-Vews  4  Sept.  5/6  Those  who  go  *  through '  with  the  volatile 
Caledonian  f  Hying  Scotchman]. 

Caledonite  (karl/aOTiak).  Min.  [f.  L.  Cale- 
don-ia  Scotland  +  -ite.]  A  mineral  see  quot. 
found  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire  and  elsewhere. 

18S3  Watts  Diet.  Chem.i  18791 1.  722  Caledonite,  cupreous 
sulpho-carbonate  of  lead,  from  Leadhills  in  Scotland. 

Caleduct,  var.  of  Caliduct. 

Caleevere,  obs.  form  of  Caliveis. 

Calefacient  vka-l/frifent  ,  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 
L.  calefacient-em,  pr.  pple.  of  cale/accre  to  make 
warm,  f.  cale-re  to  be  warm  +  faccre  to  make.] 

A.  adj.  Producing  warmth. 

B.  sb.  Med.  A  medical  agent  which  produces 
warmth  or  a  sense  of  heat. 

1661  Lovell  Hist.  Anim.  f,  Min.  418  It's  cured  . .  by  . . 
caleiacients.  1881  in  Syd.  See.  Lex.  1885  La  Bramwell 
in  19/A  Cent.  June  1027  Galen,  .says  :  'Old  age  is  cold  and 
dry,  and  is  to  be  corrected  by  calcfacients. ' 

t  Calefa  cted,  a.  [f.  L.  cale/acl-us  heated 
+  -ED.]    Heated,  warm. 

■599  A-  M-  Gaiethouer's  Bk.  PhysUk  85  '1  Liquefyc  it  in 
some  calefactede  locatione. 

Calefaction  (kcel/TaekJsn).  Also  6  cali-,  7 
calfaction,  callifaction.  Now  rare.  [ad.  L. 
calefaction-em,  n.  of  action  f.  calefacfre.] 

1.  Making  warm  (lit.  andyf^.  ;  warming,  heating. 
■S47  Boorue  Brev.  Health  lxxiii.  22  It  doth  signifye  cali- 

factton  of  the  lyver.  1574  Newton  Health  Mag.  4  Exer- 
cise by  motion  and  calefaction.  1658  R.  Franck  North. 
Mem.  (18211  35  Ardent  are  other  some  because  influenced  by 
callifaction.  c  in  Franklin  Lett.  Wks.  1840  VI.  98  The 
Wood  is  returned  again  to  the  heart  for  a  fresh  calefaction. 
1851  J.  H.  Newman  Scope  Univ.  Educ.  10  The  science 
of  calefaction  and  ventilation  is  reserved  for  the  north. 

2.  Heated  condition. 

1634  R.  H.  Salerne  Rcgim.  196  The  Calefaction  or  boyl- 
ing  ceaseth  not  by  Blood-letting.  1844  Blactn:  Mag.  509 
[He]  paused  after  hL>  labourb  in  a  state  of  extreme  calefaction. 

t  3.  Med.   Sec  quot.)  Obs. 

161a  W00DALL  Surg.  Matt  Wks.  (i6s3>  Calfaction  is 
a  . .  preparing  simple  and  compound  medicaments,  not  by 
boyhng  or  burning,  but  by  the  moderate  heat  of  the  Sun. 
fire,yf/«/«  ■  ,  uinns,  vtl  eius  vicarius. 

Calefactive  (kw/firktiv  .  a.  Now  rare.  [f. 
L.  catefart-.  ppl.  stem  of  (alefaefrt  to  warm  :  see 
-ivk.]    Having  the  tendency  to  warm  ;  warming. 

1576  Newton  tr.  Lvtuuies  Complex.  1 1633- 101  The  warme 
and  calefactive  spirit,  which  . .  was  infused  into  the  whole 
world.  1678  Hobbks  Decameron  Wits.  1845  VII.  120  The 
air  . .  had  gotten  a  calefactive  power.  1874  H.  Blknahd 
S.  Lortr  I.  158  Calefactive  depths  of  Celticism. 

Calefactor  (taUfe*rai).  [Agent-noun  of 
I  -'Uin  type  from  caUftufrt  to  warm.] 

1 1.  He  who,  or  that  which  warms  ;  a  warmer. 

1605  Timmf  Quersit.  11.  vii.  133  It  standeth  in  neede  of  a 
calefactor  and  restorer  of  heate. 

2.  Name  of  a  small  kind  of  stove. 

1831  Fraser' $  Mag.  III.  140  On  the  one  hand,  .smokes  <in 
patent  calefactors)  a  Dinner  of  innumerable  courses. 

Calefa  ctory  tudlfetori),  a.  and  sb.  [ad. 

I>.  calefactoritts  naving  heating  power,  f.  calefacfre 
to  warm  ;  in  U,  ad.  med.L.  calefactor  turn  a  place 
or  appliance  for  warming.] 

A.  adj.  Adapted  for  or  tending  to  warming. 
1711  J.  PuiKLK  t7«£  (18171  53  l<ove.  like  sunbeams,  con- 
tracted to  one  object  is  fervent  and  calefactory.  1848 
Bachelor  of  Albany  78   Calefactory  arrangements  and 
thermal  comforts. 

B.  sb.  1.  The  room  in  a  monastery  where  the 
inmates  wanned  themselves. 

1681  HuAXTCtossogr,,  Catifutory,  is  a  room  in  a  Monas. 
lery,  with  one  or  more  fires  in  it,  where  the  Religious  per- 
sons warm  themselves,  after  they  come  from  Matins  1774 
T.  West  Antiq.  Fumess  11805)  73  locutorium,  c^ife- 
factory,  and  conversation  room.  1844  S-  R.  Maitlano 
Dark  Ages  406  Wanned  by  hot  air  from  the  stove  in  the 
calefactory. 

2.  A  warniing-jnn ;  the  ball  of  precious  metal 
containing  hot  water,  on  which  the  priest  warmed 
his  hands  when  administering  thecucharist  in  cold 
weather;  otherwise  called  the /owe. 

1536  Ih-.  \  Lincoln  Cathedral  in  Monas  tic  on  Anglic.  VIII. 
1281  A  calefactory,  silver  and  gHt,  with  leaves  graven, 
weighing  nine  ounces  and  half.  1536  Regit/.  Riches  in 
Antiq.  Sarisb.  11771'  198  A  Fat  of  Silver  for  holy  water  . .« 
calefactory,  silver  and  gilt  with  divers  Scriptures. 

f  3.  ^Cai.efacient  sb. 

1657  Tomlinson  Kenan's  Dis/.  203  Many  calcfactories  . . 
as  Pepper,  Kartram,  Bitumen. 

tCa'lefy,^.  Obs.  Also  calify.  [ad.  med.L. 
calefcdre,  \.  calere  to  be  hot  ;  see  -FT.] 

1.  trans.  To  make  warm  or  hot ;  to  warm,  heat. 
Also  absol.    Hence  Calefied  ppl.  a. 

15*6  Filgr,  /Vr/! '1531)31  This  spirituall  sterre  of  grace 


CALEMBOUR. 


29 


CALENDER 


. .  calefyeth  \marg.  warmeth]  &  tlluinynelh  our  soules. 
1599  A.  M.  Gabclhoucr's  Bk.Physkk  13/1  Take  the  kernelles 
of  walhiuttes,  lay  them  in  calefyede  water.  1657  Tomlin- 
son  Renou's  Disp.  38  Which  taken  alone  do  greatly  calefy. 
2.  intr.  To  become  warm. 

1646  SirT.  Browne  Pseud,  Ep.  51  Crystall  will  calefy 
unto  electricity,  that  is  a  power  to  attract  strawes  or  light 
bodies.  1658  R.  Franck  North.  Mem.  (1821)  350  Soils, 
which  calify  and  indurate  by  the  Sun's  reflection. 

Calegarth,  var.  of  Calgarth  Obs.,  cabbage 
garden. 

II  Calembour  (kalanbz/r,  kalembuor).  Also 
calembourg.  [Fr.  (According  to  Chasles,  quoted 
by  Littre,  from  the  name  of  '  the  Abbe  de  Calem- 
berg,  a  witty  personage  in  German  tales',  i.e. 
Pfarrer  Wigand  von  Theben,  known  as  the  '  Pfaff 
von  Kahlenberg '  or  Priest  of  Kahlenberg  in  Lower 
Austria.)]    A  pun. 

1830  Eraser's  Mag.  II.  237  All  British-born  . .  people  . . 
father  their  calembourgs  on  Rogers.  1876  A.  S.  Palmer 
Word- hunter's  NotC'bk.  167  A  mere  calembour  on  the  re- 
semblance between  the  word  ebrius  and  Ebraeus. 

Calembue(o,  obs.  form  of  Calambac. 

Calemint,  obs.  form  of  Calamint. 

Calend,  occas.  obs.  sing,  of  Calends. 

Calendal  i,kale-ndal),  a.  [f.  L.  calend-se  Ca- 
lends +  -al.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calends. 

1839  Eraser's  Mag:  XX.  204  In  the  most  ancient  calendal 
system.  Ibid.  328  Each  of  the  thirty  calendal  forms  had 
its  one  or  more  animal  representatives. 

Calendar  (karlendaa),  sb.  Forms:  3-8  ka- 
lender, 4  kalunder,  calundere,  kalendeere, 
-dre,  -dare,  4-5  kalendere,  4-8  calender,  5 
ealendere,  kalander,  7  callander,  6-  kalendar, 
7-  calendar,  [a.  AF.  calender,  ~  OF.  calendier 
list,  register:— L.  calenddrium  account-book,  f. 
calendar,  kalends  calends,  the  day  on  which  ac- 
counts were  due  ;  see  Calends.] 

1.  The  system  according  to  which  the  beginning 
and  length  of  successive  civil  years,  and  the  sub- 
division of  the  year  into  its  parts,  is  fixed;  as  the 
Babylonian,  Jewish,  Roman,  or  Arabic  calendar. 

Julian  Calendar ;  that  introduced  by  Julius  Caesar  B.C.  46, 
in  which  the  ordinary  year  has  365  days,  and  every  fourth 
year  is  a  leap  year  of  366  days,  the  months  having  the 
names,  order,  and  length  still  retained. 

Gregorian  Calendar,  the  modification  of  the  preceding 
adapted  to  bring  it  into  closer  conformity  with  astronomical 
data  and  the  natural  course  of  the  seasons,  and  to  rectify 
the  error  already  contracted  by  its  use,  introduced  by  Pope 
Gregory  XIII  in  a.d.  1582,  and  adopted  in  Great  Britain  in 
1752.    See  Style. 

e  1205  Lav.  7219  He  [Julius  Caesar]  makede  panekalender. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  24916  pat  moneth  pat  man  clepes  . .  De- 
cembre  in  be  kalunder.  1387  Trevisa  Higden  (1865)  I.  247 
Som  monbe  in  be  kalendere  nab  but  foure  Nonas,  and  som 
hab  sixe.  1413  Lydg.  Pylgr.  Soivle  v.  i.  73  The  competister 
in  the  Craft  of  the  Kalendar  he  cleped  seculum  the  tyme 
of  an  honderd  yeere.  1611  Bible  Pre/.  2  When  he 
[Caesar]  corrected  the  Calender,  and  ordered  the  yeere  ac- 
cording to  the  course  of  the  Sunne.  1831  Brewster  Newton 
(1855)  II.  xxiii.  311  When  the  public  attention  was  called  to 
the  reformation  of  the  Kalendar.  1854  Tomlinson  Arago's 
Astron.  188  The  Arabic  calendar,  which  is  that  of  the  Ma- 
hometans, is  exclusively  based  on  the  course  of  the  moon. 
1856  Emerson  Eng.  Trails  x.  Wealth  Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  70 
Roger  Bacon  explained  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  [and] 
the  consequent  necessity  of  the  reform  of  the  calendar. 
1886  R.  Thomson  Retig.  Humanity  20  The  founder  of  the 
Church  [Aug.  Comte]  drew  up  its  calendar  . .  Each  of  the 
thirteen  lunar  months  of  the  year  is  sacred  to  the  memory 
of  a  great  leader  of  humanity. 

2.  A  table  showing  the  division  of  a  given  year 
into  its  months  and  days,  and  referring  the  days 
of  each  month  to  the  days  of  the  week  ;  often  also 
including  important  astronomical  data,  and  indi- 
cating ecclesiastical  or  other  festivals,  and  other 
events  belonging  to  individual  days.  Sometimes 
containing  only  facts  and  dates  belonging  to  a 
particular  profession  or  pursuit,  as  Gardener  s 
Calendar,  Racing  Calendar,  etc.  Also  a  series  of 
tables,  giving  these  facts  more  fully  ;  an  almanac. 

<  1340  Alisaunder  623  If  any  wight  ..  wilnes  pern  [be 
twelue  signes]  knowe,  Katrus  to  be  Kalender  '  &  kenne  yee 
may.  c  1391  Chaucer  Astrol.  1.  §  11  The  names  of  the  hali- 
dayes  in  the  kalender.  1481  Caxton  Myrr.  11.  xxxi.  126 
This  is  xii  tymes  so  moche  &  more  ouer  as  the  calender  en- 
seigneth.  1549  Bk.  Com.  Prayer,  The  Table  and  Kalendar 
expressing  the  order  of  the  Psalms  and  Lessons.  1595 
Shaks.  John  in.  i.  86  What  hath  this  day  deseru'd?.  .That 
it  in  golden  letters  should  be  set  Among  the  high  Tides  in 
the  Kalender?  1635  Austin  Medit.  207  Our  Church  keeps 
no  Solemnitie  for  his  [John  the  Baptist's]  Death  (though  the 
Remembrance  of  it  be  in  her  Calender'.  1759  Miller  Gard. 
Diet.  Pref.,  The  Gardeners  Kalendar  which  was  inserted 
in  the  former  editions  of  this  book.  1824  W.  Irving 
T.  Trav.  II.  38  Greatness  . .  of  a  kind  not  to  be  settled  by 
reference  to  the  court  calendar.  1846  J.  Baxter  Libr. 
Pract.  Agric.  II.  423  Appendix,  Agricultural  Calendar. 
1879  Print.  Trades  Jrnl.  xxvm.  11  Almanacks  and  calen- 
dars in  great  variety. 

b.  A  contrivance  for  reckoning  days,  months,  etc. 
1719  De  Foe  Crusoe  I.  74  Every  seventh  Notch  was  as 
long  again  as  the  rest,  and  every  first  Day  of  the  Month  as 
long  again  as  that  long  one,  and  thus  I  kept  my  Kalender. 
1768  Sterne  Sent.  Journ.,  Captive  (1778)  II.  31  A  little 
calendar  of  small  sticks  . .  notch'd  all  over  with  the  dismal 
days  and  nights  he  [a  captive]  had  passed  there.  1863  T. 
Wright  in  Macm.  Mag.  Jan.  173  The  Roman  calendar  of 


marble  . .  presented  the  more  prominent  attributes  of  the  | 
modern  almanac. 

t  3.  Jig,  A  guide,  directory  :  an  example,  model.  I 

C1385  Chaucer  L.  G.  W.  542  Thou  ..  woste  well  that  1 
kalender  ys  she  To  any  woman  that  wull  louer  be.  c  1400 
Epiph.  (Turnb.  1843)  115  Lete  hem  afore  be  toyowa  Kalen- 
dere. 1413  St.  Trials  Hen.  V  (R.)  Images  . .  introduced  . . 
by  the  permission  of  the  church,  to  be  as  a  calendar  to  the 
laity  and  the  ignorant.  1426  Audelay  Poems  27.  1602 
Shaks.  Ham.  v.  ii.  114  He  is  the  card  or  calendar  of  gentry. 

4.  A  list  or  register  of  any  kind.  (In  the  general 
sense,  now  only  Jig.) 

la  1400  Morte  Arth.  2641  Kydd  in  his  kalander  a  knyghte 
of  his  chambyre.  1479  Office  Mayor  Bristol  in  Eng.  Gilds 
429  To  be  called  and  named  the  Maire  of  Bristowe  is 
Register,  or  ellis  the  Maire  is  Kalender.  1589  Puttenham 
Eng.  Poesie  (Arb.)  141  He  shoulde  haue  alwaies  a  little 
calender  of  them  apart  to  vse  readily.  1633  G.  Herbert 
Temple,  Ch.  Militant  243  When  Italie  .  .shall  . .  all  her 
calender  of  sinnes  fulfill.  1664  H.  More  Myst.  Iniq.  207 
The  last  time  in  Daniel's  Kalendar  of  his  Four  Kingdoms. 
1689  Myst.  Iniq.  16  Registred  in  the  Kalender  with  those 
that  stood  precluded  the  King's  Favour.  1857  H.  Reed 
Lect.  Brit.  Poets  iii.  81  The  calendar  which  opens  so  nobly 
with  the  name  of  Chaucer,  closes  worthily  in  our  day  1 
with  that  of  Wordsworth. 

b.  esp.  A  list  of  canonized  saints,  or  the  like. 
(Now  usually  treated  as  a  form  of  sense  2,  the 
days  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  saints  being 
usually  registered  in  the  '  calendar '  or  almanac.) 

i6ox  Holland  Pliny  II.  346  When  they  receiued  ./Escu- 
lapius  as  a  canonized  god  into  their  Kalender.  1631  Gouge 
God's  Arrcnvs  111.  §  45.  266  Such  as  the  Holy  Ghost  regis- 
treth  in  the  Kalender  of  true  Saints.  1781  Gibbon  Dccl.  <y 
A'.  II.  xxxiii.  254  The  calendar  of  martyrs  received,  .a  con- 
siderable augmentation.  1832  W.  Irving  Alhambra  II.  256 
Peace  offerings  to  every  saint  in  the  Kalendar. 

c.  A  list  of  prisoners  for  trial  at  the  assizes. 
[1591  Declar.  Gt.  Troubles  in  Harl.  Misc.  (1809)  II.  214 

To  call  those  inquisitions,  with  their  answeres  to  be  put 
into  writing,  .to  keepe  in  a  maner  of  a  register  or  kalender  |. 
t  1764  R.  Sanders  {title)  The  Newgate  Calendar.  1768 
Blackstone  Comm.  IV.  376  The  usage  is,  for  the  judge  to 
sign  the  calendar,  or  list  of  all  the  prisoners'  names.  1823 
Lamb  Last  Ess.,  'To  Shade  of  Elliston,  Rhadamanthus  . . 
tries  the  lighter  causes  . .  leaving  to  his  two  brothers  the 
heavy  calendars.  1856  Emerson  Eng.  Traits  iv.  Race 
Wks.  (Bohn)  II.  28  The  crimes  recorded  in  their  calendars. 

d.  spec.  A  list  or  register  of  documents  arranged 
chronologically  with  a  short  summary  of  the  con- 
tents of  each,  so  as  to  serve  as  an  index  to  the 
documents  of  a  given  period. 

[1467  Ordiu.  Worcester  in  Eng.  Gilds  370  The  Kalender 
of  the  articles  and  acts  afore  specified.]  1830  (Rolls  Series) 
{title)  Calendars  of  the  Proceedings  in  Chancery  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  1856  {title)  Calendar  of  State  Papers, 
Domestic  Series  of  the  Reign  of  Edward  VI. 

f  5.  Jig.  A  record.  Obs. 

1601  Shaks.  All's  Well  1.  iii.  4  The  Kalender  of  my  past 
endeuours.  1649  Selden  Laws  Eng.  \.  lvii.  (1739)  105  His 
meritorious  Holy  War  could  never  wipe  it  out  of  the  Ca- 
lendar of  story.  rti7i8  Penn  Tracts  Wks.  1726  I.  589 
Once  they  were  as  Calendars,  for  weak  People  to  read 
some  Mystical  Glory  by. 

*|*  b.  An  outward  sign,  index.  Obs. 

1590  Lodge  Euphues  Gold.  Leg.  (1887)  13  Nor  are  the 
dimples  in  the  face  the  calendars  of  truth. 

t  6.  One  who  has  charge  of  records  or  historical 
documents.  Occurring  in  the  name  of  an  ancient 
guild  in  Bristol.  Obs. 

1479  Office  Mayor  Bristol  in  Eng.  Gilds  417  The . .  prestis 
of  the  hous  of  the  Kalenders  of  Bristowe.  1c  1600  MS., 
ibid.  287  The  rites  and  liberties  of  the  Kalenders,  of  the 
fraternitie  of  the  church  of  All  Saincts  in  Bristow,  who  were 
a  brotherhood  consisting  of  clergy  and  laymen,  and  kept  the 
ancient  recordes  and  mynaments,  not  onely  of  the  towne, 
but  also  of  other  societes  in  other  remote  places. 

7.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  calendar-day,  -holiday, 
-saint ;  calendar-clock,  a  clock  which  indicates 
the  days  of  the  week  or  month ;  calendar-court, 
a  court  of  justice  held  on  a  day  appointed  in  the 
calendar ;  calendar  month,  one  of  the  twelve 
months  into  which  the  year  is  divided  according  to 
the  calendar ;  also  the  space  of  time  from  any  day 
of  any  such  month  to  the  corresponding  day  of  the 
next,  as  opposed  to  a  lunar  month  of  four  weeks. 

1884  F.  Britten  Watch  <y  Clockm.  38  [A]  ^Calendar 
Clock  [or  a]  Calendar  Watch,  .[are]  a  clock  or  watch  that 
denotes  the  progress  of  the  calendar.  1865  Morning  Star 
26  May,  The  court  was  not  a  *calendar  court.  1875  Poste 
Gaius  1.  fed.  2)  101  A  ^calendar  day  consisted  of  24  hours 
measured  from  midnight  to  midnight.  1847  Emerson  Re- 
Pres.  Men  tv.  Mouta/gne'WksA  Bohn)  I.  346, 1  mean  to.  .cele- 
brate the  calendar-day  of  our  Saint  Michael  de  Montaigne. 
1713 '  Philopatrius  '  Rejl.  Sacheverelfs  Thanksgiv.-Day  8, 
I . .  consulted  my  Almanack,  and  found  it  was  no  ^Calendar 
Holiday.  1788  J.  Powell  Devises  (1827)  II.  255  Within 
six  ^calendar  months  after  his  decease.  1868  Freeman 
Norm.  Conq.  (1876)  II.  x.  507  This  whole  revolution,  .took 
up  less  than  one  kalendar  month.  1679  Establ.  Test.  40  The 
Catalogue  of  their  'Calender  Saints. 

1  Ca  lendar,  a.  Obs.  ra?-e~l.  [ad.  L.  calenda- 
rius  belonging  to  the  calends.]  Of  the  calends  : 
applied  to  the  Curia  calabra  at  the  Capitol  at 
Rome,  where  the  calends  were  proclaimed. 

1513  Douglas  AZneis  VUL  xi.  29  Neyr  the  chyminys 
calendare. 

Calendar  (kse'lendai;,  v.    [f.  the  sb.] 
1.  trans.  To  register  in  a  calendar  or  list ;  to 
register,  record. 


1487  Act  3  Hen.  VII,  iii,  The  names  of  every  such  pris- 
oner, .to  be  kalendred  by  fore  the  justices  for  the  delyver- 
aunce  of  the  same  gaole.  1547  Act  1  Edw.  VI,  v.  5  5  The 
said  Wardens  shall  cause  the  Number  of  the  said  Horses. . 
to  be  kalendered  in  a  Book.  1624  Hkywooo  Gunaik.  in. 
150  Let  that  day  never  be  callendred  to  memorise  them. 
1697  View  Penal  Laws  97  He  shall  shew  his  Licence  to 
one  of  the  Wardens  of  the  Marches  t that  their  number  may 
be  Kalendred1.  1870  Emerson  Soc.  «y  Sol.,  Work  <y  Days 
Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  69  Life  was  then  calendared  by  moments. 

2.  spec.  a.  To  register  in  the  calendar  of  saints 
or  saints'  days. 

1594  Hooker  Eccl.  Pol.  v.  (1632)  388  Wee  are  generally 
more  apt  to  Kalender  Saints  then  Sinners  dayes.  ^1641 
Hi'.  Mountagu  ActsQ  Mou.  55  The  Divines  of  Colen  calen- 
dred  Aristotle  for  a  Saint.  1654  R.  Whitlock  Manners 
Eng.  21  (R.)  Oft  martyred  names,  as  well  as  men,  are  calen- 
dared. 1842  Tennvson  St.  Sim.  Stylites  130  Holy  men, 
whose  names  Are  register'd  and  calendar'd  for  saints. 

b.  To  arrange,  analyse,  and  index  (documents) : 
see  the  sb.  4  d. 

1859  Riley  Liber  Albus  Pref.  21  These  books  . .  that  are 
thus  calendared.  1878  N.  Anier.  Rev.  CXXVI.  540  Trea- 
sures of  the  Record-Office.  .lately  calendered  and  indexed. 
1881  Sat.  Rev.  24  Sept.  395/1  The  task  of  analysing  and 
calendaring  [state-]papers. 

Hence  Calendaring  vbl.  sb. 

1671  F.  Philipps  Reg.  Ncccss.  Ep.  Ded.,  Allowances  of 
Money,  .for  the  Calendring  and  well  ordering  of  them. 

Calendar:  see  Calender  sb.1,  2. 
Calendarer  koHendarai).   [f.  Calendar  v. 

+  -ER1.]    One  who  calendars  (esp.  documents). 

1864  Q.  Rev.  CXVI.  354  The  rules  and  regulations  which 
he  (.the  Master  of  the  Rolls]  lias  framed  for  the  guidance  of 
the  Calendarers.  1881  S.  R.  Gakdinek  in  Academy  29  Jan. 
74  To  a  calendarer  the  work  of  writing  a  preface  must  be 
something  like  a  holiday. 

Calendarial  (ka^ende>riar,,  a.  rare.  [f.  L. 
catendari'Us  (or  Eng.  Calendar)  +  -al.]  --  next. 

1867  M.  Arnold  Celtic  Lit.  59  Arthur  and  his  Twelve  (?' 
Knights,  .signifying  solely  the  year  with  its  twelv  e  months  ; 
..  Stonehenge  and  the  Gododin  put  to  purely  caletidarial 
purposes.  1880  Contemp.  Rev.  Apr.  585  The  calendarial 
system  of  Genesis. 

Calendarian  (ka^ende^rian),  a.  and  sb.  rare. 
[f.  as  prec.  +  -an.] 

A.  adj.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  calendar. 

1839  Blackiv.  Mag.  XLV.  372  The  conventional  calen- 
darian principles  of  the  poem.  Ibid.  380  Calendarian 
festivals. 

B.  sb.  A  maker  of  a  calendar. 

1826  Homo E.  I).  Bk.  I.  1378  A  contemporary  k.ilendarian. 

t  Calendariographer.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f. 

Calendar  sb.  or  L.  calenddrium 't  cf.  biographer.'] 
A  calendar-  or  almanac-maker. 

1683  J.  Gadisury  Wharton's  Wks.  Pref.,  A  Speculation  . . 
little  understood,  even  by  our  common  Calendariographer:-. 

t  Ca'lendarist.  Obs,  rare,  [see  -1ST.]  One 
who  calendars  (events,  days,  etc.),  one  who  assigns 
dates  and  periods. 

1685  II.  More  Paralip.  Proph.  411,  I  will  allow  more  to 
the  ingenious  Calendartst  than  lie  requires.  Ibid.  Thus 
invalid  is  the  Calendarist's  ground. 

+  Ca  lendary,  sb.l  and  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  calen- 
ddrium sb.,  calenddrius  adj. ;  see  Calendar.] 

A.  sb.  —Calendar^. 

c  1450  tr.  Higden (1865)  I.  247  Somme  monethe  in  the  calen- 
dary  [1387  kalendere]  hathe  liij.  nones  oonly.  1694  Falle 
Jersey  1.  7  Recorded  in  the  Kalendary  or  Martyrology  of 
Coutance. 

B.  adj.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  according  to,  the 
calendar ;  =  Calendarian. 

1633  Ckessv  Fun.  Disc.  1 15  To  pet  forme  my  Calendary  and 
prescribed  task.  1646  Sir  T.  Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  2.12  The 
usuall  or  Calendary  month.  1783  W.  F.  Martyn  Geog. 
Mag.  II.  191  The  four  seasons,  the  moveable  feasts  and 
other  calendary  information. 

t  Calendary,  $b.%  Obs.  [f.  Calendar  sb.  or 
v.  :  cf.  registry.]    The  act  of  calendaring. 

1680  Marvel  Gen.  Councils  12  A  question  . .  upon  what 
day  they  ought  to  keep  Easter  ;  which  though  it  were  no 
point  of  Faith  that  it  should  be  kept  at  all,  yet  the  very 
calendary  fed.  1676  calending]  of  it  was  controverted. 

Calender  (kte-lendai),  sbJ  Also  6  calander, 
calendre,  8  calendar,  9  callender.  [a.  E.  ca~ 
landrc :— med.L.  calendra,  celendra,  L.  cylindrus, 
a.  Gr.  Kvkivhpos  roller,  cylinder.  In  sense  1  app. 
a  corrupt  form  of  calenderer,  ca/endrer.'] 

j"L  One  who  calenders  cloth;  a  calenderer.  Obs. 

1513  Act  5  Hen.  VIII,  iv.  §  1  The  said  Strangers,  called 
Dry  Calanders  ..  use  the  said  dry  calandring  of  Worsted. 
1574  Life  Abp.  Canterb.  B  vij  b  marg.  note,  A  scourer  or 
Calender  off  worsteddes  of  Norwich.  1705  Hearne  Col- 
lect. 6  Aug.  (O.  H.  S.)  I.  26  A  fire  hapen'd.  .in  a  Calender's 
House.  178Z  Cowper  Gilpin  24  My  good  friend  the  calender 
Will  lend  his  horse  to  go. 

2.  A  machine  in  which  cloth,  paper,  etc.,  is 
pressed  under  rollers  for  the  purpose  of  smoothing 
or  glazing;  also  for  watering  or  giving  a  wavy 
appearance,  etc. 

1688  Miege  Gt.  Er.  Diet.,  Calender,  calendre.  1708 
in  Kersey.  1751  Chambers  Cycl,  Calender  is  also  used 
for  watering,  or  giving  the  waves  to  tabbies  and  mohairs. 
Ibid.  Supp.  s.v.,  At  Paris  they  have  an  extraordinary 
machine  of  this  kind,  called  the  royal  calender.  179X 
Hamilton  Berthollet's  Dyeing  I.  1.  in.  x.  295  The  impres- 
sions of  the  calender,  under  which  stuffs  are  passed  to  water 
them.  1802  Hull  Advertiser  25  Dec.  2/3  A  valuable  Cal- 
lender, complete.    1875  Encycl.  Brit.  III.  818/1  When  it 


CALENDER. 


so 


CALF. 


is  desired  to  finish  cloth  with  a  stiff  or  with  a  glazed  finish 
.  .it  i  finished  in  the  calender. 

3.  altrib.  &  Comb.,  as  calender-house,  -mill,  -roll. 

1717  Bm  Fitrtk.  Acc.  E.  Curll  Wks.  1755  III.  1.  157 
The  calcndar-mill-room  at  Exeter-change.  1875  Ure  Diet, 
Arts  I.  576  The  arrangements  . .  are  generally  conducted 
at  the  calender  houses  where  goods  are  finished.  x88a W. 
C.  Smith  Hilda  in.  125  'Twasa  school  of  the  calender  kind, 
Meant  to  put  a  fine  gloss  on  the  mind.  1884  Pall  Mull  G. 
25  Nov.  6/1  It  [paper]  is  passed  l>etweeii  *calender  rolls  of 
chilled  steel,  which,  by  tremendous  pressure,  give  it  an  even 
and  polished  surface. 

Ca  lender,  sb.-  Also  kalender.  [ad.  Pers. 
jXi^J  qalandar,  of  unknown  origin.]    One  of  a 

mendicant  order  of  dervishes  in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

!  1614  Selden  Titles  Hon.  378  The  Turkish  Calendarlar 
1a  kind  of  Monkish  Order'  wear  in  their  Caps  long  Horsc- 
haires  hanging.)  1634  Sir  T.  Herbert  Trav.  (16771  1° 
Thirty  Nobles  in  the  habit  of  Pilgrim  Kalenders.  17M 
Arab.  Nights  (1812)  I.  35  There  are  three  calenders  at  the 
gate . .  they  are  all  blind  of  the  right  eye.  1837  Penny 
Cycl.  VIII.  430/1  Frequently  the  Calenders  go  about  half 
naked,  with  their  skin  painted  red  or  black. 

t  Ca  lender,  t6.3  Obs.  rare-1,  [a.  F.  calandre 
weevil  :— med.  L.  calandrtts  '  gryllus,  cicada,  cur- 
culio  '  (Du  Cange;.]    A  corn-weevil. 

1708  in  Kersev.  17*5  Bradley  Fain.  Diet.  II.  s.v. 
Preserving  Corn,  Mites,  Weevils  and  Calenders. 

Ca  lender,  v.  Forms  :  6  calandre.  calendro, 
7  calander,  callendre,  7-  calender,    [a.  F. 

ta/audre-r,  f.  calandre;  see  Calendeii  sb.'1] 

trans.  To  pass  through  a  calender  ;  to  press 
(cloth,  paper,  etc.N  between  rollers,  for  the  purpose 
of  smoothing,  glazing,  etc. 

1513  Aft  5  Hen.  VI  11,  iv,  Worsteds  which  Wn  . .  shorn, 
dyed,  and  calandred.  1513.^1/  14  A-  is  Hen.  I'lII,  iii.  i  10 
The  sayl  craftes  men. .  shall  not  .  .calclldre  any  worstedes. 
1696  J.  F.  Merchant's  IVarcho.  17  Prize,  .is  not  Callendred, 
or  thickned  as  other  Cloths.  1880/ >  .  '/.'.  Timet  isFeb.  31/a 
The  paper,  .must  be  heavily  calendered  before  being  used. 

I  lence  Ca  lendered ///.  a.,  Ca  lendering  vbl.  lb. 
(also  altrib.'). 

1513  Act  5  Hen.  I'll  I,  iv.  %  1  The  said  dry  Calandring  is 
scorned  and  abhorred.  183a  Bamagb  F.coh.  Mann/,  vtii 
ted.  3>  54  Establishments  for  calendering  and  embossing. 
1850  Smiles  Self  Help  ii.  35  A  woman  who  kept  a  calender- 
ing machine.  1878  Cornell  Rev.  Feb.  188  Beautifully  printed 
on  fine  calendered  paper. 

Calender(e,  obs.  form  of  Calendar. 

Calenderer  karlendaraj ..  Also  5  -derar, 
S-9  -drer,  9  callenderer.  [f.  Calendeii  v.  +  -ek1] 
One  whose  business  it  is  to  calender  cloth,  etc. 

1495  Act  11  Hen.  VII,  x.  |  1  Calenderars  of  the  same 
Worstedis.     1755  Johnson,  Calendrer,  the  person  who  I 
calenders.  1810  Post  ( tffiee  Loud.  Direct.  365  Welsh,  James,  j 
Calendrer  and  Embosser.    183a  Marrvat  -V.  Forster  xxxi, 
Dyers,  Callenderers,  and  Scourers. 

tCalendographer.  Obs.  ran-1.  [i.Calends 
sense  5J    The  constructor  of  a  calendar. 

a  1691  Bovle  H  is.  VI.  iu  (R.lThat  eclipse,  .that,  .almost 
all  cafendographcrs  had  skipped  over. 

CalendriC,  -ical  ikalundrik,  -ileal),  a.  rare. 
[f.  Calendar  sb.  +  -ic,  -ICAL.]  Of  the  nature  of 
a  calendar  (in  various  senses). 

1863  Pinkerton  ill  .V.  AW).  Ser.  111.  III.  181  The  labour  of 
.  .precising  in  a  calcndrical  form  such  a  vast  chaos  of  docu- 
mcnts.  1878  T.  Harl-y  Return  0/ Satire  11.  viii,  Thoma- 
sin's  hair  . .  was  braided  according  to  a  calcndric  system  : 
the  more  important  the  day  the  more  numerous  the  braids. 

Calendry.  [£  Calenuek  :  see  -ry.]  A  place 
where  calendering  is  done. 

1878  Morley  Diderot  I.  188  The  gunpowder  mill,  the  silk 
calendry. 

Calends,  kalends  karKndz),  tb. pi.  Forms: 
[1  sing,  calend,  kalondus],  4  -J  calendis,  kalen- 
dis,  -es,  (sing,  kalendo,  5  oalende),  (4  kalendosi, 
-us,  5  kalandes,  5-6  kalondas  ,  5-7  oalendes, 
(6  kalendies,  callends,  7  calands  ,  6-  calends, 
kalends,  [ad.  L.  kalcndte,  -as  sb.  pi.,  first  day  of 
the  month,  on  which  the  order  of  days  was  pro- 
claimed ;  f.  root  leal-,  eat-,  which  appears  in  L. 
caldre,  Gr.  icakfiv  to  call,  proclaim.  (Or  a.  F. 
kalendes,  13th  c.  in  Littrc.)  The  singular  calcini 
is  rare  and  obs. ;  it  occurs  in  OE.  in  the  sense 
'  month  '.    No  sing,  was  used  in  Latin.] 

1.  The  first  day  of  any  month  in  the  Roman 
calendar :  the  term  was  more  or  less  retained  in 
actual  use  down  to  the  I7thc. 

(The  Romans  reckoned  the  days  forward  to  the  Kalends, 
Nones,  or  Ides  next  following.  Thus, '  on  the  27th  of  May" 
was  '  ante  diem  sextum  Kalcndas  Junias  '.  T"his  was  loosely 
rendered  into  F.liglish  as  '  the  sixth  of  the  Kalends  of  June  , 
or  '  the  sixth  Kalends  of  June'.    Cf.  Nones,  Ides.) 

1398  Trkvisa  Barth.  De  P.  R,  IX.  xxi.  11495.)  359  The 
fyrste  dayeof  a  monthe  hath  the  name  of  Kalendis-  ta  1400 
Morte  Artlt.  345  By  the  kalendez  of  Juny  we  schalle  en- 
countre  ones.  (  1400  A  pel.  Loll.  93  A  waytib  not  bcis  F-gip- 
cian  daies,  bat  we  call  dysmal,  ne  kalendis  of  laniiier.  c  1430 
Pallad.  on  Huso.  111.  30  In  Marche  Kalendes  in  the  soile 
ydiglU.  1496  Dives  <v  Paup.  (W.  de  W.i  1.  xlvii.  87/2  The 
fyrsle  dayc  of  the  yere,  that  is  the  fyrste  Kalcndas  of  Janu- 
arye.  1577  III II II— III  Chron.  III.  1239/1  In  the  yeare  of 
our  redemption,  one  thousand,  one  hundred,  thirtie  anil 
three,  the  rift  calends  of  June,  being  the  three  and  thirtith 
yeare  of  the  reigne  of  mafia  the  first.  1598  Haklcvt 
Voy.  I.  94  Wee  tooke  otlr  ioumey  . .  al>out  the  kalends  of 
June.  i6a6  Massincek  Rout.  Actor  v.  i,  Thou  Shalt  die 
to-morrow,  being  the  fourteenth  of  The  Kalends  of  October. 


1665  Manlky  Crottus'  LmV'C.  U'arrs  337  Those  that  t»e- 
longed  to  the  City,  marched  out  safe  the  Seventh  of  the 
Calends  of  August,  a  1764  Lloyd  Two  Odes  Wks.  1774  I. 
121  On  thy  blest  Calends,  April.  1844  Lingard  A  nglo-Sax. 
Ck.  1 18581  I.  iii.  06  The  calends  of  May  and  November. 

b.  With  reference  to  debts  and  interest  being 
then  due  :  Settling  day. 

1643  Milton  Divorce  118511  Introd.  10  How  they  will 
compound,  and  in  what  Calends. 

t  2.  a.  In  OE.  A  month  ;  also,  appointed  time, 
season. 

a  1000  Menol.  7  (Gr.)  Se  kalendus  kymeS  . .  us  to  tune  ; 
hine  folc  mycel  Januarius  heton.  Ibid.  31  Kalend.  .Martius 
reoe.  a  1000  Sot.  If  Sat.  479  (Gr.)  Air  se  daeg  cyme,  ba:t 
sy  his  calend  cwide  (?)  arunnen. 

+  b.  In  Scripture  versions  :  Applied  to  the  Jew- 
ish festival  of  the  new  moon.  Obs. 

138a  Wyclif  Isa.  i.  14  $oure  kalendis  and  v>ure  solemp- 
netecs  hatede  my  soule  [  1388  my  soule  hatith  loure  calendisj. 

—  1  Sam.  xx.  5  David  seide  to  Jonathan,  Loo !  Kalendis 
ben  to  morwe.  1565  Jewell  Def.Apol.  (i6iil6oGod  com- 
manded the  people  to  keepe  the  Calends  and  new  Mooncs. 
1609  Bible  (Douayl  Xumo.  xxviii.  11  In  the  Calendes  you 
shaf  offer  an  holocaust  to  the  Lard  [138a  Wvcue,  In  the 
calendis  forsothe,  that  is,  in  the  bigynnyngis  of  monlhesj. 

3.  Phrases.  +  a.  Calends  of  exchange  :  1  a 
money  changer's  calendar,  reckoning,  or  account ; 
hence,  business  or  practical  reckoning. 

c  1374  Chaucer  Troylus  v.  1647  This  Troylus  this  Icttre 
thought  al  straunge. -Hym  thought  it  like  a  Kalendes  of  1 
chaunge.  1470  Harding  Chron.  xiii.  i,  Brutus,  .called  this  1 
Isle  Briteyn.  .So  was  the  name  of  this  ilke  Albyon  All  sette 
on  side  in  Kalandes  of  achaunge.  Ibid.  Ixxii.  ii,  Her 
goodlyhede  . .  chaunged  all  his  corage  and  manhede,  In 
Kalandes  of  eschaunge  he  was  (so]  impressed. 

b.  On  (al)  the  Greek  Calends  (L.  cut  Grtecas 
kalcndas,  :  humorous  for,  Never  ;  since  the  Creeks 
used  no  calends  in  their  reckoning  of  time. 

n  1649  Drumm.  01  Hawth.  Consid.  Parlt.  Wks.11711)  185 
That  gold,  plate,  and  all  silver,  given  to  the  mint-house  in 
these  late  troubles,  shall  be  paid  at  the  Greek  Kalends.  1656 
Blount  Glossogr.  s.v..  At  the  Greek  Calends,  never  ;  for  the 
Greks  have  no  Calends.  187a  ( ).  W.  Holmes  Poet  Break/. 
'P.  i.  18  His  friends  looked  for  it  onlyon  theGreek  Calends, 
say  on  the  31st  of  April,  when  that  should  conic  round,  if 
you  w  ould  modernize  the  phrase.  188a  Maciu.  Mag.  253 
So  we  go  on .  -  and  the  works  are  sent  to  the  Greek  Calends. 

t  4.  fig.  First  days,  beginning,  first  taste,  pre- 
lude.   ( Also  in  sing.)  Obs. 

<  1374  Chaucer  Troylus  11.  Prol.  7  Now  of  hope  the  ka- 
lendis bygynne.  t  1380  Wvcuf  Serm.  xiv.  Sel.  Wks.  II. 
261  Kalendis  of  bis  si?t  hadde  Poul  whan  he  was  ravyshed. 
1433  Jas.  I  Kiug'sQ.  vl.  v,  Gave  me  ill  hert  kalendis  of 
contort,  a  1618  Raleigh  Rem.  (1644I  114  What  is  age,  but 
the  Calends  of  death  ? 

5.  A  calendar,  record.     Also  in  sing,  rare.) 

1470  Harding  Chron.  ccxl.  xxix,  I  make  you  a  kalende 
Of  all  the  waie  to  Edenbourgth.  1590  Greene  Mourn. 
Garni.  11616)  45  Their  looks  arc  like  Calends,  that  can  de- 
termine no  certaintie.  1601  Weever  Mirr.  Mart.,  Sir 
y.  Oldeastle  Ffiijb,  Him  for  a  Saint  within  your  Kalends 
hold.  1 966  F:.  II.  Bickersteth  Ycsterd.,  to«tay,  t/c.  UL  317 
Festivals  that  stand  On  the  sidereal  calends  marked  in 
light. 

II  Calendula.  Hot.    [mod.L.  dim.  of  catenate, 
intended  to  express  '  little  calendar,  little  clock,  or* 
pcrh.  little  weather-glass'.] 

1.  The  generic  name  of  the  Common  Marigold, 
and  its  congeners. 

1871  in  M.  Collins  Miy.  4-  Merch.  I.  x.  309  The  golden 

-  haze  of  the  Calendula. 

2.  I'harm.  A  tincture  of  the  flowers  applied  as 
a  haemostatic  to  wounds,  etc.  altrib.  in  Calen- 
dula ointment,  plaster,  etc 

Calendulin  kile*»dWlin).  Chcm.  [f.  prec.  + 
-IN.]  '  A  mucilaginous  substance  extracted  from 
the  leaves  and  flowers  of  the  common  marigold  ' 

Watts  Did.  Client.  I.  7.12). 

Calenge,  obs.  form  of  Challenge. 

t  Ca'lent,  a.  Obs.  rare.  [ad.  I.,  calcns,  calenl-cm 
pr.  pple.  of  calere  to  be  hot.]    Warm,  hot. 

1607  Topsell  Four/.  Beasts  377  Styled  with  the  same 
epithets  that  the  lion  and  the  sun  are  ;  as  heat-bearing, 
urstive,  ardent,  arent,  calcnt,  hot.  1656  in  Blount  Glossogr. 
1775  in  Ash. 

Calenture  [karlfatluu  ,  Also  6  calentura, 
6-7  oallenture.  [a.  F.  calenture,  ad.  Sp.  calen- 
tura fever,  f.  calcntar  to  be  hot,  f.  L.  calcnt  em 
hot,  burning.] 

1.  A  disease  incident  to  sailors  within  the  tropics, 
characterized  by  delirium  in  which  the  patient,  it 
is  said,  fancies  the  sea  to  be  green  fields,  and 
desires  to  leap  into  it. 

The  word  was  also  Used  in  the  Spanish  general  sense  of 
1  fever ',  and  sometimes  in  that  of  1  sunstroke '. 

1593  Nashe  Christ's  'P.  (1613I  92  Then  (as  the  possessed 
with  the  Calentura,'  thou  shalt  offer  to  leal>e.  160$  Loud. 
Protligal  v.  i.  277  Such  men  die  mad  as  of  a  calenture. 
a  1618  Raleigh  Rem.  (1644I  323i  I  navc  suffered  the  most 
violent  Calenture  for  fifteen  dayes.  a  162 a  R.  Hawkins 
/  'oy.  S.  Sea  (1847)  43  To  avoyd  the  calmes,  which  . .  breed 
talenturas,  whicn  wee  call  burning  fevers.  1719  De  Foe 
Crusoe  1.  14  In  this  Voyage. .  I  was  continually  sick,  lieing 
thrown  into  a  violent  Calenture  by  the  excessive  Heal. 
17a!  Sw-h  t  S.  Sea  Pro/,  vii,  So,  by  a  calenture  misled,  The 
mariner  with  raphire  sees,  On  the  smooth  ocean's  azure 
lied,  EiiaineU'd  fields  and  verdant  trees.  1840  Gen.  P. 
Thompson  F.xerc.  (1842)  V.  455  Demanding  to  jump  over- 
board like  the  seaman  in  a  calenture. 


2.  fig.  and  transf.   Fever ;    burning  passion, 
ardour,  zeal,  heat,  glow. 

1596  Nashe  Saffron  It'alden  44  Ere  hee  bee  come  to  the 
. .  raging  Calentura  of  his  wretchednes.  a  1631  Donne 
Poems  (1650)  158  Knowledge  kindles  Calentures  in  some. 
164a  J 1  «.  Taylor  Fpitc.  ( 1647 1  362  They  w  ere  in  the  Calen- 
ture of  primitive  devotion,  a  17x1  Ken  Preparat.  Poet. 
Wks.  1721  IV.  27  Pure  Chastity  excells  in  Gust  The  Calen- 
tures of  baneful  Lust.  1841  Hor.  Smith  Moneyed Moh  III 
ix.  238  The  mirage  of  a  moral  calenture,  which  conjures 
up  unexisling  objects. 

Hence  Calentural  a.  (Carlylc),  Calentu  rist. 

i8a3  I  Vm  M*  All  Fools  D.  (1836196  You  were  founder, 
I  take  it,  of  the  disinterested  sect  of  the  Calenturists. 

t  Calenture,  v.  Obs.  rare.  [f.  prec.  sb.] 
a.  trans.  To  infect  with  the  calenture ;  hence  fig. 
to  fever,  fire.    b.  intr.  To  become  hot  or  inflamed. 

a  1678  Marvell  Poems  Wks.  1776  III.  336  Thirst  of  em- 
pire calentur'd  his  breast.  1649  G.  Daniel  Trinarch., 
Rich.  II,  ccix,  A  busie  Age,  where  eucry  breath  Calentur's 
into  faction. 

t  Calepin.  Ott.  [a.  F.  catepin,  ad.  It.  cale- 
pino  dictionary,  polyglot,  from  the  cognomen  of 
the  Augustine  friar,  Ambrosio  Calcpino,  ofCalepio 
in  Italy,  the  author  of  a  famous  Latin  Dictionary, 
first  published  in  IBM,  which  in  its  many  editions 
was  the  Latin  Dictionary  of  the  16th  century,  and 
the  foundation  of  the  later  work  of  Forcellini. 
There  was  an  octoglot  edition  by  Passerat  in  1 609.] 

A  dictionary  (sometimes  '  a  polyglot ')  ;  fig. 
one's  book  of  authority  or  reference ;  one's  note- 
book or  memorandum-book. 

Hence  the  French  phrases  'je  consulterai  lit-dessus  mon 
calepin  ',  1  cela  n'est  pas  dans  son  calepin  ', '  niettez  cela  sur 
voire  calepin '(make  a  note  of  that  to  serve  as  a  lesson>,aud 
the  Fluglish  >obs.)  *  to  bring  any  one  to  his  Calepin ',  L  e.  to 
the  utmost  limits  of  his  information. 

1568  Lane.  >»v'<7'i(l86o>II.226,  I  wyll  ihal  Henry  Marre- 
crofte  shall  have  my  calapyne  and  my  jiarafrasies.  1579 
FrLKE  Heskitu'  Pari.  56  I.et  him  turne  ouer  all  nis 
vocabularies,  Calepines,  and  dictionaries.  1603  Florio 
Montaigne  ill.  xiiLn632i  602  A  stone  i>  a  body:  but  he 
that  should  insist  and  urge  :  And  what  is  a  body  !  . .  and  so 
goe-on  :  Should  at  last  bring  the  respondent  to  his  Calcpine 
or  wit's  end.  a  1649  Drumm.  of  Hawth.  Magic  Mirr.  Wks. 
(17111  174  Taxations,  monopolies,  tolls  ..  and  such  imposi- 
tions as  would  trouble  many  Calepines  to  give  names  unto. 
166a  Evelyn  Chaleogr.  (17601  22  We  have  weeded  the 
calepines  and  lexicons.  (177a  Nugent  Friar  Gerund  II.  53 
Calcpino  is  not . .  the  title  of  a  work,  but  a  patronymic  of  the 
country  of  the  author,  .a  native  ofCalepio  in  Italy.) 

+  Cales.  Obs.  rare-'.  The  name  of  a  fabulous 
creature  :  see  quot 

<  1300  A'.  Alls.  7094  Thcr  he  fond  addren..And  a  feolle 
worm,  Cales. 

Calescence  [ULaratei .  [f.  Calescent  a.  on 
L.  tyiK'  *calescititia :  see  -ence.]  Increasing 
warmth  or  heat.  1846  Worcester  cites  Boase. 

Calescent  (kale-sent  ,  a.  rare.  [ad.  L.  tuBl- 
ccnt-em,  pr.  pple.  of  calescfre  to  grow  warm,  incho- 
ative from  calere  to  be  warm.]  Crowing  warm, 
glowing  with  heat. 

1804  He DDESEOllD  H'cccani.  Chattel  162  The  calescent 
sanguine  flood  By  vile  vulgarity  called  Blood. 

Calesh,  obs.  form  of  Calash. 

Caletite,  var.  of  Callkt,  Obs. 

Calewe,  obs.  form  of  Callow. 

t  Ca'lewey.  Ott.  ''arc.  Also  oaylewey.  kay- 
lewoy,  oalawey,  calwey.  [a.  OF.  caillouct,  tail- 
toe/,  in  Cotgr.  Cailtottel,  f.  Caillou.x  in  liurgundy : 
see  Skcat  A'o/es  to  /'.  PI.  376.]    A  kind  of  pear. 

1377  I.ANGL.  P.  PI.  B.  XVI.  69  Contenence  is  nerre  be  croppe 
as  caftejwey  bastard c.  c  1400  Rom.  Rose  7045  With  deynte 
llawnes,  brode  and  flat,  Willi  calewcis,  or  with  pullaylc 
t  Fr.  ta  poire  du  caittouel  k 

Calf1  kal  .  Forms:  1  oealf,  eelf,  caolf,  2 
Kentish  ohalf.  3  keif,  3 -j  kalf,  3- calf,  (5  calfto), 

6  oaulf,  Kentish  ohawlfe,  S  calve ;  (Sc.  6-9 
eawf,  9  oauf ).  PI.  calves :  1  oealfru,  calfru, 
calfur,  cealfaa,  4  calveren,  calvys,  4-5  calflu, 

7  calfes,  4-  calves.  (The  genit.  sing.,  esp.  in 
comb.,  was  frequently  calves.)  [Common  Teut.  : 
OWS.  cealf \fi.  cealfrti),  OMercian  eml/(jk  calfeiu, 
calfur),  ONorthumbrian  cielf,  Cftfi  correspond  to 
OS.  mviUVu.catf(Vu.kalf  , OHO. chalb  MHG. 
kalp,  kalb-,  mod.G.  kalb)  :-OTeut.  *katbo;,  -iz 
neut.  In  later  WS.  the  word  was  often  masc.  (pi. 
cealjas)  -  ON.  kalfr  ;  in  Goth,  only  the  fem.  katbd 
(Sa>a\ts)  -  OlIG.  <  halba,  mod.G.  kalbe  female 
calf,  is  recorded.] 

1.  The  young  of  any  bovine  animal,  esp.  of  the 
domestic  cow.  'Calf  is  applied  to  all  young 
cattle  until  they  attain  one  year  old,  when  they  are 
year-olds  or  yearlings'  (Stephens  Bk.  Farm  1. 179). 
I  In  calf,  with  calf  (said  of  the  cow;  :  pregnant. 
Golden  calf  :  the  idol  set  up  by  Aaron,  and  the 
similar  images  set  up  by  Jeroboam  ;  sometimes 
proverbially  with  reference  to  the  '  worship  '  of 
wealth.  '  The  calves  of  our  lips'"  (a  doubtful 
transl.  of  a  difficult  Heb.  passage,  in  Hos.  xiv.  2 
where  the  I. XX  and  Test-nilo  have '  fruit ')  is  occas. 
quoted  in  the  sense  of  '  an  offering  of  praise '. 


CALF. 


CALIBOGUS. 


a  800  Corpus  C,l.  2144  (0.  E.  T.)  Vilnius,  Cffilf ;  s'itula, 
cuoelf.  C  1000  iKLFRlc  A'.r«<".  xxxii.  4  pa  nam  he  bajt  gold 
and  get  an  cealf  and  his  cwedon  Israhel  bis  ys  bin  Clod. 
,  1000  W^-y.  Gosp.  Luke  xv.  27  pin  ueder  of-sloh  an  fset  celf 
\c  1160 // '« / ton  G.  chalfj.  ,1 122s  W«f>-.  ^.138  Hit  regibbeo 
anon,  ase  uet  keif  and  idel.  c  1230  llali  Meid.  37  Hire 
calf  sukeS.  ('1250  Cm.  A>  Ex.  1013  Kalues  fleis,  and  flures 
bred,  a  1300  (  »«w  M.  6503  pair  gold  in  tresur  gadrid  bai 
samen  A  goldin  calf  bar-of  j>ai  blu.  a  1340  H ampole  I' Salter 
xxi[ij.  11  Many  calfis  has  vmgifen  me;  fat  bulles  me  has 
vmseged.  c  1371  Wyclif  Berg.  Friers  (16081  12  Priests  . . 
wenten  to  calveren  of  gold.  1382  —  Hosea  xiv.  2  We 
shuln  3eelde  the  calues  of  our  lippis  [  =  Vulg.  vitulos,  LXX 
Kdpfrop}.  1  1400  Maundev.  ix.  105  Calveren  of  gold.  1483 
Cath.  A  ugl.  51  With  Calfe,/rf0H«.  1534  MS- A  «■  •S''-  JM"'* 
Mji/.  Canterb.,  Off  y"  cat'  of  cristchurch  for  a  chawlfe, 
iij.c.  iirj<«".  1539  Taverner  Erasm.  Pros'.  (1552)  10  He  that 
hath  borne  a  calfe,  shall  also  beare  a  bull.  1562  J.  Hlivwoon 
Pros'.  A>  Epigr.  11867)  48  As  wise  as  Waltam's  calfe.  1607 
Topsei.l  Four-/.  Beasts  89  A  tail  almost  as  long  as  a  calves. 
1629  J.  Cole  Of  Death  105  Before  we  can  offer  unto  God 
withagood  conscience,  the  calves  of  our  lips.  1671  Milton 
P.  R.  nr.  416  They  . .  fell  off  From  God  to  worship  Calves. 
1727  Swift  Modest  Prop.  Wks.  1755  II.  11.  66  Their  mears 
in  foal,  their  cows  in  calf.  1861'l'H.  Martin  Horace* s  Odes 
11.  v.  80  Your  heifer  bounding  in  play  With  the  young  calves. 

b.  To  slip  {east)  the  calf :  to  suffer  abortion ; 
said  of  the  cow,  also  (humorously)  of  women  (fibs.) 

1664  Pepys  Diary  19  Sept.,  Fraizer  is  so  great  with  . .  all 
the  ladies  at  court,  in  helping  to  slip  their  calfes  when  there 
is  occasion.  1842-71  Stephens  8k.  0/ Farm  I.  178  A  cow 
that  suffers  abortion  slips  her  calf. 

c.  trans/.  Applied  to  human  beings  :  A  stupid 
fellow,  a  dolt ;  sometimes  a  meek  inoffensive 
person.  Also  as  a  term  of  endearment.  Essex 
calf  :  a  nickname  for  a  native  of  that  county. 

a  1553  Udall  Royster  D.  n.  iv.  in  Hazl.  Dodsley  III .94 
You  great  calf,  ye  should  have  more  wit,  so  ye  should.  161 1 
Shaks.  Wint.  T.  I.  ii.  126  How  now  (you  wanton  Calfe)  Art 
thou  my  Calfe?  1627  Drayton  Nymphid.  (163D  171  Some 
silly  doting  brainless  calfe.  1711  Stef.i.k  Spec  t.  No.  113  r  3, 
I  cried,  like  a  Captivated  Calf  as  I  was.  1719  D'Urfky 
Pitts  IV.  43  It  prov'd  an  Essex  Calf.  1865  Punch  20  Apr., 
An  Essex  calf  of  the  first  magnitude. 

2.  ellipt.  Leather  made  from  the  hide  or  skin  of 
a  calf.    (More  fully  calf-leather  ;  see  7.) 

1727  Swift  Furth.  Ace.  K.  Citrll  Wks.  1755  III.  I.  156  As 
to  the  report  of  my  poor  husband's  stealing  o'calf,  it  is  really 
groundless,  for  he  always  binds  in  sheep.  1879  Print. 
Trades  Jrnl.  xxvm.  9  The  material  used  is  Calf.  1879  in 
Cassell's  Techn.  Ednc.  IV.  88  Calf  is  . .  prepared  by  the 
process  called  by  tanners  '  tawing  '. 

3.  The  young  of  other  animals ;  as  of  deer,  the 
elephant,  the  whale. 

1398  Trevisa  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  xxx.  (14951  793  The 
hynde  etyth  of  the  herbe  Dragancia  to  be  delyuerde  of  her 
calffe  the  more  eesely.  i486  Bk.  St.  Albans  E  j  b,  \'e  shall 
hym  [a  hart]  a  Calfe  .  call  at  the  fyrst  yere.  1597  Return 
jr.  Parnass.  n.  n.  v.  887  Your  Hart  is  the  first  yeare  a  Calfe, 
the  second  yeare  a  Brochet.  172s  Dudley  in  Phil.  Trans. 
XXXIII.  260  The  Calf,  or  young  Whale,  has  been  found 
perfectly  form'd  in  the  Cow,  when  not  above  seventeen 
Inches  long,  i860  Tennf.nt  Ceylon  II.  397  An  elephant, 
which  had  been  captured  by  Mr.  Cripps,  dropped  a  female 
calf.  1875  '  Stonehf.nge'  Brit.  Sports  1.  XI.  xi.  §2.  155  The 
hounds  also  by  their  tongues  indicate,  .the  presence,  if  any, 
of  a  calf  with  the  hind.  1884  Jefferifs  Red  Deer  iv.  63 
The  young  of  the.  .tall  red  deer  are  called  calves. 

4.  Sea-calf,  a  popular  name  of  the  Seal,  esp. 
Calocefhalus  vitulinus  (or  Phoca  vitnlina). 

c  1613  Chapman  Odyss.  rv,  (R.)  In  sholes  the  sea  calues 
came,  a  1711  Ken  Hymnar.  Poet.  Wks.  1721  III.  182  The 
Calves  Marine,  who  on  firm  Ground  Are  wont  to  take  a 
Sleep  profound.  1841  Penny  Cycl.  XXI.  161/2  The  vulgar 
name  is  sea-calf,  and  on  that  account  the  male  is  called  the 
bull,  and  the  female  the  cow.  1853  Kane  Grinncll  Exp. 
xxvii.  221  Some  overgrown  Greenland  calves  . .  Very  strange 
are  these  seal.  • 

5.  transf.  a.  A  small  island  lying  close  to  a 
larger  one.  [ON.  kiilfr ;  known  in  Eng.  only  in 
'The  Calf  of  Man'.] 

1833  J.  Gorton  Topogr.  Diet.  I.  347  Calf  of  Man  . .  An 
island,  situated  off  the  south-west  extremity  of  the  Isle  of 
Man.  i860  H.  Marrvat  Jutland  I.  vii.  91  The  early  North- 
men often  named  these  small  islands  calves.  18. .  Backwell 
Isle  Man  Guide  60  Beyond  . .  lies  the  Calf  of  Man  . .  The 
Calf,  .contains  about  600  superficial  acres  of  land. 

6.  An  iceberg  detached  from  a  coast  glacier  ;  a 
fragment  of  ice  detached  from  an  iceberg  or  floe. 

1818  Edin.  Rev.  XXX.  18  The  fragments  of  ice,  which  the 
seamen  term  calves.  1833  Kane  Griunell  Exp.  xlii.  (1856) 
395  The  interposition  of  floating  fragments  or  calves.  Ibid. 
xliii.  401  Calves  . .  fragments  of  tables  . .  which  haye  been 
forced  down  by  pressure,  and  afterward . .  have  been  liberated 
again  from  the  floe  and  find  their  way  upward  wherever  an 
opening  permits. 

7.  Comb.  a.  Obvious  and  general,  as  calf-brains, 
-flesh,  -guts,  -head,  -house,  -leather,  -pen,  -whale, 
-worship;  calf-like  adj.  and  adv.  (For  parts  of 
the  animal  the  genit.  calf's,  calves',  is  now  usual.) 

?ti6oo  Distracted  Emp.  1.  i.  in  O.  PI.  (1884)  III.  181  You 
love  the  cubboarde  Wherein  your  *calves  brayns  are  lockt 
up  for  breakfast,  a  1300  Cursor M.  2714  He. . bam  fedd  wit 
•calf  flesse  [Trm.  MS.  calues  flesshe].  c  1425  Voc.  in  Wr.- 
Wulcker  661  Caro  uituliua,  calfTlesche.  1611  Shaks.  Cymb. 
11.  iii.  34  It  is  a  voyce  in  her  eares  which.  .*Calues-guts,  nor 
.  the  voyce  of  vnpaued  Eunuch  to  boot,  can  neuer  amend. 
1769  Mrs.  Raffald  Eng.  Housekpr.  (1778)  87  To  dress  a 
•Calf's  Head  Surprise.  1813  Moore  Post  Bag  iii.  34  The 
dish.. Was,  what  old  Mother  Glasse  calls,  'a  calf's-head 
surprised ' !  1823 —  Fab.,  Holy  Alliance  11.  91  A  Duke,  of 
birth  sublime  . .  (Some  calf-head,  ugly  from  all  time).  1807 
Vancouver  Agric.  Devon  (1813)  472  *Calves-house,  22  feet 
by  16,  with  their  pens.    1879  in  Cassell's  Techn.  Ednc.  IV. 


416/2  The  calf-house  . .  should  be  a  roomy,  well-ventilated 
building.  1726  Amherst  Terra'  Fit.  xxxviii.  200  Dress' d  in 
a  suit  of  *calve's-leather  cloaths.  1610  Shaks.  Temp.  iv.  i.  179 
"Calfe-like,  they  my  lowing  follow'd.  1856  Farmer  s  Mag. 
Jan.  86  Have  the  calf-pens  opening  into  the  cowshed  for 
convenience  of  suckling.  1829  Marrvat  F.  Mild  may  xiii, 
I  was  going  to  swim  to  the  *calf  whale._  1650  Fuller 
Pisgah  v.  v.  152  "Calfe-worship.  .continued  in  the  kingdome 
of  Israel,  i860  Pusey  Min.  Proph.  82  He  IJeroboam]  would 
have  calf-worship  to  be  the  only  worship  of  God. 

b.  Special  combinations :  calf-bed,  a  cow's 
matrix  {dial.)  ;  also  (humorous)  parturition  'of  a 
cow),  cf.  child-bed ;  calf-bound  a.  (Bookbinding), 
bound  in  calf  (cf.  2) ;  calf-country,  calf-ground 
(Sc.),  the  place  of  one's  birth  or  early  life  ;  f  oalf- 
haulm(see  quot.) ;  calf-kill,  a  heath  plant (/Calmia 
lati folia)  injurious  to  cattle  eating  it ;  cf. '  lambkill ' 
=  K.  anguslifolia  ;  calf-knee,  popular  name  for 
the  malformation  called  genu  valgum,  or  knock- 
knee  ;  calf-land  =  calf-country  ;  calf-lea  (Sc.), 
'  infield  ground,  one  year  under  natural  grass  ' 
(Jamieson;  ;  calf-lick  {dial.),  a  tuft  of  hair  on  the 
forehead  which  will  not  lie  smoothly  and  evenly  ;  a 
cowlick,  a  '  feather ' ;  f  calf-lolly  (?  nonce-wd.),  a 
stupid  calf;  calf-love,  romantic  attachment  or 
affection  between  a  boy  and  a  girl  ;  calf -lymph, 
vaccine  lymph  obtained  direct  from  the  animal ; 
calf  's-teeth  s/>.  pi.,  milk  teeth  ;  calf-time,  the 
period  of  youth ;  calf-trundle  {dial. ),  '  the  entrails 
of  a  calf ;  fig.  applied  to  the  ruffle  of  a  shirt,  or 
flounces  of  a  gown '  (Halliwell) ;  calf -ward  (Sc.), 
a  small  field  or  enclosure  for  calves.  Also  Calf's- 
foot,  Calf-skin,  Calves'-rnout. 

1822  SouTHRY  Lett.  11856)  III.  305  Your  uncle  Tom  has 
lost  a  cow,  in  "calf-lied.  1831  Elackw.  Mag.  Sept.  561  That, 
I  believe,  is  his  •calf-country.  1884  lllust.  Louit.  News  ?i 
June  606/2  We'll  go  and  take  a  look  at  my  *calf-ground. 
1741  Compl.  Earn. -Piece  ill.  486  A  Cow  that  strains  in  Calv- 
ing, when  their  •Calf-haulm,  Udder,  or  Bag,  will  come  down 
and  swell  as  much  as  a  blown  Bladder.  1765  Dickson 
Agric.  xiii.  109  When  it  is  only  two  or  three  years  old,  it  is 
called,  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  calf-lea.  1708  MoTTKUX 
Rabelais  lv.  lxvii,  I  was.  .a  *Calf-lolly,  a  Doddipole.  1823 
Galt  Entail  I.  xxxii.  284,  I  made  a  "calf-love  marriage. 
1863  Mrs.  Gaskei.i.  Sylvia's  L.  II.  104  It's  a  girl's  fancy — 
Just  a  kind  o'  calf-love— let  it  go  by.  1884  Christian  World 
5  June  417/4  Any  doctor  can  procure  "calf-lymph  for  his 
patients.  1688  R.  Holme  Armoury  11.  173/2  A  •Calf  Ride 
lis]  a  place  made  of  Boughs  . .  in  which  the  Calf  is  kept 
whilst  he  is  sucking.  1599  Porter  A  ngry  Worn.  Abiugd. 
11841)  88  Ere  your  'calues  teeth  were  out.  you  thought  it 
long.  182a  Scott  Nigel  ix,  Where  have  you  been  spending 
your  "calf-time  ?  1785  Burns  Dr.  Hornbook  xxiii,  His  braw 
•calf-ward  whare  gowans  grew. 

Calf  -  (kaf  .  Also  4  caalf,  5-7  calfe,  7  calue. 
[app.  a.  ON.  kdlfi  of  unknown  origin  ;  adoption 
from  Gael,  calpa  leg,  calf  of  the  leg,  has  been 
conjectured.] 

1.  The  fleshy  hinder  part  of  the  shank  of  the  leg, 
formed  by  the  bellies  of  muscles  which  move  the 
foot. 

c  1325  Gloss.  W.  de  Biblesso.  in  Wright  Voc.  148  Lajambe, 
the  caalf.  <- 1386  Chaucer  C.  T.  Prol.  592,  fful  longe  were 
his  legges  and  fill  lene  ylyk  a  staf  ther  was  no  calf  ysene. 
(1440  Promp.  Pars'.  58  Calfe  of  a  legge,  sura.  ^1450 
Voc.  in  Wr.-Wi'ilcker  678  Hie  tmtsculus,  the  calfe  of  the 
lege.  1541  R.  Copland  Gnydon's  Quest.  Chirnrg.,  The 
calfe  ouer  the  leg  mouyng  the  fote  and  ancle.  1588  Shaks. 
L.  L.  L.  v.  ii.  645  His  legge  is  too  big  for  Hector.  More 
Calfe  certaine.  1794-6  E.Darwin  ZoOH.  (1801)  T.  58  The 
contraction  of  the  calf  of  the  leg  in  the  cramp.  1848  Thack- 
eray Van.  Fair  xxxvii,  A  handsome  person  and  calves, 
b.  transf.  The  corresponding  part  of  a  stocking. 

a  1659  Cleveland  Pet.  Poem  55  My  Stocking-calves.  .Are 
paradiz'd  as  naked  as  my  Nock.  1777  Sheridan  Trip 
Scarb.  1.  ii,  The  calves  of  these  stockings  are  thickened  a 
little  too  much. 

2.  Applied  to  the  corresponding  part  of  the  arm 
containing  the  belly  of  the  triceps  muscle. 

i860  O.  W.  Holmes  Elsie  V.  (1887)  33  The  triceps  . .  fur- 
nishes the  calf  of  the  upper  arm. 

Calf(e,  obs.  form  of  Calve  v. 

fCalfam,  sb.  Obs.  rare-1.    ?=  Caliph. 

1550  Bale  Apol.  119  In  thys  poynte  here  hath  he  shewed 
hymselfe  a  very  wyse  calfam. 

Calfate,  calfet :  see  Calfret  v. 

Calf  hood  (ka'f|hnd).   Calf  state  or  stage. 

1880  G.  Allen  Evolut.,  In  Summer  Fields,  Cows  hate 
dogs  instinctively,  from  their  earliest  calfhood  upward. 

t  Ca'lfin,  sb.  Obs.  Sc.  Also  calling,  colfln. 
[Jamieson  suggested  connexion  with  F.  calfater 
Calfret.]  The  wadding  or  other  stopping  of  a 
gun. 

1676  W.  Row  Contn.  Blair's  Antobiog.  xii.  App.  (1848)  587 
Such  other  calfine  as  was  at  hand.  1722  in  Wodrow  Suffer- 
ings Ch.  Scot.  II.  App.  8  The  burning  Calling  was  left  on 
his  Gown.  1736  'Trial  Capt.  Porteous  21  (Jam.)  He  was  so 
near  as  to  seethe  colfin  flee  out  of  the  pannel's  gun. 

t  Ca'lfin,  v.  Obs.  Sc.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  trans.  To 
wad  (a  fire-arm). 

1793  Piper  o'  Peebles  10  (Jam.)  It's  no  been  fir'd,  I  find  it 
fu',  Weel  calfin'd  wi'  a  clout  o'  green. 

Calfish  (ka  fij),  a.  [f.  CalfI  +  -ish'.]  Akin 
to  or  resembling  a  calf ;  fig.  raw,  untrained. 

1765  Law  Behmen's  Myst.  Magnum  xxv.  (1772)  115  Cal- 
fish understandings. 

CalflesS  (ka-fles),  a.1    Having  no  calf  (sb.i). 


1388  Wyclif  yob  xxi.  10  The  cow  caluyde,  and  is  not 
pi  iued  of  hir  calf  U>.  r.  maad  calllees].    a  1528  [see  next]. 

Ca'lfless,  a.2  Also  calve-,  [f.  Calf  ^  + 
-less.]    Of  the  leg:  Destitute  of  calf;  thin,  lean. 

a  1528  Skelton  Poem  agst.  Garnesche  30  Your  longe  lothy 
legges  . .  as  a  kowe  calfles.  1822  W.  Irving  Braceb.  Halt 
(1845)  269  Long,  lean,  callless  legs,  i860  Smiles  Self  Help 
x.  256  Calveless  legs  and  limp  bodies. 

Calfling  (ka  flirj".  In  6  calueling.  [f.  Calf1 
+  -lino.]    A  little  calf. 

1598  Yong  Montcmnyor's  Diana  79  Licking  their  yong 
and  tender,  caluelings. 

+  Ca'lfret,  v.  Obs.  Also  calfate,  calfet,  cal- 
futer.  [ad.  F.  calfretc-r  (Cotgr.),  calfater,  cal- 
fcutrer  to  caulk  (a  ship).  The  word  occurs  also 
as  It.  calafatare,  Sp.  calafatear,  -fetcar;  usually 
believed  to  be  f.  Arab,  t— »U  qalafa,  in  2nd  con- 
jugation qallafa  to  caulk  a  ship  with  palm-tree 
fibre,  etc. ;  cf.  med.Gr.  na\a<paTJ)s  caulker.  The 
Fr.  form  calfeutrer  is  conjectured  to  have  been  in- 
fluenced by  feutre  felt.]  trans.  To  stop  up  (with 
oakum)  the  seams  of  (a  ship) ;  to  caulk. 

a  1600  Hume  in  Sibbald  Chrou.  Scot.  Poetry  1 1802)  III.  381 
■Jam.  1  Weill  calfuterd  [printed  calsutered]  bots.  1601 
Holland  Pliny  I.  482  They  ..  therewith  Iviz.  with  reed-.] 
calfret  or  calkc  the  ioints  of  their  ships.  1648  Hexham 
Dutch  Diet.  (1660)  Kleuteren  . .  to  give  Knocks  or  Blowes, 
or  to  Calfate.  1653  Urqi hart  Rabelais  11.  xiii,  The  Plaintiff 
truly  bad  just  cause  to  calfet.  -the  gallion. 

Calf 's-foot,  calves-foot.  Also  5  calvys 
fote,  C>  calfes  foote. 

1.  lit.  The  foot  of  a  calf ;  hence,  calves-foot  jelly. 
1620  Venner  Via  Recta  iii.  70  The  vse  of  them  (especially 

of  Calues  feete)  is  very  profitable  in  consumptions.  1775 
Nourse  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXVI.  438,  I  now  allowed  him 
chicken  broth  . .  calves-feet  jelly.  1785  W.  Scott  in  Med. 
Commuu.  II.  85,  1  procured  some  calf's  foot  jelly.  1879 
Sala  in  Daily  'Tel.  28  June,  What  purported  to  be  mock- 
turtle  soup.. with  pieces  of  calves-foot  or  cow-heel  in  it. 

2.  Herb.  The  Cuckoo-pint  or  Wake-robin  (Arum 
maculalum)  :  see  Arum.    [So  Fr.  picd-de-veau.} 

1450  Voc.  in  Wr.-WiUcker  588  Jarus,  Cokkupyntel  el 
Calvysfote.  1578  Lyte  Dodoeus  III.  vii.  322  Calfes  foote  or 
Cockowpynt.  1607  Topsfll  Fourf.  Beasts  30  The  heard 
Arum,  called  in  English  Wake-Robbin  or  Calves-foot. 

Calf-skin.  Also  calf's-,  calves-,  calve-.  The 
skin  or  hide  of  a  calf ;  a  superior  kind  of  leather 
made  from  this,  and  used  in  bookbinding,  shoe- 
making,  etc.    More  rarely  =  vellum. 

1590  Shaks.  Com.  Err.  iv.  iii.  18  Hee  that  goes  in  the 
calues-skin,  that  was  kil'd  for  the  Prodigall.  1595  —  John 
in.  i.  129  Hang  a  Calues  skin  on  those  recreant  linibes  ! 
1604  in  Shaks.  C.  Praise  60  Master  Bursebell  the  calves- 
skin  scrivener.  1704  Swift  T.  Tub  v.  75  Copies,  well- 
bound  in  calf-skin.  1796  Morse  Amer.  Geog.  II.  74, 
090  calve-skins  [exported  in  1  yr.  from  Petersburg].  1870 
Emerson  Soc.  <y  Solit.,  Courage  207  Cowardice  shuts  the 
eyes  till  the  sky  is  not  larger  than  a  calf-skin, 
f  b.  A  purse,  etc.,  made  of  calf-skin.  Obs. 

1618  Dekker  Osvles  Alman.,  This  puts  . .  coyne  into  the 
Painters  calueskinne. 
t  C.  attrib. 

1606  Wily  Beguiled  Prol.  (N.)  His  calfs-skin  jests  from 
hence  are  clear  exil'd.  1785  Grose  Class.  Did.  Vlilg. 
Tongue  Calf-skin  fiddle,  a  drum. 

Calf's  snout :  see  Calves'-snout. 

Calfuter:  see  Calfret. 

tCa'lgarth,  cale-garth.  [f.  cal(e,  Kale  + 
Garth.]    A  cabbage  garden,  a  kale  yard. 

14. .  Hart.  MS.  1587  in  Promp.  Pars'.  58  Cauletum,  cawle- 
garthe.  1483  Cath.  Angl.  51  A  Cale  garth,  orlns,  etc.;  vbi, 
a  gardynge.  1575  Richmond  Wills  (1853!  255,  j  old  cal- 
garth  spade  and  j  haye  spayde. 

Cali-,  a  non-etymological  spelling  of  calli-  in 
words  formed  from  Gr.  /caAA-os  beauty  ;  confused 
with  calo-  from  Gr.  koXu-%  beautiful.    See  Calli-. 

Cali- :  see  also  Cale-. 

t  Caliatour,  caleatour.  In  CaliaiourCs)  wood. 
a  dye-wood  from  the  Coromandel  coast,  identified 
by  some  with  red  sandal-wood. 

1687  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  2269/2  Of  Caleatours  Wood. 

Caliawndyre,  var.  of  Coliander,  Obs. 

Caliban  (karlibaaO.  [App.  a  variant  of  Can- 
nibal, or  perh.  actually  a  form  of  Carib.  It  does 
not  appear,  however,  where  Shakspere  found  the 
form.]  The  name  of  a  character  in  Shakspere's 
Tempest,  '  a  saluage  and  deformed  slaue '  (Dram. 
Persona) ;  thence  applied  to  a  man  of  degraded 
bestial  nature.    Hence  Ca'libani  sm. 

[1610  Shaks.  Temp.  I.  ii.  308  Wee'll  visit  Caliban,  my 
slaue,  who  neuer  Y'eelds  vs  kinde  answere.]  1678  Butler 
Hud.  III.  1.  282,  I  found  th'  Infernal  Cunning-man,  and  th' 
Vnder-witch,  his  Caliban,  With  Scourges  . .  arm'd.  1876 
Geo.  Eliot  Dan.  Der.  iv.  xxix,  Grandcourt  held  that  the 
Jamaican  negro  was  a  beastly  sort  of  baptist  Caliban.  1859 
Sala  Tit:  round  Clock  (1861)  69  Where  is  the  Dutch  pug? 
Where  is  that  Narcissus  of  canine  Calibanism? 

Calibash,  obs.  form  of  Calabash,  Calipash. 

Caliber,  obs.  form  of  Calaber. 

Calibogus  (ka?lib<Jn'gas).  V.  S.  Also  calli-. 
[Scheie  de  Vere  suggests  that  the  -bogus  is  from 
Bagasse  :  cf.  Bogus  '2.]  A  mixture  of  mm  and 
spruce-beer. 

1785  Grose  Diet.  Vutg.  Tongue,  Calibogus,  rum  and  spruce 
beer,  American  beverage.    1861  L.  de  Boilieu  Recoil. 


CALIBRATE. 


82 


CAIilDTJCT. 


Labrador  Life  162  Callibogus,  a  mixture  of  Rum  and 
Spruce-beer,  more  of  the  former  and  less  of  the  latter. 

Calibrate  flae-likrW),  v.  [f.  Calibre  t-ai 
cf.  F.  calibnr.]  trans.  To  determine  the  calibre 
of ;  spec  to  try  the  bore  of  a  thermometer  tube  or 
similar  instrument,  so  as  to  allow  in  graduating  it 
for  any  irregularities  :  to  graduate  a  gauge  of  any 
kind  with  allowance  for  its  irregularities. 

1864  in  Webster.  1869  Roscoe  Elem.  Chrm.  27  The 
[thermometerl  tube  must  be  calibrated,  i.e.  the  irregularities 
in  the  bore  must  1*  determined  and  allowed  for.  1870 
Tvndall  Heat  x.  App.  330,  I  give  here  the  methed  of  cali- 
brating the  galvanometer.  1881  Tait  in  Nature  XX  V.  128 
The  external  gauge  was  accurately  calibrated. 

Calibration  kadibr,"!  jan).  [f.  prec.  +  -ATION.J 
The  action  or  process  of  calibrating. 

1871  H.  Stewart  Heat  i  20  The  relative  diameter  of  the 
bore  . .  having  now  been  determined  by  Calibration. 

Calibre,  caliber  (karlibai :  occas.  kal/'-br",  | 
sl>.  Also  6-8  caliver,  8  calabar,  calliber,  -bre, 
caliper,  ealabre.  [a.  F.  calibre  (qualibre  in  Cotgr. 
1611)  =  It.  calibro,  Sp.  calibre  (OSp.  also  calibo, 
Diez)  of  uncertain  origin ;  the  Arab.  tj<ili/> 
'  mould  for  casting  metal ',  or  some  cognate  deri- 
vative of  tjalaba  to  turn,  has  been  suggested  as  the 
source.    See  Calliper. 

(Mahn  conjectured  as  source  L.  qui)  lilirA  of  what  weight  I) 
Calibre  and  Calliper's  are  apparently  originally  the  same 
word.  Several  16th  c.  writers  assign  the  same  origin  to 
Caliver,  the  name  of  a  species  of  harquebus,  as  if  this 
were  derived  from  arquebnse  tie  calibre,  or  some  similar 
name.  Litlrc  has  'denize  canons  de  calibre  d'empereur 
(12  cannons  of  emperor's  calibre)  pour  la  batterie '  of  16th  c. 
The  frequent  use  of  caliver'm  the  sense  of  calibre,  in  the 
16th  and  17th  c,  appears  to  favour  this.) 

1.  f  a.  The  diameter  of  a  bullet,  cannon-ball,  or 
other  projectile.  Obs.  b.  Hence,  The  internal  dia- 
meter or  '  bore'  of  a  gun. 

lAs  the  '  calibre '  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  determines  the 
weight  of  the  projectile  it  can  throw,  phrases  like  '  guns 
of  heavy  calibre  '  often  occur  in  popular  use.  1 

1588  E.  York  Ord.  Marshall.  City  London  in  Stmts 
Suit.  (17541 II.  v.  xxxi.  570/1  We  had  our  particular  Calibre 
of  Harquebuze  . .  The  Prynces  . .  caused  seven  thousand 
Harquebuzes  to  be  made,  all  of  one  Calibre.  1591  Sir  J. 
Smvthe  Instruct.  Militarie  189,  1  would  that  all  their  bul- 
lettes  should  be  of  one  Caliver.  a  1595  —  Animatlr.  Capt. 
Benoick  in  Grose  Mil.  Antic.  118011  207  A  harquebuze  and 
a  currier,  both  . .  of  one  caliver  heighthe  of  bullet.  1678 
Phillips,  Caliber,  in  Gunnery  the  heighth  of  the  bore  in 
any  peice  of  Ordnance.  1708  Kersey,  Caliver  or  Caliper, 
the  Bigness,  or  rather  the  Diameter  of  a  piece  of  Ordnance, 
or  any  other  Fire-arms  at  the  Bore  or  Mouth.  1746  Hep. 
Cond.  Sir  J.  Cope  99  All  the  Cannon  was  of  the  same 
Caliber,  being  1}  Pounders.  1717  51  Chambers  Cycl.  s.  v., 
The  caliber  is  the  rule  by  which  all  the  parts  of  a  cannon,  or 
mortar,  as  well  as  of  its  carriage,  are  proportioned.  1778  Phil. 
Trans.  LXVIII.  65  The  bore .  .  was  nearly  20J  calibers  long. 
1803  Wellington  Let.  in  Gurw.  Disp.  II.  327  We  .,  have 
taken  about  60  pieces  of  cannon  . .  of  the  largest  calibres. 

b.  trans/.  The  diameter  of  any  body  of  circular 
section;  csp.  the  internal  diameter  of  a  tube  or 
hollow  cylinder  ;  in  Phys.  chiefly  of  an  artery. 

1727  51  Chambers  Cycl.,  Calilter  or  Caliper,  in  a  general 
sense,  notes  the  extent  of  any  round  thing  inthickness,  or 
diameter.  In  which  sense  we  say,  a  column  is  of  the  same 
caliber  as  another,  when  they  are  both  of  the  same  diameter. 
1744  Keid  Inquiry  vi.  f  19  '1  he  caliber  of  these  empty  tubes. 
1836  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  L  77/2  If  we  brace  the  arteries  . .  we 
shall  find  their  calibres  everywhere  diminished. 

2.  fig.  +  a.  Degree  of  social  standing  or  im- 
portance, quality,  rank.  [The  earliest  cited  sense  ; 
prob.  from  Fr.]  Obs.  b.  Degree  of  personal  capa- 
city or  ability ;  '  weight '  of  character  ;  |  often  with 
conscious  reference  to  1).  In  wider  sense:  Qua- 
lity, '  stamp',  degree  of  merit  or  importance. 

1567  Fenton  Trag.  Disc.  164  The  forfeiture  of  the  honor 
of  a  ladye  of  equal!  calibre  [elsavlierc  spelt  ealabre]  and 
callinge  to  mee.  a  1649  Drumm.  ov  Hawth.  Skiamachia 
Wks.  (1711)  199  Sir  Henry  Vane,  or  others  of  such  calibre I 
1791  MB  App.  Whigs  Wks.  VI.  108  Declamations  of 
this  kind  coming  from  men  of  their  Calibre  . .  were  highly 
mischievous.  1808  Scott  in  Lockhart  i.  (1842I  0/1  lTie 
calibre  of  this  young  man's  understanding.  1826  J.  Gil- 
christ Lecture  55  We  know  the  Doctor's  caliber  well  enough. 
1857  ffntmTT  'Tom  Brolttn  Pref.,  Playing  against  an  eleven  of 
their  own  calibre,  i860  Mill  Repr.  Govt.  118651  57/2  Major- 
ities  would  be  compelled  to  look  out  for  members  of  a 
much  higher  calibre.  1870  Disraeli  Lothair  xxviii.  125 
The  host,  with  the  Duke  of  Brecon  on  his  right  and  Lothair 
on  his  left,  and  'swells'  of  calibre  in  their  vicinity. 

3.  pi.  calibers.^ Callipers. 

4.  at trib.  and  in  comb.,  as  in  calibre-rule,  -scale 
(see  quots.)  ;  calibre-compasses,  -square  :  see 
Calliper. 

1729  Shelvocke  Artillery  1.  1  The  Calibre  Scale,  an  In. 
strument  or  Ruler  ..  to  determine  the  Weights  of  all  Iron 
Bullets  by  their  Diameters.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp  s.v., 
Caliber-rule  is  an  instrument,  wherein  a  right  line  is  so  di- 
vided, as  that  the  first  part  being  equal  to  the  diameter  of 
an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  one  pound  weight,  the  other  paits 
are  to  the  first,  as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  two,  three,  four, 
etc.,  pounds,  are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  one  pound. 
The  caliber  is  used  by  engineers,  from  the  weight  of  the 
ball  given,  to  determine  its  diameter,or  calilier ;  or  vice  versa. 

t  Calibre, -ber  kse'libaj),  v.  Obs.   [f.  prec. 

Cf.  F.ealibrer.]  trans.  To  determine  the  calibre  of ; 
to  measure  with  callipers.  I  lence  CaTibered,  -bred 
ppl.  a.       1731  in  Bailev,  vol.  II.    1775  in  Ash. 


Calibred,  a.    [f.  Calibre  sb.  +  -ed.]    Of  or 

having  calibre  :  chiefly  in  camp, 
1887  Standard  7  Nov.  5/7  The  smaller  calibred  weapon. 

Caliburn,  -burno  (kse'libiXm,  kajlibriin^. 
Also  Calab-,  caleb-.  The  name  of  King  Arthur's 
sword.    See  Excalibur. 

1 197  R.  Glouc  174  Mid  is  suerd  he  was  igurd  .  Cali. 
bourne  it  was  icluped.  Ibid.  208  Calebourne  is  gode  suerd. 
la  1400  Morte  Arth.  (1847)  353  The  kyng  with  Calaburne 
knyghtly  hym  strykes.  1799  S.  Turner  Anglo-Sax.  (18301 
I.  111.  iii.  175  A  sword,  fancied  to  have  been  his  caliburno. 
1813  Scott  Trienn.  1.  xv,  On  Caliburn's  resistless  brand. 

Calicate,  incorrect  spelling  of  Calycate. 

Calic(e,  early  form  of  Chalice. 

Caliciform  karlisiijftan^  a.  Also  (crron.) 
calyciform.  [ad.  mod.L.  caliciformis,  f.  L.  calic- 
em  (calix)  cup  +  -(i)porm  :  cf.  F.  calictforme.] 
In  the  form  of  a  cup  ;  cup-shaped. 

1849  s»Todd  Cycl.  Anal.  IV.  11 22/1  A  caliciform  papilla. 

Calicinated  kali  sin^t«l>,  ///.  a.  [app.  ir- 
regularly f.  L.  calix  cup.]    Made  cup-shaped. 

1851  D.  Wilson  Preh.  Ann.  (18631  1. 11.  vi.  460  The  beau- 
tifulcalicinated  fibula. 

Calicle  kse  lik'l).  Biol.  Also  (e rron. )  calycle. 
[ad.  L.  caliculus,  dim.  of  calix  cup.]    (See  quot.) 

1848  Dana  Zooph.  ii.  16  note,  Calicle.  .is  used  for  the  pro- 
minences which  contain  the  cells  in  many  corals.  Ibid.  iii. 
20  Every  calicle  is  the  site  of  a  polyp-flower.  1874  A.  Wil- 
son in  at  II  'ords.  703  A  row  of  little  cup-like  bodies  . . 
known  as  *  hydrothecae '  or  4  calycles  ', 

Calico  (kx  liko).  Forms  :  a.  6  (Caljecot, 
callicutt,  6-7  calecut,  6-8  calli-,  calicut,  7  cali- 
cute,  7-8callicot.  0. 6  kalyko,calyco,calocowe, 

callaga,  -ca),  6-8  callico(e,  7-8  calicoe,  7- 
calico.  [In  i6-i7th  c.  also  calicut,  from  the 
name  of  the  Indian  city  (sense  1),  called  in 
Malayalam  Kvlikbdu,  in  Arabic  Qatiqut,  med.L. 
(Conti)  Coltiaithia,  Pg.  Qualecut  (V.  de  Gama), 
Calecut  (Camoens).  It  is  not  clear  how  the  form 
calico,  occurring  in  1540  as  i-alyio,  arose;  it  may 
have  been  merely  an  English  corruption  ;  the  F. 
calicol  has  been  suggested  as  the  intermediate 
form,  but  the  age  of  this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Malabar  ; 
in  the  16th  c.  the  chief  port,  next  to  Goa,  of 
intercourse  between  India  and  Europe;  used  atlrib. 
in  Calicut-cloth,  Calico-cloth  :  see  next. 

a.  lc  1505  Dunbar  Warldis  Instabilities  It  micht  have 
cuming  in  schortar  quhyll  Fra  Cahecot  and  the  new-fund 
Vle.l  1 54 1 1  July!  Lett.  Credence  of  T.  Bcllendenfr.  Jos.  V 
to  Hen.  Will,  IX  peces  of  Callicutt  claith  pertenyng  to 
ane  William  Blaky  in  Leith.  1589  Hakluyt  Voy.  (1886) 
I.  3  Of  silke  and  finnen  wouen  together,  resembling  some- 
thing Callicut  cloth.  —  Voy.(\y#)  U.  1.  Kp.  Dcd.,  Lapped 
vp  almost  an  hundred  fold  in  fine  calicut-cloth. 

0.  1540 /..»;..  W<7/Ki86o)IL  151  Asurplyse  and  an  elnc 
kalyko  cloth.  (1547  Boorde  Introd.  Emm].  142  The  newe 
foundeland  named  Calyco.)  1549  Will.L.af  Rhes  (Somer- 
set Ho.>  Calocowe  clothe.  1605  E.  Scot  in  Middleton's  Voy. 
lHakl.  Soc.)  App.  iii.  165  (Y.)  They  [the  Javanese)  weare  a 
kinde  of  Callico-cloth. 

2.  1  lence :  a.  trig.  A  general  name  for  cotton  cloth 
of  all  kinds  imported  from  the  East  (see  quot. 
1753);  'an  Indian  stuff  made  of  cotton,  sometimes 
stained  with  gay  and  beautiful  colours'  J.)  ;  sub- 
sequently, also,  various  cotton  fabrics  of  European 
manufacture  (sometimes  also  with  linen  warp), 
b.  Now,  in  England,  applied  chiefly  to  plain  white 
unprinted  cotton  cloth,  bleached  or  unbleached 
(called  in  Scotland  and  U.S.  cotton).  0.  in  U.S. 
to  printed  cotton  cloth,  coarser  than  muslin. 

o.  1612  61  Heylin  Cosmogr.  ill.  (1682)  205  A  Smock 
of  Calicutc,  a  kind  of  linnen  cloth  here  made,  and  from 
hence  so  called.  1678  Tavernicrs  Voy.  Kingd.  T onqmn 
xiii.  43  Blue  Calicuts.  Ibid.,  Rrlat.  Japon  58  Chiles  or 
painted  Calicuts  which  they  call  calmendar.  1688  R. 
IIUUIl  jll  HWI)  III  349/1  Dowlas,  Scotch  Cloth,  Callicot. 
1758  Ellis  in  I'hil.  Trans.  I..  453Callicutsare  painted  with 
the  juice  of  this  shrub.  1789C0XE  Trav.  Sjvitz.  I.  30  Their 
manufactures  arc  coarse  callicots  and  muslins. 

$.  1578  Invent,  in  Drapers'  Diet.  42,  iiij  yards  of  Cal- 
laga, 6s.  4rf.  xij  yards  of  Callaca,  IM  «59»  Webbe  T rat: 
(Arb.)  31  Fine  Lawne  or  Callico  thrust  down  my  throate. 
>6i6  Trav.  Eng.  Pilgr.  in  llarl.  Misc.  (Malh.l  III.  326  A 
camel,  laden  with  callicoes.  1665  G.  Havers  P.  delta 
Valle's  Trav.  E.  Ind.  31  A  very  great  Trade  of  fine  Cotton 
Cloth  or  Callico.  1666  Pei  ys  Diary  24  Sept.,  Flags,  which 
I  had  bought  for  the  Navy,  of  Calico.  1714  fr,  Bk.  Rates 
230  The  Arrest  . .  forbidding  the  Sale  or  Consumption  of 
painted  Callicoes  from  the  East-Indies,  or  such  as  arc  printed 
or  painted  at  Home.  1719  J.  Roberts  Spinster  347  A  taw- 
dry, pie-spotted,  flabby,  ragged,  low-priced  thing,  called 
Callicoe.  .made,  .by  a  parcelof  Heathens  and  Pagans,  that 
worship  the  Devil,  and  work  for  a  halfpenny  a  day.  1740 
Johnson  Drake  Wks.  IV.  452  Dressed  in  white  cotton  or 
calicoe.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.,  Callicoes  are 
of  divers  kinds,  plain,  printed,  painted,  slain'd,  dyed,  chints, 
muslins,  and  the  like.  1774  Act  14  Geo.  Ill,  iii,  Instead  of 
the  Word  Callico,  which  stands  for  foreign  Callicoes,  ea.  h 
piece  may  lie  marked  with  the  words  British  Manuf.ului.'. 
i860  VV'arter  Sea  Board H  Dsnvu  II.  22  The  wind  soundtd 
like  the  tearing  of  calico.  1875  Ure  Diet.  Arts  I.  579  It 
was  easy  for  needy  adventurers  to  buy  printed  calicoes.  — 
II.  565  Hung  with  black  lustreless  calico. 

0.    1841-44  Emerson  Ess.  PrudtnC*  Wks.  (Bonn;  I.  09 
Calicoes  (cannot)  go  out  of  fashion  . .  in  the  few  swift  mo- 
ments, .the  Yankee  suffers,  them  to  remain  in  his  possession. 
1    1863  Life  in  SmUA  II.  293  Cotton-prints  . .  called  '  calicoes 


in  America,  for  dresses.  1871  Bret  Harte  Prose  t,  P.  I. 
40  The  furniture  was  extemporized  from  parking  cases,  .and 
covered  with  gay  calico. 

3.  simple  atlrib.  (or  atlj.)  Of  calico  (cf.  sense  l\ 
Calico  ball,  a  ball  where  the  ladies  wear  only 
cotton  dresses. 

1612  Kates  (ScotU  294  (Y.i  Calico  copboord  claiths,  the 
piece . .  xlf.  1641  Evelyn  Mew.  (18571 1-  24  The  men,  wear- 
ing a  large  calico  mantle  yellow  coloured.  1796  Campaigns, 
1793-4  I.  11.  ii.  101  Callicoe  sheets  keep  us  decently  warm. 
1855  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  xviii.  141  Flaunting  in  a 
calico  shirt  and  a  pair  of  silk  stockings  from  Moorshedabad. 

4.  Comb.,  as  calico-glazcr,  -making,  -smoother, 
-trade,  -weaving;  calico  -  diaper  (see  quot.); 
■(■calico-lawn,  ?a  fine^qiTauty  of  calico,  lawn  of 
calico  or  cotton  ;  calico-printer,  one  whose  trade 
is  calico-printing;  calico-printing,  the  art  or 
trade  of  producing  a  pattern  on  calico  by  printing 
in  colours,  in  mordants  which  produce  colours  on 
being  dyed,  or  by  other  process. 

1696  J.  F.  Merchant's  Ivare/to.  12  *Callico -  Diaper. . 
called  so  by  reason  it  is  made  of  Cotton,  as  the  Callicoes 
are,  and  is  wrought  into  little  figures.  17*3  Lond.  Gat. 
No.  6196/7  Matnew  Bacon  . .  *Callico-Glazer.  1809  A. 
Stewart  in  Lockhart  Scott  (18391  III.  180  Breaking  into 
the  workshop  of  Peter  More,  calico-glazer,  F^dinburgh. 
?  159a  Descr.  Carraek  Madre  de  Dies  (Y. )  The  calicos  were 
book-calicos,*calico  launes,  broad  white  calicos,  fine  starched 
calicos,  coarse  white  calicos,  browne  coarse  calicos.  1663 
Loud.  Gat.  No.  1791/4  Two  striped  Muslins  or  Callico 
Lawnes.  1859  Smiles  Self-Help  36  Robert  Peel  . .  began 
the  domestic  trade  of  *calico-making.  1706  Lond.  Gaz. 
No.  4264/4  William  Shirwin.  ."Callico-Printer.  1854  Mrs. 
Gaskell  North  <y  .V.  xix.  One  of  the  half-dozen  calico- 
printers  of  the  time.  1753  Hanway  Trav.  (17621  II.  1. 
iii.  15  Sugar-baking  and  callicoe-printing  are  the  great 
articles.  1867  A',  t,  Q.  Ser.  ill.  XI.  186/1  In  1676  Calico 
printing,  .was  invented  and  practised  in  London.  hj6mGentl. 
Mag.  6  We  have  obstructed  them  in  the  Vallico  trade. 

t  Calicrat.  Obs.  [app.  f.  Callicrales,  name  of 
a  Greek  artist  celebrated  for  his  minute  ivory 
carvings  of  ants  and  other  small  animals  (Pliny 
A^.  H.  vii.  xxi.  §  21, '  Callicrates  ex  ebore  formicas 
et  alia  tarn  parva  fecit  animalia  ut  partes  coram  a 
ceteris  cerni  non  possent ').]    An  ant. 

1496  J.  Burel  Passage  tf  Pitgremer,  The  Calicrat,  that 
lytlething,  Bot,  and  the  hony  Bie. 

Calicular  (kali  ki/Jlar",  a.  [f.  L.  calicul-ns, 
dim.  of  calix  a  cup  +  -ar.]    See  also  Calycplab. 

+  1.  ?  Resembling  a  little  cup  (?or  perh.-CALT- 
culab).  Obs. 

1658  Sir  I.  Browne  Card.  Cyrus  iii.  124  Contemplating 
the  calicular  shafts  [of  the  teasel)  and  uncous  disposure  of 
their  extremities. 

2.  Biol.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  calicle. 

1849  Murchison  Siluria  x.  221  They  . produce  their 
young  clusters  through  this  marginal  calicular  develop- 
ment. 187a  Nicholson  Palseont.  94  Three  chief  forms  of 
gemmation .  .amongst  the  compound  Zoantharia— viz.  basal, 
parietal,  and  calicular. 

Hence  Cali'oularly  adv. 

1846  Dana  Zooph.  iv.  f  60  The  coralla.  .may  be  described 
as  calicularly  branched. 

Caliculate  i kali  kii?l<rt),  a.  [f.  L.  calicul-us 
(see  prec.)  +  -ate  *.]    Having  calicles. 

1846  Dana  Zooph.  (1848)  437  Corallum  below,  short  calicu- 
late,  calicles  panform. 
Calculated,  ■  prec. ;  also  obs.  f.  C alyculated. 

Cali  culato-,  combining  form  of  Caliculate, 
as  in  oaliculato-ramose  :  see  quot. 

1846  Dana  Zooph.  iv.  §  82  The  coralla  of  these  species  are 
..styled  caliculato-ramose  (i.e.  Each  calicle  forming  a  sepa- 
rate  branch  to  the  corallum  :  arising  from  segregate  budding). 

Calid  lorUd),  a.  arch.  [ad.  L.  calidus  warm.] 
Warm,  tepid  ;  hot.    (in  Med.;  cf.  Calidity). 

1509  A.  M .  Gabelheuer's  Bk.  Physic  41/2  Applye  the  same 
on  the  Foreheade.  the  salve  beinge  reasonable  calide.  1657 
Tomlinson  Renou's  Disp.  141  A  thin,  calid,  and  chollerick 
humour.  «68i  Chktham  Angler's  I'ade  m.  xxii.  |  1  En- 
livened by  the  Suns  calid  Influence.  1854  Svn.  Dobh.i. 
Balder  xxiii.  98  Summer.  Crowned  with  oak  and  ash,  Her 
hot  feet  slippered  in  the  calid  seas. 

t  Cali'dity.  Obs.  [ail.  mod.L.  calidilas,  f. 
E.  calid-us  (see  prec.  s  =  F.  caliditi:  see  •OT.] 
Warmth,  heat.    (Chiefly  tcchn.  in  Med.) 

ija8  Pavneli.  Salerne's  Regim.  Q  ij  b.  This  walnut . .  is 
hardc  of  digestion  . .  by  reason  of  hit  calidite.  1599  A.  M. 
Gabeihouers  Bk.  Physic  47/2  For  caliditye,  and  itchinge  of 
the  F;yes.  1620  Venner  Via  Recta  1 1650)  5.  1646  Sir  T. 
Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  5 1  The  potentiall  calidity  of  many  w  aters. 

Calidity,  var.  of  Calliiiity,  shrewdness. 

Caliduct  (kx  lidskt).  [f.  (app.  by  Wotton)  L. 
cali  dus  hot,  or  cal-or  heat  +  ductus,  after  Aque- 
duct. Cf.  F.  calidtu  (in  the  Academy's  Diet. 
1 801 ).]  A  duct  or  pipe  for  the  conveyance  of 
heat  by  means  of  steam,  hot  water,  or  airf 

1651  Reliq.  Wotton.  254  Pipes  ..  transporting  heate  to 
sundry  parts  of  the  House  from  one  common  Furnace  . .  I 
am  ready  to  baptize  them  Caliducts  as  well  as  they  are 
termed  Venti  ducts  and  Aquae-duels  that  convey  winde  and 
water.  1664  Evelyn  Kal.  Ilort.  (1729'  228  Since  the  Sub- 
terranean  Caliducts  have  been  introduced,  .the  most  tender 

.  Plants . . did  outlive . .  those  rigorous  Seasons.  1753CHAM- 
bers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.,  The  ancient  caliducts.  1803  Draper 
lilt.  Devel.  Europe  xvL  (1865)  348  Earthen  pipes,  or  cale- 
ilucts,  imbedded  in  the  walls. 

Calif,  variant  of  Caliph. 
Calify,  var.  Calefy  v.  Obs. 


CALIGATE. 


88 


CALIX. 


t  Caligate,  o,.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  call  gains  'booted', 
f.  caHga  half-boot,  esp.  that  worn  by  the  Roman 
soldiers  :  see  -atk  -.]  Wearing  calign  or  military 
boots  ;  esp.  in  knight  caligate. 

c  1562  Entertain ni.  Temple  in  Nichols  Progr.  Q.  Eliz.  I. 
134  After  followed  his  messenger  and  Caligate_  Knight. 
1562  Leigh  Armor ie  (1597)  40b,  These  are  K  nighr.es  in 
their  offices,  but  not  nobles,  and  are  called  knights  Caligate 
of  Annes,  because  they  were  startuppes  to  the  middle  legge. 
1586  Ferne  Bias.  Gentrie  106  A  caligate  knight,  that  is  a 
souldior  on  foote.  1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Caligate ,  that 
wears  stockings,  buskings,  or  harness  for  the  Legs. 

t  Caliga'tion.  Med.  Obs.  Also  7  call-,  [ad.  L. 
cdlfgdl  ion-em  dimness  of  the  eyes,  f.  cdlTgare  to  be 
dim  or  misty.]    Dimness  or  mistiness  of  sight. 

1615  Crooke  Body  of  Man  151  The  calligation  or  dimnesse 
of  their  sight,  the  hissing  of  their  eares.  1646  Sir  T, 
Browne  Pseud.  Ef>.  nt.  xviii.  153.  1657  Tomlinson  Return's 
Disp.  195  Such  medicaments  as  cure  caligation. 

CaliginO'sity.  arch.  [f.  as  if  ad.  L.  +calt- 
gindsitas,  f.  cdltgindsus :  see  Caliginous  and  -ity; 
cf.  F.  cali gi  no  site.}    Dimness  of  sight. 

1657  Tomlinson  Return's  Disp.  334  [EyeorightJ  takes  away 
caliginosity  and  cures  all  pituitous  diseases.  1876  Geo. 
Eliot  Dan.  Der.  v.  xxxvii.  348,  1  prefer  a  cheerful  cali- 
ginosity, as  Sir  Thomas  Browne  might  say. 

Caliginous  (k&lrdginss).  Also  6  calaginous. 
[ad.  L.  cdlfginos-us  'misty',  f.  caligin-em  misti- 
ness, obscurity :  cf.  F,  caliginenx.]  Misty,  dim, 
murky;  obscure,  dark  ;  also  fig.    (Now  arch.) 

1548  Coinpi.  Scot.  38  Al  corrupit  humiditeis,  ande  caltginus 
fumis.  1578  Banister  Hist.  Man  viii.  98  The  Huer  maketh 
the  thicker  bloud  and  that  which  is  calaginous.  1650  tr. 
Ca?issin's  Angel  of  Peace  53  Those  men.  .precipitate  them- 
selves into  . .  caliginous  observations.  1790  Cowplr  Odyss. 
xm.  443  The  goddess  enter'd  deep  the  cave  Caliginous.  1794 
Mrs.  PiozziSyuon.  II.  310  That  caliginous  atmosphere  which 
fills  London  towards  the  10th  of  November.  1849  Lytton 
Caxtons  ir.  xn.'lxi,  Her  lone  little  room,  full  of  caliginous 
corners  and  nooks.    1849  'Bait's  Mag.  XVI.  218. 

t  Calrginousness.  Obs.  [£  prec.  +  -ness.] 
Caliginous  quality  ;  obscurity;  dimness  of  sight. 

1620  Venner  Via  Recta  viii.  166  Caliginousnes  of  the 
eyes.  1731  Bailey,  vol.  II,  Cali'ginousness,  darkness,  full- 
ness of  obscurity. 

II  CaligO  (katoi'ga).  [L.]    Dimness  of  sight. 

1801  Med.  Jml.  V.  139,  I  . .  examined  her  eye,  but  could 
discover  no .  .appearance  of  caligo.    1881  in  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Caligrapher,  -meter,  etc. :  see  Calli-. 

Cali'gulism.  nonce-wd.  [f.  Caligula,  cogno- 
men of  the  third  Roman  Emperor  -f  -ism.]  A  mad 
extravagance  such  as  Caligula  committed. 

1745  Walpole  Lett,  to  Mann  {ed.  2)  II.  103  (D.)  Alas  !  it 
would  be  endless  to  tell  you  all  his  Caligulisms. 

II  CaligllS  (kse-ligi/s).  Zool.  [mod.L.,  f.  caliga 
*shoe\]  A  genus  of  pcecilopodous  crustacean 
parasites,  family  Caligidm.    Hence  Caligoid. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  VI.  161/1  Caligus  ..  commonly  known 
among  the  fishermen  as  fish-lice.  1852  Dana  Crust,  n. 
1525  Few  Caligoids  have  been  reported  from  the  Torrid  zone. 

Calimanco,  obs.  form  of  Calamanco. 

il  Calin.   [Fr. :  a.  Pg,  calaim,  a.  Arab.  ^tJuj 
qalas.i\  the  ultimate  derivation  is  disputed.  " 
See  Calay  in  Yule.]    '  The  tin  of  Siam  and  Ma- 
lacca, of  which  the  Chinese  make  tea-caddies,  etc.', 
by  some  said  to  be  an  alloy  of  lead  and  tin. 

1752  Beawes  L,ex  Mercat.  Red.  817  A  mixed  metal  called 
Calin.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Calin,  the  name  of  a 
sort  of  mixt  metal,  seeming  composed  of  lead  and  tin.  It 
is  prepared  by  the  Chinese,  and  they  make  several  utensils 
of  it,  as  tea-canisters,  coffee-pots,  and  the  like.  1847  in 
Craig  ;  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

t  Calino.  Obs.  rare—1.  [Perh.  suggested  by 
'calino  custure  me',  the  corrupt  form  of  a  popular 
Irish  melody,  frequently  mentioned  c.  1600.  (Cf. 
Shaks.  Hen.  V.  iv.  iv.  4,  and  editors.)  But  cf.  also 
F.  calin  *  a  beggarly  rogue  or  lazie  vagabond  that 
counterfeits  disease '  (Cotgr.).] 

1599  Nashe  Lenten  Stuffe  24  Amongst  our  English  har- 
monious calinos,  one  is  vp  with  the  excellence  of  the  browne 
bill,  .another  playes  his  prizes  in  print. 

+  Calion.  Obs.    Also  5  calioun,  5-6  calyon. 

[Of  uncertain  etymology.  Cf.obs.F.  caillon  'a  dot, 
clutter,  clot,  or  congealed  lumpe  of  flegme,  bloud, 
etc.'  (Cotgr.),  app.  f.  cailler  to  coagulate,  curdle, 
clot  (:— L.  eoaguldre).']  A  flint  nodule;  a  boulder 
or  pebble ;  often  collective. 

C1459  Merlin  xx.  329  His  horse.. ran  so  swyfte  that 
t?  through]  the  felde  that  was  full  of  smale  caliouns  that  the 
fire  sparkeled  thikke.  1463  in  Bury  Wills  37  If.  .brykke  be 
not  sufficient  to  endure,  lete  it  be  maad  with  calyoun  and 
moorter.  1499  Promp.  Parv.  58/2  Calyon,  rounde  stone, 
rudus.  1555  Fardle  Facions  1.  vi.  101  Criekes  . .  whose 
entringes  thenhabitauntes  vse  to  stoppe  vp  with  great  heapes 
of  calion  and  stones. 

Calipash  (kse-lipsej"1).  Forms :  7  calapatch, 
8  calibash,  callepash,  8-  calipash,  callipash, 
(9  calapash).  [Perh.  calipash  and  Calipee  may 
be  adoptions  of  some  West  Indian  words ;  the 
former  suggests  Sp.  carapacho  (see  Carapace).] 

■f  a.  The  upper  shell  or  carapace  of  the  turtle 
(oh.)  b.  That  part  of  the  turtle  next  to  the  upper 
shell,  containing  a  dull  green  gelatinous  substance. 

1689  H.  Pitman  Relation  in  Arb.  Garner  Mil.  358  We  left 
some  peces  of  the  flesh  on  the  calapatch  and  calapee,  that  is, 

Vol.  II. 


the  back  and  breast  shells.  1749  Fini.niNG  Tom  Jones  1.  1 
The  tortoise,  .besides  the  delicious  calibash  and  calipee  con- 
tains many  different  kinds  of  food.  1768  STERNE  Sent. 
Journ.  i  1775I  217A11  alderman  who  swallows  three  pounds  of 
callipash  and  callipee.  a  184s  Hood  Turtles,  Having 
..  Forest  al  I'd  the  civic  Banquet  yet  to  be,  Its  callipash 
and  callipee.  1883  Pall  Mall  G.  21  Nov.  11/2  The  callipee 
is  the  white  portion  of  the  fiesh  which  comes  from  the 
belly ;  the  calipash  is  black  in  colour,  and  is  taken  from  the 
back . 

Calipee  (karlipr).  Forms  :  7  calla-,  challa- 
pee,  7-9  calapee,  8  callepy,  S-  calli-,  calipee. 
[See  prec.  ;  not  found  in  any  other  European  lang.] 

1.  t  a.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  the  turtle. 
(obs.)  b.  That  part  next  the  lower  shell,  contain- 
ing a  light  yellowish  gelatinous  substance. 

1657  R.  Ligon  Barbadoesi  167 3)  36  Lifting  up  his  [a  Turtle's] 
belly,  which  we  call  his  Calipee,  we  lay  open  all  his  bowells. 
1679  Tbapham  Jamaica  in  Sir  T.  Blount  Nat.  Hist.  (1693) 
354  The  Callapee,  viz.  the  Belly-part  so  called,  baked,  is  an 
excellent  dish.  1689  [see  Calipash].  1699  Dami  ii:r  Voy.\. 
102  The  Challapee,  or  Belly  [of  a  tortoise].  1769  Mrs.  Raf- 
fal-d  Eng.  Housekpr.  (17781 15  Cut  off  the  bottom  shell,  then 
cut  off  the  meat  that  grows  to  it,  (which  is  the  callepy  or 
fowl).  1829  Marryat  F.  Mildmay  xviii,  Turtle  lying  on 
their  backs,  and  displaying  their  rich  calapee.    [see  prec] 

f  2.  A  kind  of  turtle.  ?  Obs. 

1794  Sticdman  Surinam  (1813*  I.  i.  16  The  turtles  are 
divided  into  two  species,  and  are  generally  distinguished  in 
Surinam  by  the  namesof  calapee  or  green  turtle,  andcarett. 

Caliper,  -compasses  :  see  Calliper. 

Calipe'va,  calli-.  Alsocalipeever,  2  -piver. 
callipiver.  A  fish  :  a  mullet  of  the  West  Indies, 
Mugil  liza,  much  esteemed  as  a  delicacy. 

1833  M.  Scott  Tom  Cringle  11862)  239  Cold  calipiver — 
our  Jamaica  Salmon.  Ibid.  (1859)  395  That  calipeever  so 
crisp  in  the  boiling.  1866  Morn.  Star  17  Mar.,  Such  deli- 
cacies as  the  callipiver  and  turtle  steaks.  1883  Fis/ieries 
Ex/iib.  Catal.  ted.  4I  170  The  Calipeva  or  Jamaica  Salmon. 

Caliph,  calif  (kec  lif,  k^dif ).  Forms  :  5  caly- 
phes,  -ifTe,  -yffe(e,  5-7  caliphe,  6  calipha,  7 
chalif,  -iph,  7-  calif,  8-  khalif,  caliph.  [ME. 
califfe,  caliphe,  etc.,  a.  F.  caliphe,  calif e,  ad. 
med.L.  calipha,  ad.  Arab.  a-fl-*Ai»-  khalTfah,  suc- 
cessor (f.  khalafa  to  succeed,  be  behind),  assumed 
by  Abu-bekr  after  the  death  of  Mohammed.  Later 
forms  attach  themselves  more  directly  to  the 
Arabic:  orientalists  now  favour  Khalif.  The  pro- 
nunciation with  long  a  (e~i)  is  not  justifiable.] 

The  title  given  in  Mohammedan  countries  to  the 
chief  civil  and  religious  rider,  as  successor  of 
Mohammed. 

1393  Gower  Conf.  I.  245  Ayein  the  caliphe  of  Eglpte. 
c  1400  Maundev.  v.  36  Sahaladyn  that  toke  the  Califfe  of 
Kgypte  and  slough  him.  Ibid.  xxi.  230  The  Calyphee  of 
Baldah.  I586T.  B.  La  Prhnaud.  Fr.  .4 twi'.  ( 1 594 >  597  The 
Caliphaes  of  the  Sarasins  were  kings  &  chiefe  bishops. 
Ibid.  754  Called  by  the  calipha  and  inhabitants  of  Caire. 
1613  Purchas  Pilgr.  I.  1.  xiii.  63  The  story  of  this  Ilagded 
or  Baldach  and  her  Chalifs  [also  written  chalipha].  1614 
Raleigh  Hist.  World  11.  199  The  state  of  the  Caliphe.  1615 
Bedwell  Arab.  Trudg.,  One  of  the  Chalifs.  1734  Sale 
Koran  Prelim.  Disc.  181  The  third  Khalif  of  the  race  of 
al  Abbas.  1758  Johnson  Idler  No,  101  p  1  The  favour  of 
three  successive  califs.  1784  Henley  in  Bedford's  Vathek 
(1868)  123  note.  Caliph,  .comprehends  the  concrete  character 
of  prophet,  priest,  and  king.  1837  Whewell  Hist.  Induct. 
Sc.  (1857)  III.  228  The  califs  of  Bagdad.  1849  W.  Irving 
Mahomed's  Success.  \\,  He  contented  himself  ..  with  the 
modest  title  of  Caliph,  that  is  to  say,  successor,  by  which 
the  Arab  sovereigns  have  ever  since  been  designated. 

Caliphal  (kaHifal),  a,  [f.  prec.  +  -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  caliph. 

1881  Pall  Mall  G.  XXXIV.  1417  His  Caliphal  preten- 
sions will  not  be  seriously  disputed. 

Caliphate  (karliteU).  Also  -at.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ate  :  in  F.  caliphal,  med.L.  caliphdtns.'] 

1.  The  rank,  dignity,  or  office  of  caliph. 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.  v.,  The  Caliphate  compre- 
hended the  power  both  of  the  royalty,  and  priesthood.  1817 
Keatinge  Trav.  I.  314  The  grand  signior  is  considered  as  the 
head  of  that  religion  since  the  extinction  of  the  caliphat. 
1841  Elphinstone  Hist.  Ind.  I.  519  The  califate. 
b.  The  reign  or  term  of  office  of  a  caliph. 

1734  Sale  Koran  Prelim.  Disc.  56  Moseilama  . .  had  a 
great  party,  and  was  not  reduced  till  the  Khalifat  of  Abu 
Beer.  1859  MACAULAY  Misc.  (i860)  1 1. 359  His  short  and 
unreal  caliphate.  1869  J.  Baldwin  Preh.  Nations  vi.  232 
In  the  year  637,  during  the  califate  of  Omar. 

2.  The  dominion  of  a  caliph. 

1614  Selden  Titles  Honor  93  Whil'st  the  Chaliphat  re- 
mained vndeuided.  1871  Freeman  Hist.  Ess.  1.  vi.  140  The 
Empire  even  in  the  East  was  not  a  Caliphate. 

f  Cali'phe.  Obs.  — 1    A  kind  of  sailing  vessel. 

1393  Gower  Conf.  II.258  With  caliphe  and  with  galey 
The  same  cours,  the  same  wey,  Which  Jason  toke. 

Ca'liphsfcip.  rare.  [f.  Caliph  +  -shtp.]  The 
office  of  caliph. 

1677  Sir  T.  Herbert  Trav.  266  (T.)  Ally,  son-in-law  to 
Mahomet,  .pretending  to  the  caliphship. 

Calippic :  see  Callippic. 

Calis,  obs.  form  of  Chalice  ;  var.  of  Cai.lis. 

II  Calisaya  (kffilis^'a).  [?  A  native  S.  American 
name,  adopted  as  the  botanical  specific  name.] 
In  Calisaya  fork :  the  most  valuable  sort  of 
Peruvian  Bark,  obtained  from  Cinchona  calisaya. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  173/2  The  Carthagena  yellow  barks 
both  contain  quinia,  but  in  less  quantity  than  the  Calisaya 


bark.  1875  H.  Wood  Therap.  (1879)  6°  Calisaya  or  Royal 
Yellow  Bark. 

Hence  Calisay'ine,  an  alkaline  substance  from 
calisaya  bark,  used  in  making  a  kind  of  biiters. 

Caliver  (kce-livai,  kalfvaa).  Obs.  exc.  Hist. 
Forms :  6  qualivre,  calliour,  kalli-,  qualli-, 
kaly-,  calea-,  6-7  caly-,  cally-,  calee-,  cale- 
ver,  7  caliever,  calivre,  6-9  calliver,  6-  caliver. 
[App.  the  same  word  0s  Calibre;  see  the  quota- 
tion from  Littre  there,  and  the  following : 

1588  K.  York  Ord.  Marshall  in  Stir.c's  Saw.  (1754*  II. 
v.  xxxi.  570/1  When  I  was  first  brought  up  in  Piemount.. 
we  had  our  particular  Calibre  of  Harquebuze  to  our  Regi- 
ment, that  one  Bullet  should  serve  all  the  Harquebuzes  of 
our  Regiment,  .Of  which  Worde  of  Calibre,  came  first  this 
unapt  Term  which  we  use  to  call  a  Harquebuze  a  Callivur, 
which  is  the  Height  of  the  Bullet  and  not  the  Piece. 
Before  the  Battell  of  Mounganter  [  —  Monconlour,  1569],  the 
Prynces  caused  seven  thousand  Harquebuzes  to  be  made,  all 
of  one  Calibre ;  which  were  called  Harquebuze  du  Calibre  de 
Monsieur  le  Prince.  So  as  I  think  some  men  not  under- 
standing Frenche,  brought  hither  the  name  of  the  Height  of 
the  Bullet  for  the  Piece.  1594  Barwick  Disc.  cone.  \\  reapo>is 
8  It  is  supposed  by  many  that  the  weapon  called  commonly 
a  Caliver  is  another  tliinge  than  a  Harquebuze,  whereas  in 
truth  it  is  not,  but  only  a  Harquebuze,  sailing  that  it  is  of  a 
greater  circuite  or  Bullet  then  the  other  is  of :  wherfore 
the  Frenchman  doth  call  it  a  pcece  de  Calibre,  which  is  as 
much  as  to  say,  a  peece  of  bigger  circute,  1611  Florio, 
Colibro,  as  Calibro,  an  instrument  that  gunners  vse  to 
measure  the  height  of  any  piece  or  bullet.  Also  the  height 
or  bore  of  any  piece,  from  whence  our  word  Caliuer  is 
derived  ;  being  at  first  a  piece  different  from  others.] 

1.  A  light  kind  of  musket  or  harquebus,  origin- 
ally, it  appears,  of  a  certain  calibre,  introduced 
during  the  16th  c. ;  it  seems  to  have  been  the 
lightest  portable  fire-arm,  excepting  the  pistol, 
and  to  have  been  fired  without  a  '  rest 

1568  in  Arch&ologia  (1829)  XXII.  78  [In  an  inventory 
of  the  goods  at  Grafton  and  Salwarpe  28th  November 
1568,  occurs]  'Kalyvers'.  1569  [see  3].  1574  Lane,  Lieu- 
tenancy 118591  32  Ffit*  men  to  serve  w*1'  quaUiuers,  1577 
Churchw.  Acc.  St.  Margaret's,  Westm.  (Nichols  17971  r9 
Paid  for  newe  stocking  of  five  calyvers  \is.  1578  Sir  R. 
Constable  Order  of  Campe  {Hart.  MS.  847  If.  53  b>  The 
ordonnance  . .  halberts,   harquebusses,  qualivres,  launces. 

1587  Holinsh ED  Sc.  Chron.  (1806)  II.  303  A  . .  hot  skirmish 
..between  the  Englishmen  and  Frenchmen  with  hagbuts, 
caleevers,  and  pistolets.  1588  LuCAR  Tartaglia's  Colloq. 
61  His  Caliver  . .  must  be  in  length  at  the  least  three  foote 
and  two  ynches,  and  the  bore  must  be  in  Diameter  \  of  an 
ynch.    His  Musket  . .  the  bore  in  Diameter       of  an  ynch. 

1588  T.  Delonky  in  Roxb.  Ball.  11887)  VI.  390  With  Mus- 
kets, Pikes,  and  good  Caleeuers,  for  her  Graces  safegarde 
then.  1598  Barret  Theor.  WarreS  1.  i.  3  A  good  C'alH- 
uer  charged  with  good  powder  and  bullet.  i6oz  Fulmxkr 
1st  Pt.  Parall.  53  He  that  shooteth  in  a  Caleeuer  at  birdes. 
1613  Hayward  Norm.  Kings  77  Of  late  yeeres  . .  the  har- 
quebuze and  calliuer  are  brought  into  vse.  1642  in  Rushw. 
Hist.  Coll.  in.  (1692)  I.  67c,  100  Colliers  . .  whom  he  armed 
with  Pikes,  Musquets,  and  Calievers.  1678  Phillips,  Cali- 
ver, or  Calliver,  a  small  Gun  used  at  Sea.  1761  Hume  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  xxvii.  129  The  caliver.. was  so  inconvenient  that 
it  had  not  entirely  discredited  the  bow.  1821  Scott  A'enihv. 
i,  Then  you  are  from  the  Low  Countries,  the  land  of  pike 
and  caliver?  1834  Planche  Brit.  Costume  278  During 
this  reign  [James  I's]  the  caliver,  a  matchlock  that  could  be 
fired  without  a  rest,  came  greatly  into  use. 

t  b.  A  soldier  armed  with  a  caliver.  Obs. 
1581  Styward  Mart.  Discip.  1.  44  The  Caleuers  or  Coriers. 
Such  must  haue  either  of  them  a  good  and  sufficient  peece, 
flaske,  touch  bore,  pouder,  shot,  &c.    1591  Garrard^?-/ 
Warre  83  Calivers  or  Horgabuzieres  or  Musketieres. 

ta. 

1589  Paf>fic  71'.  Hatchet  (1844)  37  One  of  them  lately  at 
Yorke,  pulHng  out  his  napkin  to  wipe  his  mouth  after  a  lie, 
let  drop  a  surgeans  caliuer  at  his  foote  where  he  stood. 

3.  attrib.  and  Comb.,  as  caliver-man,  -shot,  etc. 

1569  in  Heath  Grocer  s  Comp.  (1869)  10  Furnyshed  with 
calyuer  matches  with  flasks.  1613  Purchas  Pilgr.  I.  v.  xv. 
447  A  calliver-shot  could  scarce  reach  from  the  one  side  to 
the  other.  1622  R.  Hawkins  Voy.  S.  Sea  U847I  170  In  a 
muskett,  two  calever  shott,  or  many  smaller,  a  1642  Sir  W. 
Monson  Naval  Tracts  i.  U704)  174/2  The  Fleet  was  to  pass 
within  Calliver  Shot  of  this  Fort.  1829  Scott  Hrt.  Midi. 
xxxii,  Ye  musquet  and  calliver-men. 

Ca'liver,  v.  nonce-wd.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  trans.  To 
shoot  with  a  caliver. 

1863  Sala  Capt.  Dang.  I.  iii.  43  He  was  averse  to  all  high- 
handed measures  of  musketooning,  and  calivering. 

Caliver,  obs.  form  of  Calieke. 
tCaliverer.  Obs.  rare-1,  [f.  Calivek^. + 
-SB  1.]    A  soldier  armed  with  a  caliver. 

1590  Sir  J.  Smvthe  Disc.  Weapons  5  Harquebuziers  may 
skirmish  with  more  dexteritie  and  certeintie  than  the  Cali- 
verers  with  their  Calivers. 

II  Calix  (kre-liks).  PI.  ca-lices.  [L.  calix  enp 
(see  Chalice).  On  account  of  the  running  to- 
gether of  this  and  the  Groeco-Latin  calyx  '  outer 
covering  of  a  fruit  or  flower-bud'  (cf.  It.  calice, 
Sp.  caliz,  F.  calice),  modern  scientific  writers 
rarely  distinguish  the  two,  but  commonly  write 
both  as  Calyx.  The  diminutives  Caltcle  and 
Calycle  are  more  generally  distinguished.] 

A  cup ;  a  cup-like  cavity  or  organ ;  e.g.  the 
truncated  termination  of  the  branches  of  the  ureter 
in  the  kidney ;  the  wall  of  the  Graafian  follicle, 
from  which  an  ovum  has  escaped ;  the  cup-like 
body  of  a  crinoid  or  coral  which  is  placed  on  the 
top  of  the  stem  ;   the  body  of  a  Vorticella  ;  a 

5 


CALIXTIN. 


34 


CALL. 


cup-shaped  depression  in  the  upper  part  ot"  the 
theca  ol  a  coialligenous  zoophyte,  which  contains 
the  stomach-sac  (sometimes  in  trench  form  catice). 

1708  MoTTtcx  Rabelais  v.  xlii  (1737'  180  A  Carbuncle 
jetted  out  of  its  Calix  or  Cup.  1801  Med.  Jrnl.  V.  284  Re- 
maining in  one  of  the  calices  or  infundibula  in  the  kidneys. 
1869  Nicholson  Zool.  xii.  u88of  160  A  shallower  or  deeper 
cup-shaped  depression,  which  contains  the  stomach-sac  of 
the  polype,  and  is  known  as  the  'calice*.  1881  Mivart 
Cat  233  The  part  surrounding  this  prominence  is  called 
the  calix. 

Calixtin,  -ine  (kalrkstin).    Eecl.  Hist. 

1.  [in  F.  Calixtin,  in  med.L.  pL  Calixtini,  calix 
cup,  iti  sense  1  referred  to  L.]  A  member  of  a 
section  of  the  Hussites,  who  maintained,  as  their 
chief  article,  that  the  cup  as  well  as  the  bread 
should  be  administered  to  the  laity ;  a  Utraquist. 

1710  tr.  Dupiu's  Keel.  Hist,  t6lh  C.  I.  it.  xxxL  185  Those 
called  Calixtwes,  who  administered  the  Sacrament  in  both 
kinds.  1753  Chambers  Cyci.  Snpp.  s.  v.,  The  Calix  tins  .. 
in  the  main  . .  still  adhered  to  the  Doctrine  of  Rome.  1838 
Penny  Cyci.  XII.  361/1  The  Hussites  now  divided  into 
several  branches,  some.. more  moderate  and  rational,  such 
as  the  Callixtines. 

2.  An  adherent  of  the  opinions  of  George  Ca- 
lixtus  (1586-1656),  a  Lutheran  divine  and  pro- 
fessor at  the  University  of  Helmstedt,  Brunswick, 
noted  for  his  moderate  and  conciliatory  views  and 
writings  on  controversial  points  ;  a  syncretist. 

1717-51  Chambers  Cyci.  s.  v.,  The  Calixtins  are  esteem'd  a 
kind  of  Semi-Pelagians.  i8a6  C.  Butler  Grot/us  xiL  201 
Denominated  SyncretistsorCalixtines  from  GeorgeCalixtus. 

Caliz,  ob».  form  of  Chalice. 

Calk  (k§k  ,  sb. 1  Also  6  calke,  cauke,  9  caulk, 
[app.  ultimately  f.  L.  c ale -em  calx  heel,  calcaneum 
heel,  or  calcar  spur:  but  the  history  is  wanting  ] 

1.  A  pointed  piece  of  iron  on  a  horse-shoe  to 
prevent  slipping  ;  =  Calkin. 

1587  'IVrberv.  Epitaphs  %  Sonn.  118371  3?7  He  sets  a 
slender  calke,  And  so  he  rides  his  way.  1591  Percivall  Sp. 
Did.,  Rampones,  caukes  in  a  horse  snooe.  i88x  Daily  Tel. 
17  Jan.,  Where  would  the  poor  horse  be  without  the  'calk-.' 
on  the  hind  feet? 

2.  A  piece  of  iron  projecting  from  the  heel  of 
a  boot,  shoe,  or  clog,  which  digs  into  the  ice  or 
frozen  ground,  and  prevents  slipping.  U.  S. 

1805  Naval  Chron.  XIII.  113,  In  Canada  it  is  customary 
during  the  winter  season,  .to  wear  on  the  feet  a  sort  of  pat- 
ten, called  caulks.  1874  Knight  Diet.  Mech.  s.  v.,  1'he 
calk  attached  to  a  boot  consists  of  a  plate  with  spurs, 
which  project  a  little  below  the  heel. 

t  Calk,  sb-  Obs.  rare.  Ferh.  calculation  :  cf. 
Calk  v.  1 ;  perh.  =  chalk. 

'535  Stewart  Cron.  Scot.  I.  88  With  astrologe  and  vther 
instrument,  With  compas,  calk,  and  als  with  quad  re  tit. 

Calk,  obs.  and  northern  form  of  Chalk. 

tCalk,  vy  Obs.  Also  calke,  kalk.  [app. 
shortened  from  Calctle,  calkil,  cali-lc] 

1.  trans.  To  calculate,  reckon  ;  esp.  aslrologically. 
1401 1'ol.  /WiMf  (1I59)  II.  61  If  y  cowde  calkyn  Al  manere 

kyndes.  1440  Promp.  Part:  58  Calkyn,  caleulo.  1509 
Hawks  Past.  Pleas,  xviii.  i,  On  his  boke  he  began  to  calke 
How  the  sonne  entred  was  in  Gemyne.  1559  Alirr.  Mag., 
Dk.  Clarence  xxvi.  3  Whose  fortunes  kalked  made  the 
father  sad.  1646  J.  Gkree  Astrologom.  19  Woolsey  calked 
the  Kings  Nativity. 

2.  intr.  or  absot. 

1398  |see  Calking  i].  1455  in  Paston  Lett.  I.  350  Oon 
Doktor  Grene,  a  preest,  hath  kalked  and  reportcth,  that, 
etc.  1483  Caxton  Gold.  Leg.  55':  They  kalked  on  his 
natyvyte.  1556  J.  Heywood  Spider  ff  f.  xliv.  a6  If  one 
diuell  with  an  other  for  lies  should  calke. 

3.  ?  To  appropriate,  lay  claim  to.    [l'erhaps  a 
different  word  =  to  chalk  out.] 

1606  I'm.  mi  Kirk-Burial  30  Hy  kirk-buriall  the  pavement 
[is]  so  partiallie  parted  topaticulare  men,  that  if  they  clcaue 
to  that  they  haue  calked,  the  people  that  rests  must  byde  at 
the  doore. 

Calk  (k$k)i  i'-2  [f.  Calk  s/O]  tratts.  To  pro- 
vide (a  shoe  with  a  calk  or  calkin  ;  to  rough-shoe. 

1624  Scott  2nd  Pt.  Vox  Populi  46  As  many  . .  as  would 
suffice  for  sixe  orci^ht  thousand  horse  all  calked  sharpe  and 
frost-nayled  of  purpose  for  trauaile  ouer  the  Ice. 

Hence  Ca  lking  vbl.  sb.  ;  also  attrib.,  as  in  calk- 
ing-anvil,  an  anvil  for  forming  horse-shoe  calks; 
calking-tongs,  for  sharpening  these. 

1695  Kknnett  Par.  Antiq.  Gloss,  s.  v.  Catciatura,  The 
calking  or  cauking  of  horseshoes,  i.e.  to  turn  up  the  two 
corners,  that  a  horse  may  stand  the  faster  upon  ice.  18S6 
Pall  Mall  G.  5  Feb.  4/1  Colonel  Myles's  system  was  the 
exact  opposite  of  the  much-practised  'calking'. 

Calk  .k£k,  kalk),  v.:i  Also  caique,  [a.  F. 
calque-r,  in  same  sense,  ad.  It.  calcarc  to  press 
u  ider:— L.  calcdre  to  tread.  (Cf.  Cauk.)  Often 
supposed  to  be  identical,  etymologically,  with 
Chalk,  with  which  it  has  nothing  to  do.] 

trans.  To  copy  ;a  design)  by  rubbing  the  back 
with  colouring  matter,  and  drawing  a  blunt  point  I 
along  the  outlines  so  as  to  trace  them  in  the  colour 
on  a  surface  placed  beneath.     Hence  Ca  lking 
vbl.  sb. 

166a  Evelyn  Chalcogr.  {1769I  52  Two  plates  exactly 
counter-calked.  1859  Gullick  &  Times  Patnt.  147  Trans- 
ferred by  tracing,  or,  as  it  is  also  called,  calking. 

Calk,  var.  of  Caulk  ;  obs.  f.  Calk  v.  to  tread.  ; 
Calkel,  var.  of  Calculk  v.  Obs.  to  calculate. 


Calken,  local  name  of  the  Weaver  Fish. 

1674  Ray  Local  Wds.,  Sea  Pishes,  Collect.  104. 
tCa'lker1.   Obs.    Also  6  calcar,  7  calcour. 

[f.  Calk  vA  +  -eh'.]    A  calculator  of  nativities, 
etc. ;  nn  astrologer;  a  magician,  conjurer. 

'535  Cover  dale  fsa.  ii.  6  Calkers  of  mens  byrthes, 
whereof  ye  haue  to  many.  1584  R.  Scott  Discov.  Witch- 
craft ml  xv.  122  Imps,  calcars,  conjurors.  1662  Fuller 
Worthies  1.  209  Forewarned  iby  what  Calker  I  wot  not). 

Calker- ikgkaj).  Sc.  Also  caulker,  [f.  Calk  ! 
v.*  +  -er  !.]  =  Calkin.    Also  Jig. 

1794  Burns  To  John  Taylor  ii,  Poor  slip-shod  giddy  Pe- 
gasus Was  but  a  sorry  walker ;  To  Vulcan  then  Apollo  goes, 
To  get  a  frosty  calker.    18x5  Scott  Gtty  M.  xxxix,  They  i 
turn  down  the  very  caulkers  of  their  animosities  and  1 
prejudice,  as  smiths  do  with  horses'  shoes  in  a  white  frost. 
1833  II.  Scott  Tom  Cringle  xvi.  (1859I434  The  Bight  of 
Leogane  is  a  horseshoe,  Cape  St.  Nicholas  is  the  caulker  on  | 
the  northern  heel. 

Calker  ;i,  var.  of  Caulker. 

Calkes,  illiterate  spelling  of  Calx. 

Calketrapvpef  -treppe,  obs.  ff.  Caltrop. 

Calkil,  var.  of  Calctle  v.  Obs.  to  calculate. 

Calkin  kp-kin,  kae-lkin).  Forms:  (5kakun\  i 
6  calkyn,  7  cawkin,  7-  calkin,  calking.  [Pos- 
sibly  going  back  to  a  ME.  *calkain,  a.  OF.  cal-  ! 
coin  heel :— L.  calcaneum  heel ;  but  the  earliest 
form  kakun  agrees  with  the  Du.  kalkoen,  MDu. 
calcoen  1  ungula,'  f.  L.  calx.  Some  orthoepists 
treat  (kpkin 1  as  only  a  vulgar  or  colloquial 
pronunciation,  but  others  know  no  other.] 

1.  The  turned-down  ends  of  a  horse-shoe  which 
raise  the  horse's  heels  from  the  ground  ;  also  a 
turned  edge  under  the  front  of  the  shoe  ;  applied 
esp.  to  these  parts  when  sharpened  in  a  frost. 

1445  Bokf.nham  Female  Saints  \  1683'  223  Tweyn  hors  . . 
Of  wych  the  toon  hym  greuously  boot,  And  wythhys  kakun 
the  tother  hym  smoot.  1587  Holinshed*SVy>/.  Chron.  V  iij  b, 
Causyng  a  smyth  to  shoe  three  horses  for  him  contranly, 
with  the  calkyns  forward.  1607  Topsell  Pour-/.  Beasts  32a 
Little  gravel  stones  getting  betwixt  the  hoof,  or  calking,  or 
spunge  of  the  (horse'sj  shooe.  1610  Makkiiam  Masterp.  11. 
xcvii.  387  Let  your  ( horse-  jshooes  behinde  haue  a  cawkin  on 
the  out-side,  naf  Bradley  Pain.  Diet.  I.  s.  v.  Bleymes, 
Calkings  spoil  the  Feet  of  a  Horse.  1868  Reeul.  i>r  Ord. 
Army  p  1214  The  calkins  of  the  hind  shoes  are  to  be  removed, 
as  these  are  not  needed  on  board. 

2.  The  irons  naile<l  on  the  heels  and  soles  of 
strong  shoes  or  clogs  to  make  them  wear  longer. 

183a  Southey  Lett.  (1856'  IV.  314  The  price  of  men's 
clogs  is  five  shillings.  .This  price  includes  calking,  i.  e.  the 
iron-work. 

t  Calking,  vbl.  sb*  Obs.  [f.  Calk  vA  +-ing1.] 

1.  Calculation,  computation. 

1398  Trevisa  Barth  de  P.  R.  (Tollemache  MS.)  vm. 
xxvii,  |>e  science  and  use  of  calkynge  [1535  calclynge  ;  Lat. 
calculi]  and  acountes. 

2.  spec.  Astiological  prognostication. 

(  1400  Epiph.  (Turnb.  18431  103  Ych  yere  wer  certeyn 
dayes  three  By  calkyng  cast  and  computacion  Sowght  and 
chosen.  156s  Phaer  AZneid  ix.  Bb  ij.  To  king  Turnus 
deere  he  calkinges  kest.  But  not  with  calking  craft  could 
he  his  plague  beswitch  that  day. 

Calking  vbl.  sb.-,  var.  of  Caclking. 

Calkling,  var.  of  Calctling  vbl.  sb.  Obs. 

Calkule,  -ylle,  var.  Calcule  v.  Obs. 

Call  (k£l),  v.  Forms:  (1  ceallian\  3  callen, 
3-6  callo,  (4  cale,  kal,  kel),  4-5  kali,  4-7  cal, 
5  callyn,  6  caal,  (caul(e  ,  4-  call.  Also  (.SV.) 
7-9  caw,  8-9  ca\  [OE.  shows  a  single  instance  of 
cealliatt :  but  ME.  callen,  fallen,  was  originally 
northern,  and  evidently  a.  ON.  kalla  to  call,  cry, 
shout,  to  summon  in  a  loud  voice,  to  name,  call 
by  a  name,  also  to  assert,  claim  (Sw.  kalla.  Da. 
kalde).  A  common  Teut.  vb. :  in  MDu.  callen, 
Du.  kallen  to  talk,  chatter,  prattle,  MLG.  kallen, 
OI IG.  challdn,  MHG.  kallin  to  talk  much  and 
loud,  to  chatter:  — OTeut.  *kalldjan,  cogn.  with 
gol-  in  Slav,  gotos  voice,  sound,  and  perhaps  with 
Aryan  root  gar-  to  chatter. 

The  connexion  of  meaning  in  Branch  III  seems  far-fftched, 
but  there  appears  to  be  no  doubt  of  its  identity.) 
I.  To  shout,  utter  loudly,  cry  out,  summon. 
*  intr. 

1.  To  utter  one's  voice  loudly,  forcibly,  and 
distinctly,  so  as  to  be  heard  at  a  distance  ;  to 
shout,  cry :  often  emphasized  by  out,  to  cry  out. 
Const,  to,  after  a  person  whose  attention  it  is 
desired  to  engage).  One  may  also  call  across  a 
river,  up  a  shaft,  down  stairs,  into  a  passage,  etc. 
See  also  senses  21-23.    (Not  in  Johnson.) 

a  1000  Byrhtnoth  iGr.>  91  Ongan  ceallian  ofer  cald  waiter 
Byrnthelmes  beam,  a  1225  St.  Marker.  3  Ha  bigon  to 
cleopien  ant  callen  bus  to  criste.  a  1300  Cursor  M,  5720 
Sua  Jang  bai  cald,  drightin  bam  herd.  Ihid.  7341  panbigan 
bai  cal  and  cri  pat  godd  o  bam  suld  ha  mcrci.  1393  Gower 
Con/.  I.  148 Upon  her  knees  she gan  down  falle.  and  to  him 
callc.  1513  Brapshaw  St.  Werhurgh  (18481  105  Callynge  to 
her,  in  the  name  of  Jhesu.  1506  Shaks.  Tarn.  Shr.  Induct, 
ii.  91  Sometimes  you  would  call  out  for  Cicely  Hacket. 
1604  --  Oth.  1.  1.  74  Heere  is  her  Fathers  house,  He  call 
aloud.  1667  Drvden  Mart.  Mar-all  11.  i,  Do  you  hear,  my 
aunt  calls.  1711  Addison  Sftcct.  No.  44  p  6  'lhe  Mother  is 
heard  calling  out  toher  Son  for  Mercy.  1714  EllwoodWw-  j 
tobiog.  (17651  93  He  calling  earnestly  after  me.  1788  Dihdin 


Mus.  Tour  xxxvi.  143  note.  He  called  to  one  of  the  sailors 
to  tell  him  what  it  was.  1848  S.  Bamford  Early  Days  vL 
(1859)63,  I  thereupon  called  as  loudly  as  I  could.  1864  Ten- 
nyson En.  Ard.  E37  He  call'd  aloud  for  Miriam  Lane. 

b.  Said  of  animals,  chiefly  birds,  making  certain 
cries  or  notes  ;  of  bees  before  swarming. 

i486  Bk.  St.  A  Ibans  A  ij,  In  the  t  yme  of  their  loue  they  call 
and  notkauke.  155a  Hlloet,  Call  lykea  partryche.  1609C. 
Butler  Fern.  Mon.  v.  (1623)  Liij,  After  the  second  swarme, 
I  have  heard  a  young  Ladie-Bee  calL  1674  N.  Cox  Gent  I. 
Peer.  L  (1706)  73  Being  almost  spent,  it  is  painful  for  them 
[the  hounds)  to  call.  1704  Worlidge  Diet.  Rust,  ct  Orb. 
s.  v.  Bees,  In  the  Morning  before  they  Swarm,  they  approach 
near  the  Stool,  where  they  call  somewhat  longer.  1825 
Cobbett  Rur.  Rides  289  The  poor  partridges,  .were  calling 
all  around  us.  1847  Longf.  Ev.  L  v.  2  Cheerily  called  the 
cock  to  the  sleeping  maids  of  the  farmhouse.  1851  Tennyson 
To  Queen  14  While,  .thro'  wild  March  the  throstle  calls. 
C.  Said  of  sounding  a  summons  with  a  trumpet. 

1606  Shaks.  Tr.  Sf  Cr  \.  iii.  277  Hector  . .  will  to  morrow 
with  his  Trumpet  call,  To  rowze  a  Grecian. 

d.  Jig.  Said  of  inanimate  things. 

i6ti  Bible  Ps.  xlii.  7  Deepe  calleth  vnto  deepe  at  the 
noyse.  184a  Tennyson  Sea  fairies  9  Day  and  night  to  the 
billow  the  fountain  calls. 

e.  Cards.  To  make  a  demand  (for  a  card,  for 
one's  opponents  to  show  their  hands,  etc.) :  as  a. 
in  Long  Whist,  at  a  certain  point  in  the  game,  to 
call  upon  one's  partner  to  produce  an  honour  if 
he  has  one,  in  which  case  the  game  is  won ;  to 
call  {Jor  trumps) :  see  22  d.  b.  in  Poker,  to  call 
upon  one's  opponents  to  show  their  hands,  c.  in 
Quadrille,  to  'call  a  king',  i.e.  demand  and  take 
into  one's  own  hand  a  king  from  one's  partner's 
hand. 

1680  Cotton  Compl.  Gamester,  in  Singer  Hist.  Cards  338 
If  he  forgets  to  call  after  playing  a  trick,  he  loseth  the 
advantage  of  can-ye  for  that  deal.  1700  Brit.  Apollo  II. 
36.  2/1  If  either  A.  or  B.  have  Honours  they  are  at  Liberty 
to  Call.  1820  Hoylc's  Gaines  /mpr.  44  {heading  1  Of 
calling  honours,  /bid.  80  If  both  side*  are  eight,  and  no 
one  calls,  each  player  mast  possess  an  honour.  Ibid.  93 
{Quadrille)  Call  to  your  strongest  suit  except  you  have 
a  queen  guarded.  iB&x  Longm.  Mag.  Sept,  499  iPokeri 
When  the  bet  goes  round  to  the  last  player,  .and  he  does 
not  wish  to  go  better,  he  may  simply  '  see  it '  and  *  call '. 

2.  To  call  at  a  door  :  orig.  to  call  aloud  there  so 
as  to  make  known  one's  presence  and  business  to 
those  within  ;  hence,  to  knock  or  ring,  and  speak 
or  make  a  communication  to  one  who  answers  the 
door  ;  whence,  to  call  at  a  house,  to  go  to  the 
door,  or  enter,  for  the  purpose  of  some  communi- 
cation— the  extended  notion  of  entering  was  at 
first  expressed  by  to  call  in,  still  in  familiar  use  = 
*  look  in  '  in  passing,  or  incidentally  ;  to  call  on  [a 
person):  to  pay  him  a  short  business,  ceremonial, 
or  complimentary  visit ;  and  absol.  to  catl=mokc 
or  '  pay '  a  call. 

[a  1300  Cursor  M.  10096  Mi  saul  es  cummen,  leuedi,  be  to 
And  calles  at  pi  yatt  '  vndo ' !  1508  Shaks.  Merry  W.  iv.  v. 
9G0,  knock  and  call.]  1593  —  Rich.  II,  11.  ii.  94  To  day  I 
came  by,  and  call'd  there.  1599  —  Much  Ado  m.  iii.  44 
You  are  to  call  at  all  the  Alehouses.  1603  —  Mtas./or  M. 
rv.  v.  6  Goe  call  at  Ftauia's  house.  And  tell  him  where  I 
stay.  1711  Budcell  Sped.  No.  150  ro,  1  happened  the 
other  Day  to  call  in  at  a  celebrated  Conee-house  near  the 
Temple.  1787  Cowper  Lett.  18  Jan.,  A  young  gentleman 
called  here  yesterday  who  came  six  miles  out  of  his  way  to 
see  me.  1831  Gen.  P.  Thompson  Exert.  1  (.  I.  366  If 
she  is  obliged  to  call  again.  1834  Macreaoy  Remirt.  I.  420 
Called  at  the  Literary  rund  office,  and  saw.. the  secretary. 
1 88 1  Mrs.  Riddell^I.  Speneeley  II.  iii.  65  She  thought  of 
calling  in  Banner  Square.  Mod.  Call  in  some  time  during 
the  day.    Have  many  visitors  called  to-day? 

b.  To  call  at  a  place) :  to  stop  for  a  short  time 
in  passing,  in  order  to  speak  or  communicate  in 
some  way  with  people  there  :  said  e.g.  of  a  car- 
rier who  4  calls  at  a  house  or  place  to  deliver  or 
receive  a  parcel,  and  has  his  regular  1  houses  of 
call';  also  of  a  vehicle,  railway  train,  ship,  steamer, 
which  '  calls '  or  '  touches '  at  places  on  its  way. 

Merely  '  to  make  a  short  stop  or  stay  at  a  place '  is  not 
to  call:  purpose  of  speaking,  dealing,  visiting,  or  other 
communication  . .  is  of  the  essence  of  the  notion. 

1670  Cotton  Espemon  11.  vm.  378  His  Majesty  continu- 
ing his  way  through  Guienne,  took  occasion  to  call  at  Hlaye. 
17*7  Swift  Gulliver  11.  viii.  174  The  captain  called  in  at 
one  or  two  ports.  175a  Beawfs  Lex  Mercat.  267  Where 
the  vessel  was  to  have  liberty  to  call,  in  her  way  down,  for 
a  pilot.  1799  Nelson  in  Nicolas  Disp.  (18451  U*«  M7  Cap- 
tain Blackwood,  .calls  at  Minorca  in  his  way  down.  Ibid. 
35a  Direct  the  Ships  to  call  off  here,  but  not  to  anchor. 
Raihv.  Time  Table,  Trains  call  at  this  station  when  required. 
*  *  trans. 

3.  To  utter  (anything)  in  a  loud  voice  ;  to  read 
over  ^a  list  of  names)  in  a  loud  voice  ;  to  pro- 
claim, announce,  give  out,  make  proclamation  of. 
Often  with  out.    Also  absol. 

<  13*5  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  C.  411  He  callez  A  prayer  to  be 
hyje  prynce,  for  pyne,  on  pys  wyse,  <  17*0  Gay  ( J.)  Nor 
parish  clerk,  who  calls  the  psalm  so  clear.  1768  Tucker 
Lt.  Nat.  II.  530  How  ..  should  it  come  into  his  head  that 
calling  a  psalm  was  more  holy  employment  than  sawing  a 
board  t  1855  Thackeray  Nwcontes  II.  xlii.  445  '  Adsum  ' ! 
. .  the  word  we  us«d  at  school  when  names  were  called.  1855 
Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  IV.  489  His  duties  were  to  call  the 
odds  when  the  Court  played  at  hazard.  id86Manch.  Exam. 
14  Jan.  4/7  Sir  F-rskinc  May  called  out  the  names  of  members 
in  the  order  111  which  they  were  to  . .  take  the  oath. 


CALL. 


86 


CALL. 


b.  To  announce  or  proclaim  authoritatively ; 
to  decree. 

1647  in  Sc.  Pasquils  (1868)  152  Might  make  the  Pope  a 
jubilee  call.  1859  Sal*  Tw.  round  Clock  367  The  newly 
made  barristers  'call'  carouse  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Hall.  1876 
Trevelyan  Macaulay  I.  iii.  124  He  could  be  angry  as  an 
opponent,  but.  -knew  when  to  call  a  halt.  Mod.  Here  the 
captain  called  a  halt.  We  had  better  call  a  halt  for  a  minute. 

4.  To  summon  with  a  shout,  or  by  a  call ;  hence 
to  summon,  cite  ;  to  command  or  request  the 
attendance  of,  bid  (any  one)  come  ;  formerly  also, 
to  ask,  invite,  'bid'  formally  or  authoritatively. 
Also  absol. ;  and  with  adverbial  extension,  as  away, 
back,  home,  in,  out,  into  a  place,  to  a  duty. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3712  Sithen  his  sun  he  cald  him  till. 
Ibid.  19793  pai  bat  war  oute,  in  did  he  calle.  1377  Langl. 
P.  PI.  B.  in.  3  The  kyng  called  a  clerke.  .To  take  mede  be 
mayde.  c  1500  Blowbol's  Test,  in  Halliwell  Nugx  P.  3 
Whylis  ye  have  your  right  memorie  Calle  unto  you  your 
owne  secretory.  1535  Coverdale  Mark  xv.  16  The  soudyers 
. .  called  the  whole  multitude  together.  1549  Latimer  Serm. 
be/.  Edw.  VI,  ii.  I  Arb.)  57  They  were  not  called  to  the  feast. 
1591  Shaks.  Two  Gent.  11.  iii.  61  Come  away  man,  I  was 
sent  to  call  thee.  1712  Steele  Sped.  No.  264  p  1  The 
Bell  which  calls  to  Prayers  twice  a  Day.  1711  Tickell 
Ibid.  No.  410  r  1  Sir  Roger's  Servant  was  gone  to  call  a 
Coach.  1830  Tennyson  '  A  It  things  will  die '  20  We  are 
called— we  must  go.  1847  —  Princess  11.  447  The  chapel 
bells  Call'd  us.  1831  Macaulay  in  Life  t,  Lett.  I.  (1880) 
209,  I  called  a  cabriolet.  1882  J.  H.  Blunt  Kef.  Ch. 
Eng.  II.  11  Southampton  was  called  before  the  Council. 
Mod.  At  the  end  of  the  play  the  chief  actors  were  called 
before  the  house. 
h.  Jig. 

a  1340  Cursor  M.  19594  To  call  men  vnto  amendment. 
1526  Pilgr.  Perf.  (W '.  de  W.  1531)  13b,  Somtyme  he  taketh 
chyldren.  .&  calleth  them  to  his  glory.  1667  Milton  P.  L. 
11.  92  The  torturing  houre  Calls  us  to  Penance.  1678  R.  Le- 
stranoe  Seneca's  Mor.  11702)  41  Whensoever  my  Duty 
calls  me.  1819  Crabbe  T.  0/  Hall  11.  Wks.  1834  VI.  43 
While  Richarrf  s  mind,  that  for  awhile  had  stray 'd,  Call'd 
home  its  powers.  1866  B.  Taylor  My  Mission,  Poems  256 
Where  the  fairest  blossoms  call. 

c.  To  rouse  from  sleep,  summon  to  get  up. 
1611  Shaks.  Cymb.  11.  ii.  7  If  thou  canst  awake  by  foure  o' 

th'  clock,  I  prythee  call  me.  1711  Steele  Spect.  No.  132 
r  1  The  next  Morning  at  Day-break  we  were  all  called. 
1832  Tennyson  May  Queen  1  You  must  wake  and  call  me 
early,  call  me  early,  mother  dear.  1858  Merc.  Mar,  Mag. 
V.  306  The  Captain,  .was  called  at  12. 

t  d.  To  invoke,  appeal  to.  Cf.  also  Call  to 
witness,  20  c.  Obs. 

c  1250  Gen.  <y  Ex.  3237  QvaS  god,  '  quor-at  calles  ou  me?' 
,1500  Melusiue  118881  1  In  the  begynnyng  of  all  werkes, 
men  oughtcn  first  of  alle  to  calle  the  name  of  the  Creatour. 

f  e.  Sometimes  with  the  force  of  the  modern 
'  call  on',  2  3g.  Obs. 

1601  Shaks.  Twel.  N.  nr.  ii.  56  Wee'l  call  thee  at  the 
Cubiculo.  1603  —  Meas./or  M.  iv.  iv.  18  He  call  you  at 
your  house. 

f.  With  the  force  of  '  call  for'  ;  now  techn.,  as 
to  call  a  case  in  court,  call  the  trial. 

c  1250  Bestiary  651  He  remecS  and  helpe  calleS.  1699 
Bentley  Phal.  xi.  236  The  Trial  must  be  Call'd  over  again. 
1697  Dryden  Virg.  Georg.  IV.  480  One  that  once  had  call'd 
Lucina's  Aid.  1731  Swift  Death  Swift,  I  wish  I  knew 
what  King  to  call.  1746  Hoyle  Whist  (ed.  6)  10  A  new 
Deal  is  to  be  call'd.  Mod.  The  judge  ordered  the  next  case 
to  be  called. 

g.  To  attract  animals  by  a  particular  '  call  , 
e.  g.  as  in  moose-calling. 

h.  With  a  thing  as  obj.  :  Chiefly  with  adverbs 
(senses  24-35) ;  or  in  phrases,  as  to  call  attention 
(17  a),  call  to  mirnl  (30  b\etc. 

1761  Frances  Sheridan  Sidney  Bidutph  (ed.  2)  III.  160 
But  let  us  call  another  subject.— When  did  you  hear  from 
Mr.  Faulkland  ?  * 

i.  To  call  a  bond:  to  give  notice  that  the 
amount  of  a  bond  will  be  paid. 

k.  &.  =  Call  upon,  call  at,  visit,  go  through. 
1837  R.  Nicoll  Poems  (1843)  72  The  puir  auld  beggar 
bodie,  ca'd  The  toun  where  I  was  born.  Mod.  Sc.  '  I'll  caw 
the  haill  town  for't,  or  I  want  it.' 

1.  In  various  phrases:  see  17-20. 

5.  To  convoke,  convene,  summon  (a  meeting  or 
assembly"  .   See  Call  together,  34. 

c  1350  Will.  Palerue  1460  pemperour  calde  his  cunseil  for 
to  knowe  here  wille.  c  138s  Chaucer  L.  G.  W.  i860  And 
Brutus . .  let  the  peple  calle,  And  openly  the  tale  he  tolde 
hem  alle.  1503-4  Act  19  Hen.  VII,  XXVnL  Preamb.,  His 
Highnes  is  not  mynded . .  to  calle  &  somone  a  newe  parlia- 
ment. 1611  Bible  Joel  i.  14  Call  a  solemne  assembly.  1618 
Bolton  Florus  116361  259  Cicero  the  Consult,  calling  a 
Senate  made  an  Oration.  1848  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  II. 
252  It  might  be  necessary  to  call  a  Parliament.  1885  Act 
48  Vict.  xvi.  §  12  The  notice  calling  the  meeting. 

6.  To  nominate  by  a  personal '  call'  or  summons 
(to  special  service  or  office) ;  esp.  by  Divine 
authority  :  1  to  inspire  with  ardours  of  piety  ;  or 
to  summon  into  the  church'  (J.). 

1300  Harrow.  Hell  184  Loverd  Christ,  icham  That  thou 
calledest  Habraham.  1535  Coverdale  i  Cor.  i.  i  Paul, 
called  to  be  an  Apostle  of  Jesus  Christ.  —  Rom.  viii  30 
Whom  he  hath  called,  them  hath  he  also  made  righteous. 
1591  Shaks.  i  Hen.  VI,  v.  i.  29  What,  is  my  Lord  of  Win- 
chester, .call'd  vntoa  Cardinalls  degree?  1606  —  Ant.  SfCl. 
11.  vii.  16  To  be  call'd  into  a  huge  Sphere.  x6n  Bible  Acts 
xiii.  7  Separate  me  Barnabas  and  Saul  for  the  work  where- 
unto  I  have  called  them.  1680  Mem.  J.  Eraser  ix.  in  Set. 
Biogr.  11847'  II.  303,  I  was  indeed  called  by  the  Lord  to 
the  exercise  of  the  Ministry. 


b.  To  invite  in  due  form  to  the  pastorate  of  a 
church  (  Presbyterian  or  Nonconformist). 

1560  1st  Bk.  Discipline  iv,  In  a  church  reformed  .;  none 
ought  to  presume  either  to  preach,  either  yet  to  minister 
the  sacraments,  till  that  orderly  they  be  called  to  the  same. 
1703  Kirkton  Hist.  J.  Welsh  in  Set.  Biogr.  (1845)  I.  33 
[He]  was  speedily  called  to  the  ministry  first  in  one  village 
then  in  another.  1841  M'Crie  Sk.  Ch.  Hist.  I.  137  The 
Church  to  which  he  was  afterwards  called.  1862  Macfar- 
lane  Life  Dr.Lawson  53  In  due  time  he  was  unanimously 
called  to  be  Mr.  Moir's  successor. 

c.  ellipt.  for  Call  to  the  bar,  20  a. 

1836-7  Dickens  Sk.  Boz  (1850)218/1  A  barrister  ?—  he  said 
he  was  not  called.  1865  —  Mut.  Fr.  iii,  '  I ',  said  Euguene, 
1  have  been  "called"  seven  years'. 

7.  To  ask  with  authority,  bid,  command,  enjoin, 
call  upon  (a  person)  to  do  (something).  Now  esp. 
said  of  the  call  of  God,  or  of  duty. 

[d  lyjoCursor  M.  p.962.  2j(Cott.  MS.)  pai.  .calden  a  blynd 
knight  To  wirk  after  fcr  lore.]  1580  Barlt  Air.  C  21  They 
began  to  cal  Hortensius  to  pleade  in  good  matters.  1678 
Wanley  Wonders  VL  xxix.  §  5.  616/1  Some  were  therefore 
called  to  open  the  Basilick  vein.  1756  Wesley  It 'ks.  1 1872)  j 
XIII.  200,  I  am  called  to  preach  the  Gospel  both  by  God  j 
and  man.  1769  Robertson  Chat.  V,  V.  536  note,  The  sub- 
ject, .does  not  call  me  to  write  a  history  of  the  progress  of 
society.  1853  Maurice  PrOph.  -y  Kings  v.  80  The  king  be- 
lieves that  he  is  called  to  build  a  temple.  1882  R.  W.  Dale 
in  Gd.  Words  Apr.  263  One  may  be  specially  '  called  '  to 
shelter  the  homeless. 

\>.Amer.Land  Law.  To  require  objects,  courses, 
distances,  etc.)  to  answer  to  a  description  in  a 
survey  or  grant  of  land  (Webster). 

f  8.  To  challenge  ;  to  impeach,  accuse  of.  Obs. 

1470-85  Malory  Arthur (1816)  II.  456  Now  ye  be  called 
upon  treason,  it  is  time  for  you  to  stir,  c  1489  Caxton 
Sonnes  of  Aymon  566  Telle  me,  constans,  false  traytour, 
why  dyde  ye  calle  my  fader  of  treyson. 

9.  Hawking.  ,See  quot.) 

1483  Cath.  Angt.  52  To  calle  a  hawke,  stitpare.    1500  32 
Ortits  Voc.  ibid.  52  Stupo  :  to  call  a  hawke  with  meat. 

10.  Cards.  To  call  honours,  call  a  king,  call  for 
trumps :  see  1  e,  22  A. 

II.  To  name,  give  a  name  or  designation  to. 

11.  trans.  To  give  as  name  or  title  to  ;  to  name. 
With  complemental  object ;  also  to  call  by  the  name 
of ;  to  call  one's  name  so-and-so  {arch,  and  dial.  ■ 

c  1250  Gen.  Ij  Ex.  3686  Rat  stcde  be5  cald  Sor-for  Cabroth. 
a  1300  Cursor  M.  1 1930  A  haliday,  pat  bai  calld  sabat  in  j  ar 
lay.  1330  R.  Brunne  Citron.  42  Ane  erle  in  be  North, 
Uctred  men  kalde.  <  1400  MauNDEV.  Prol.  1  The  Holy 
Lond,  that  men  callen  the  Lond  of  Promyssioun,  C  1400 
Destr.  Troy  5204  The  same  yle . .  Cicill  is  calt.  1535C0VER- 
dale  Matt.  i.  25  He.  .called  his  name  Iesus.  —  Tsa.  xlviii. 
1  O  thou  house  of  Jacob  :  ye  y*  are  called  by  the  name  of 
Israel.  1562  Latimer  Serm.  in  Lincoln  i.  66  A  certaine 
secte  which  were  cauled  Flagellarii.  1611  Bible  Gen.  i.  5 
God  called  the  light,  Day,  and  the  darknesse  he  called 
Night.  1733  Berkeley  Th.  Vision  8.  16  Wks.  1871  I.  379  To 
call  things  by  their  right  names.  1842  Prichard  Rat.  Hist. 
Man  206  The  people  whom  the  Russians  call  Tschudes. 

b.  To  style,  designate,  term,  address  as,  speak 
of  as  ;  to  reckon,  consider. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  25143  (Cott.  G.)  par  calles  him  fader  ful 
fele°]>at  er  noght  to  him  suns  lele.  Ibid.  2426  (Trill.)  Why 
mades  bou  vs  in  were  to  calle  bi  wif  bi  sister  dere.  / bid. 
27541  (Fairf.)  Synnis  . .  pat  clerkis  callin  veniale.  1481 
Caxton  Tulle  of  Old  Age,  The  poet  Ennius  callyd  hyni 
his  swete  hony.  1551  Recorde  Pat/171:  Knowl.  1.  xxvii, 
That  quadrate  is  called  properly  to  be  drawen  in  a  circle, 
when  all  his  fower  angles  doeth  touche  the  edge  of  the 
circle.  1581  Confer.  11.  (15841  I,  The  Papistes  call  iustice 
for  treason,  persecution  for  religion.  1611  Bible  Malachi 
iii.  15  Now  we  call  the  proud  happy,  a  1631  Donne  Para- 
doxes (1652)  2  You  can  cal  it  pleasure  to  be  beguil'd  ^  in 
troubles.  1720  De  Foe  Capt.  Singleton  i.  (18401  1  The 
woman,  whom  I  was  taught  to  call  mother.  1736  Butler 
Anal.  I.  i.  Wks.  1874  I.  19  That  living  agent  each  man  calls 
himself.  1795  Southey  Joan  of  A  rc.  1.  29  Her  parents  mock 
at  her  and  call  her  crazed.  1875  Jowett  /Yri/oied.  2)  II.  426 
Would  you  not  call  a  man  able  who  could  do  that  ? 

12.  To  apply  abusive  names  to  ;  to  abuse,  vilify. 
Now  dial.    Cf.  to  call  {one)  names,  17  c. 

1633  Ford  'Tit  Pity  III.  vi,  I  fear  this  friar's  falsehood  ; 
I  will  call  him.  1701  Swift  Mrs.  Harris'  Petit.  Wks.  1755 
III.  II.  61  As  though  I  had  call'd  her  all  to  naught.  1825 
Brockett  N.  Country  Gloss.  37  Call,  to  abuse.  They 
called  one  another !  i860  Dial.  Bailey  s.v.,  In  the  un- 
sophisticated Yorkshire  dialect  . .  to  call  is  to  put  forth  tor- 
rents of  abuse.  1874  Crcnvle  Adr.  19  Dec,  No  child  in  the 
Band  of  the  Cross  must  use  bad  language  or  call  any  one. 
III.  To  drive.  Sc. 

13.  trans.  To  urge  forward,  drive  ^an  animal  or 
a  vehicle).  Perh.  originally  '  to  drive  with  shouts ' ; 
but  no  trace  of  this  is  known  since  the  14th  c,  and 
the  sense  is  not  in  ON. 

!375  Barbour  Brucex.  223  Than  Burmok.  .callit  hiswayii 
toward  the  peill.  c  1470  Henry  Wallace  IX.  718  Thir 
cartaris.  .callyt  furth  thecartis  weill.  a  1600  Montgomery: 
Elyting  73  Many  Jeald  30W  hast  thou  cald  ouer  a  know. 
1785  Burns  Cotter  s  Sat.  Nt.  iv,  Some  ca'  the  pleugh.  1794 

  (title)  Ca'  the  yowes  to  the  knowes.    1832-53  Whistle- 

binkie  (Sc.  Songs)  Ser.  m.  29  My  father  wad  lead  wi'  a 
bairn,  But  wadna  be  ca'd  for  the  deil'. 

b.  To  drive  in  the  chase,  to  hunt. 
1768  Ross  Hetenore  122  (Jam.)  We  never  thought  it  wrang 
to  ca  a  prey. 

C.  To  make  to  go ;  to  turn,  drive. 
1724  Ramsay  Tea-t.  Misc.  .1733)  II.  167  If  that  her  tip- 
pony  chance  to  be  sma'  We'll  tak  a  good  scour  o  t  and  ca  t 
awa.    a  1776  in  Herd  Sc.  Songs  II.  19  We  ca'd  the  bicker 
aft  about.    1818  Scott  Rob  Roy  xxvi,  Even  if  he  were  a 


puir  ca'-the-shuttle-body  [i.e.  weaver].  1863  J.  Nicholson 
The  Buruie,  Ca'  aboot  the  mill  wheel.  [So  to  ca'  or>er,  to 
knock  over.] 

d.  fig.  as  in  Call  clashes  :  '  to  spread  malicious 
or  injurious  reports'  (Jam.).  Call  the  crack  :  to 
keep  the  conversation  going.  Call  ones  way  :  to 
pursue  one's  way,  move  on. 

1768  Ross  Helenorc  76  (Jam.!  Ca'  your  wa',  The  door's 
wide  open.  1785  Burns  Ep.  Lapraik  ii,  On  fastcn-een  we 
had  a  rockin,  To  ca'  the  crack  and  weave  our  stockin. 
1858  M.  Porteous  Real  Scaler  Johnny  13  While  Souter 
Johnnie  ca'd  the  crack. 

14.  To  drive  (a  nail) ;  also,  to  fix,  fasten,  or  join 
by  hammering  ;  to  forge,  weld.    Also  ca  on. 

1513  Douglas  .-Ends  vm.  vii.  174  In  every  place  scvin  ply 
thai  well  and  call.  1676  W.  Row  Coutn.  Blair's  Antobiog. 
xii.  (1848)  504  Cawed  in  the  boots  by  the  hangman.  1768 
Ross  Hetenore  84  1  Jam.  I  Hut  to  the  head  the  nail  ye  maun  1 
ca.  1789  Burns  A  irks  Alarm,  He  has  cooper'd  and  cava 
a  wrong  pin  in't. 

15.  absol.  To  drive  (a  horse,  cart,  etc.).  'To 
cd  canny,  to  drive  gently  and  carefully,  alsoy?;'. 
Also  to  drive  (a  weapon]  at,  let  fly  17/. 

a  1500  Sir  Egcir  45  1  Jam.)  His  spear  before  him  could  he 
fang.  .And  called  right  fast  at  Sir  Gray  Steel  . .  And  Gray 
Steel  called  at  Sir  Gr.diame.  1823  (  iALI  Entail  I.  xxvii. 
239  But  ..  ca'  canny.  Mod.  Will  you  come  and  ca'?  [i.e. 
drive  a  skipping-rope]. 

16.  intr.  (for  rejl.)  To  drive,  be  driven. 

1717  Woorow  Corr.  (18431  246'  '  regret  your  want  of 
health,  and  fear  you  may  be  calling  off  from  an  ill  time  to 
the  joy  of  your  Lord.  1768  Ross  Hetenore  70  Jam.',  I 
mounts,  and  with  them  aft  what  we  could  ca'.  1794  Burns 
tyuug  Jockey  12  When  Jockey's  owsen  hameward  ca'. 
a  1803  in  Scott  Minstr.  Sc.  Bard.  I.  199  (Jam.)  There  will 
never  a  nail  ca'  right  for  me. 

IV.  Phrases  and  Combinations. 

*  Phrases. 

17.  a.  To  call  attention  to  :  to  direct  or  invite  (a 
person's)  notice  to  ;  to  point  out.  show.    (Cf.  4  g.  i 

1827  P. Cunningham  Two  Yrs.  in  X.  s.  IVnles  I.  204  To 
call  their  attention  to  the  procuring  of  this  valuable  medi- 
cine. 1835  Marryat  Jac.  l-attltf.  xxvii,  To  which  1  shall 
soon  have  to  call  the  attention  of  the  House.  1885  Sin  K. 
Fry  in  Law  Rep.  XXIX.  Chant  484  It  is  not  necessary  to 
call  attention  to  the  evidence.  Mod.  Attention  was  called 
to  the  state  of  the  Thames. 

b.  To  call  cousins :  to  address  each  other  as 
'Cousin';  to  claim  consulship  or  kinship  w'.lh. 
So  formerly  to  tall  brothers  or  sisters.     Cf.  11. 

c  1603  Marston  lusnt.  Couutesse  Wks.  1856  III.  112  We 
two,  that  any  time  these  fourteene  y  ceres  have  called  sisters. 
c  1623  Middleton  Anyth.  for  quiet  Life  Wks.  iDyce)  IV. 
44  j  So  near  I  am  to  him,  we  must  call  cousins.  1751  II. 
WALFOLE  Corr.  (1837'  I.  156  Pray  do  you  call  cousins.  i8c8 
Scott  Antobiog.  in  Lockhart  ■  1839  6  My  father  used  to  call 
cousin,  as  they  say,  with  the  Campbells  of  Blythswood. 

c.  'To  call  names  :  to  apply  opprobrious  names 
or  epithets  to  a  person).    (Cf.  12/ 

[1594  Shaks.  Rich.  Ill,  1.  iii.  236  That  thou  hadst  call'd 
me  all  these  l  itter  names.)  1697  Damiter  Voy.  (1698)  117 
They,  .content  themselves  with  standing  aloof,  threatning 
and  calling  names.  1712  Steele  Spect.  No.  274  ?  1  Calling 
Names  does  no  Good.  1854  H.  Miller  Sell,  fr  Scbm.  xxu. 
(i860)  233/2  He  replied  to  my  jokes  by  calling  names. 
1884  Times  weekly  ed.  1  5  Sept.  3/1  They  were  not  in  the 
habit  of  calling  one  another  names. 

d.  To  call  (a  thing'  one's  own  :  to  claim  or  re- 
gard as  one's  own.    ,Cf.  lib.) 

1613  Shaks.  Hen.  VIII,  III.  ii.  454  My  robe,  And  my  in- 
tegrity to  Heaven,  is  all  I  dare  now  call  my  own.  1762 
Gibbon  Jrnl.  in  C.  Morison  Life  37,  I  had  hardly  a  moment 
I  could  call  my  own.  1840  Dickens  Old  C.  Shop  111,  She 
daren't  call  her  soul  her  own.  1857  Hughes  Tom  Bream 
1.  v,  The  first  place  that  he  could  call  his  own. 

18.  'To  call  in  question  :  to  summon  for  trial  or 
examination  ;  to  impeach  ;  to  challenge,  impugn, 
dispute,  cast  doubt  upon  ;  formerly,  also,  to  ex- 
amine, make  inquisition  into ;  so  t  To  call  in 
deubt.    (Cf.  4.) 

1579  LylY  Euphues  (Arb.)  119  That..  I  should  call  in  ques- 
tion the  demeanour  of  all.  1587  Harrison  England  1.  II.  v. 
(1877)  130  This  is  alas  too  open  and  manifest  . .  and  yet  not 
called  into  question.  1600  Shaks.  A.  V.  L.  v.  ii.  6  Neither 
call  the  giddinesse  of  it  in  question.  1601  —  Jul.  C.  IV.  Ul. 
165  Now  sit  we  close  about  this  Taper  heere,  And  call  in 
question  our  necessities.  1671  Milton  Samson  43  Let  n-.e 
not  rashly  call  in  doubt  Divine  prediction.  1831  Brewster 
Newton  (1855I  I.  xiii.  371  This  opinion. .has  only  recently 
been  called  in  question.  1844  Thackeray  B.  Lyndon  xix, 
For  calling  the  honour  of  his  mother  in  question. 

19.  To  call  into  being,  existence  :  to  give  life  to, 
make,  create.   Call  into  play :  to  bring  into  action. 

1754  Sherlock  Disc.  11759)  I.  ii.  76  To  call  Men  from  the 
Grave  into  being.  1868  Freeman  Norm.  Com,.  (1876!  1 1,  x. 
508  It  was  no  small  work  to  call  into  being  that  mighty 
abbey.  1873  Max  MtlLLEH  Sc.  Relig.  29  By  which  a  canon 
of  sacred  books  is  called  into  existence.  1874  Blackie 
Self-Cult.  45  An  art  which  calls  into  play  all  the  powers 
that  belong  to  a  prompt  and  vigorous  manhood. 

20.  a.  To  call  to  account :  to  summon  (ones>  to 
render  an  account,  or  to  answer  for  conduct ; 
hence,  to  reprove,  rebuke  :  cf.  Account  sb.  7,  8. 
Call  to  arms  :  to  summon  to  prepare  for  battle  or 
war.  Call  to  the  bar :  to  admit  as  a  barrister ;  see 
Bar  sb\  24.  Call  to  {one's)  feet,  legs :  to  bid 
one  stand  up ;  spec,  to  bid  one  in  a  company  rise 
and  speak,  propose  a  toast,  sing,  etc.    (Cf.  4,  6.^ 

a  1618  Raleigh  Rem.  ■  1664I  D  j  a,  Call  your  observation  to 
accompt  and  you  shall  find  it  as  I  say.    1659  Pearson 


CALL. 


36 


CALL. 


Creed  {t%29>  13  They  who  heard  St.  Peter  call  a  lame  man 
unto  his  legs.  1711  Addison  Sped.  No.  89  P  1  He  was 
called  to  the  Bar.  1833  Hi.  Maktineau  Matuh.  Strike  v. 
61  This  '  mob'  declarea  their  intention  of  calling  Went  worth 
to  account.  1848  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  I.  192  Calling  the 
old  soldiers  of  the  Commonwealth  to  arms.  1875  Jowett 
Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  139  He  who  transgresses  them  is  to  be  cor- 
rected, or,  in  other  words,  called  to  account. 

b.  To  call  to  memory,  mind,  remembrance :  to 
recollect,  recall,  cause  to  be  remembered  ;  also 
with  back  :  cf.  26  d.    (Cf.  4.) 

147a  Paston  Lett.  700  III.  51  Preying  yow  to  call  to 
your  mynd.  1583  Stubbes  Atiat.  Abus.  11.  1,  I  cannot  call 
your  name  to  remembrance.  1611  Bible  Mark  xiv.  72  Peter 
called  to  ininde  the  word  that  Iesus  said  vnto  him.  1701 
Earl  Clarendon  in  Pepys'  Diary  VI.  207  Whose  name  I 
cannot  call  to  mind.  1835  Marryat  Jac.  Paithf.  xxiv, 
Calling  to  mind  what  hadoccurred.  1871  R.  H.  Hltton 
Ess.  (1877)  I.  3  It  is  necessary  to  call  to  mind,  .a  strangely- 
forgotten  truth. 

C.  To  call  to  7i'ittiesst  record,  surety :  to  summon 
or  appeal  to  (one)  to  bear  witness,  etc.   (Cf.  4  d.) 

1535  Coverdale  Dcut.  iv.  26,  I  call  heauen  and  earth  to 
recorde  |  1611  to  witnesse]  ouer  you  this  daie.  1601  Shaks. 
Alts  Well\.  iii.  108  She  call'd  the  Saints  to  suretie,  That 
she  would  neuer  put  it  from  her  finger.  1848  Macaulay 
Hist.  Eng.  I.  504  They  were  all  ready  to  call  God  to  witness 
that  they  renounced  all  spiritual  connection  with  foreign 
prelates.  1859  Tennyson  Elaine  1291  To  this  I  call  my 
friends  in  testimony. 

*  *  With  prepositions. 

Formed  on  the  intrans.  senses  1  and  2  ;  the  com- 
bination, however,  has  often  the  force  of  a  transitive 
verb,  and  takes  an  indirect  passive,  as  'a  ligh* 
was  called  for*,  'we  are  not  called  upon  to  act \ 

21.  Call  after.  See  1.  t  Also,  To  ask  for, 
demand,  summon  {obs.). 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  17842  Anoon  bei  calde  aftir  jjarchcniyne. 
1377  Langl.  /'.  PI.  B.  111. 100  The  kynge  called  alter  Mede. 

22.  Call  for.  a.  To  ask  loudly  or  authorita- 
tively for ;  to  order  ;  fig,  to  claim,  require,  demand. 

1535  COVERDALE  Ezek.  xxxvi.  29,  I  wil  call  for  the  corne, 
and  wil  increase  it.  1596  Shaks.  Tarn.  Shr.  111.  ii.  172  Hee 
calls  for  wine.  1601  —  Alf s  IV'elt  1.  i.  202  My  Lord  cals  for 
you.  1737  Berkeley  App.  Querist  $  104  Witt,  1871  III. 
534  Whether  our  circumstances  do  not  call  aloud  for  some 
present  remedy?  1801  I.  Milner  Life  xiii.  11842)  246  He 
said  some  things  which,  I  thought,  called  for  a  fresh  lashing. 
1843  RvSKlM  Mod.  Paint-  0857)  I.  Pref.  9  The  crying  evil 
which  called  for  instant  remedy.  1875  Scrivener  Led. 
(irk.  'Jest.  18  Few  employments  call  for  so  much  p.itience. 

b.  To  call  for  a  speaker,  actor,  etc.)  to  appear 
in  order  to  receive  the  applause  of  the  audience. 

1822  .V,~2ts  Month.  Mag.  IV.  315  If  the  public  call  for  an 
actor  whom  they  have  not  seen  a  long  time.  1831  Mac- 
keady  in  Bemin.  I.  413  The  audience  called  for  me,  and 
-ceined  pleased  in  applauding  me.  1851  fttttst.  Loud. 
News  46  The  author  and  the  performers  were  called  fur. 
C.  To  go  to  or  stop  at  a  place  and  ask  for. 

1641  Pest  Farm.  Bks.  118561  103  The  cadgers,  .call  for  it 
againe  as  they  come  backe.  1833  Hi.  Martineau  J /tree 
Ages  111.89  To  lie  left  at  the  Bluel.ion  till  called  for. 

d.  Cant-playing.  7 0  call  for  trumps  :  to  indi- 
cate by  special  play  to  one's  partner  that  he  is  to 
play  out  trumps.    Also  absol. 

1746  Hoyle  Whist  led.  6'  79  If  your  Partner  calk  . .  you 
are  to  trump  to  him. 

23.  To  call  on  or  upon.  a.  To  call  to  a  per- 
son with  a  request  or  entreaty  ;  to  address  in  a 
loud  voice;  to  apostrophize  the  absent  or  dead., 

(  1400  Dcstr.  T ray  388  The  Kyng  was  full  curtais,  calt  on 
a  maiden.  1475  Caxton  Jason  70  And  whan  he  had  so 
don  he  began  to  calle  upon  the  two  knightes.  1601  Shaks. 
Jul.  C.  1.  11.  15  Who  is  it  in  the  presse,  that  calles  on  me? 
1718  J.  Chamberlayne  Pelig.  Philos.  (17301  Ded.,  The  Texts 
.  .in  which  he  does  so  often  call  upon  Atheists  and  Infidels, 
b.  To  invoke, or  make  supplication  to^God,etc). 

a  1300  Hymn  to  Virg.  1  in  V'rin.  Coll.  Horn.  App.  257 
Moder  milde  Hur  of  alle.  .On  pc  hit  is  best  to  calle.  a  1300 
Cursor  M.  5718  On  drightin  can  bai  cri  and  call.  Ibid. 
19670  All  bat  calles  on  bi  nam.  1490CAXION  Eneydos  iv.  19 
'1  he  goddis  by  hym  adoured  and  t  allid  on.  1611  Bible  */V«. 
iv.  26  Then  began  men  to  call  vpon  the  Name  of  the  Ix>rd. 
1867  LttTOH  Lost  T.  Miletus  67  One  night  on  death  he 
called  And  passed  with  death  away. 

C.  To  appeal  to,  make  direct  application  to  (a 
pcrsoti)  for  (something)  or  to  do  (something) ;  to 
require,  to  make  a  demand  upon.  In  the  pas- 
sive, said  also  of  the  call  or  requirements  of  duty. 

1471  Marg.  Paston  Lett.  No.  695  HI.  45  Yt  is  seyde  here 
that  my  Lord  Archebysschop|>e  is  ded ;  and  yf  yt  be  so, 
calle  up  on  hys  suertes  for  the  mony.  c  1600  Shaks.  Souu. 
lxxix.  1  Whilst  I  alone  did  call  upon  your  aid.  1750  John- 
son Ram^l.  No.  120  F  2  He  called  for  help  upon  the  sages 
of  phvsick.  1814  Lett./r.  England  II.  hii.  368  He  called 
upon  his  congregation  for  horses. 

1530  Pai.sgr.  47V2  Call  upon  them  to  remember  my 
mater.  1603  Shaks.  Meas./or  M.  v.  i.  287  Spcake  not  you 
to  him  till  we  call  vpon  you.  1817  Jas.  Mill  Brit.  India 
II.  v.  iv.  427  They  would  be  called  upon  by  parliament  to 
produce  their  records.  1848  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  I.  530 
I,ord  Berkeley  called  on  all  his  friends  to  help  him.  1883 
Sir  W.  Bkett  in  Law  Pip.  1 1  Queen's  B.  Div,  599  Without 
calling  upon  the  defendant's  counsel  we  are  prepared  now 
to  give  judgment.  Mod.  A  man  is  not  called  upon  to  make 
such  sacrifices  every  day. 

+  d.  To  appeal  to  as  an  authority  or  precedent. 

1647  Clarendon  Hist.  Keb.  L  (1843)  22/2  His  (Earl  of 
Manchester's]  authority,  .was  still  called  upon.  1655  Ful- 
ler Ch.  Hist.  vi.  312  Commonly  Princes  call  on  such  Statutes 
when  themselves  are  called  on  by  their  necessities. 


J      +e.  To  make  a  claim  for,  demand  (money  due). 

147a  Maru.  Paston  Lett.  695  III.  44,  I  pray  30W  send  me 
a  kopy  of  the  dyvsecharge  ..  bothe  for  my  dyscharge  and 
towyrs  wat  sum  ever  that  be  callyd  upon  of  eyther  of  us 
here  after.  1607  Shaks.  'Pimm  11.  ii.  23  My  Master  is 
awak'd  by  great  occasion  To  call  vpon  his  owne. 
tf.  To  impeach,  challenge.  Obs. 

1606  Shaks.  Ant.  <y  CI.  1.  iv.  28  Full  surfets,  and  the  dri- 
nesse  of  his  bones.  Call  on  him  for 't.  174)0  Chesterp.  Lett. 
I.  clx.  295  You  call  upon  me  for  the  partiality  of  an  author 
to  his  own  works.  1701  Smeaton  Edystone  L.  %  73  Sup- 
posing his  character  called  upon,  not  only  as  a  professional 
man,  but  as  a  man  of  veracity. 

g.  To  pay  a  short  visit  to,  to  make  a  call  on. 

1602  Shaks.  Ham.  111.  iii.  34  He  call  vpon  you  ere  you  go 
to  bed.  1822  AVw  Month.  Mag.  IV.  403  He  had  called  on 
me  in  Wales,  and  stayed  with  me  nearly  three  days.  1840 
Eraser's  Mag.  XXI. 404,  I  can. .occupy  myself.. in  calling 
upon  some  friends. 
**  *  With  adverbs. 

(See  also  the  prec.  senses,  and  the  adverbs  them- 
selves for  less  specialized  combinations.) 

24.  Call  again,  a.  See  senses  1-3,  and  Again. 
f  b.  [sense  4.]  To  call  back,  recall,  restore  ;  to 

revoke,  retract.  Obs. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  26459  If  eft  misdos  wel  es  right  pc  lauerd 
call  again  his  plight.  1 1330  R.  Hrlnne  Chron.  2i5<Matz.  1 
Calle  ageyn  thin  oih.  1483  Cath.  Augl.  52  To  calle  agane, 
reuocare.  1509  Hawes  Past.  Pleas,  xxi.  xvi,  Dede  done 
can  not  be  called  agayne.  a  1528  Skelton  Ph.  Sparotve  22 
Nothynge  it  auayled  To  call  Phylyp  agaync  Whom  Gyb 
our  cat  hath  slayne.  156a  Turner  Herbal  11.  84a,  The 
juiue.  .calleth  them  agayn  that  ar  brought  in  to  an  extreme 
depe  slepe.  1587  Golding  De  Momay  xiv.  311  Time  can- 
not be  called  againe. 

25.  Callaway,  [sense  4.]  To  summon  or  cause 
to  come  from  one's  actual  place  or  occupation  ; 
fig.  to  divert,  call  off  (the  mind,  thoughts,  etc.). 

a  1748  Watts  (J.1  The  passions  call  away  the  thoughts. 
1741  H.Walpole  Lett.  H.  Maun  III.ix.27,  1  am  called 
away  and  scarce  know  what  I  say.  1833  Lamb  Last  Ess. 
Elia  iChandos*  478  When  ..  necessity  calleth  him  away. 
1875  Jowett  Plato  (ed.  21  I.  41  Menexenus,  who  is  called 
away  to  take  part  in  a  sacrifice. 

26.  Call  back.    a.  See  senses  1,  3,  and  Back. 

b.  [sense  4]  trans.  To  summon  (a  person)  to 
return  ;  to  recall ;  to  bring  back  (a  thing). 

1594  Carew  Huarte's  Exam.  Wits  viiu  '15961  117  The 
much  cold  . .  calleth  backe  the  naturall  heate  inward  by 
counterposition.  161 1  Bible  i  Esdr.  i.  50  God.. sent  by  his 
messenger  to  call  them  backe.  1697  Dkvden  Virg.  Ceorg. 
111.  409  The  raging  Tempest  call'd  him  back  in  vain.  1875 
Jowett  Plato  (ed.  2)  V.  68  Wine  may  call  back  the  vital 
powers  in  disease. 

c.  To  revoke,  retract. 

"553  Bale  I'ocac.  in  Hart.  Misc.  tMafli.i  I.  356  He  called 
a  great  pece  of  his  tale  backe  againe.  1605  Broughton 
Corrupt.  Handling  o  f  R etlg.  6  He  calleth  backe  himsclfe  in 
particulars.  1611  Bible  Isa.  xxxi.  2  Vet  he  ..  wil  not  call 
backe  his  words.  1848  S.  Bamfokd  Early  Days  vii.  (1859) 
68  Rap  out  a  round  regimental  oath,  and  as  instantly  call  it 
back  with  a  1  Ix>rd  help  us'. 

d.  To  recall  to  memory,  remcml)er. 

1851  Trench  Poems  38  Then  calling  back  this  day  we 
will  be  strong. 

27.  Call  down.  a.  intr.  See  senses  I,  and 
Down  adv. 

b.  trans.  Sec  sense  4,  and  Down;  alsoyf^:  to 
invoke  from  above,  bring  down,  cause  to  descend. 

1810  Scott  Lady  of  L.  111.  x.  On  his  name  Shall  call  down 
wretchedness  and  shame.  1864  Tennyson  En.  Ard.  324 
Calling  down  a  blessing  on  his  head.  1869  Freeman  Norm. 
<  '<»i'/.i  18/6  III.  xii.  197  Irregularities  which  called  down  the 
censures  of  Pope  I«eo. 

t  C.  [from  3.]  To  lower  by  proclamation ;  to 
denounce,  decry.  Obs. 

1551  Robinson  tr.  More's  [/top.  (Arb.  159  To  calle  downc  the 
value  of  coyne  to  lesse  then  it  is  worthe.  1605  Bacon  Adv. 
Leam.  11.  §  3  If  an  untruth  . .  bee  once  on  foot . .  it  is  never 
called  downe.  1633  T.  Stakeoro  Par.  Hib.  iv.  (1821I  267 
All  other  money  es  . .  shall  bee  decryed,  anulled,  and  called 
downe.  1668  Child  Disc.  ira*te 11698)  246  If  the  rate  of 
Usury  should  be  called  down. 

t  d.  [from  1.]  To  call  to  one  to  come  or  sit 
down,  to  stop  (a  speaker).  Obs. 

1656  in  Burton  Diary  (18281  I.  295  He  went  on  a  little 
way  in  it,  but  was  called  down,  in  respect  it  was  late. 

28.  Call  forth,  a.  lit.  To  summon  or  cause  to 
come  forward  ;  to  call  out. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11083  Sir  Zachari  bai  did  call  forth. 
1526  Tindale  Acts  xxiv.  2  When  Paul  was  called  forth. 
'I  artullus  began  to  accuse  him.  1590  Shaks.  Mids.  N.  1.  ii. 
15  Call  forth  your  Actors  by  this  scrowle.  1667  Milton 
P.  L.  x.  649  Calling  forth  by  name  His  mightie  Angels. 

b.  fig.  To  summon^'.,  to  cause  to  appear;  to 
draw  forth,  elicit ;  to  summon  up  (courage). 

1697  Drydkn  Virg.  Ceorg.  111.  501  The  Western  Winds  . . 
Call  forth  the  tender  Grass.  1709  Pope  Ess.  Crit.  666  And 
call  new  beauties  forth  from  ev'ry  line.  17x3  —  Prot.  Ad- 
dison's Cato  16  He.  .calls  forth  Roman  drops  from  British 
eyes.  1853  Arab.  Nts.  iRtldg.)73i  He  then  called  forth 
his  courage,  and  went  up. 

29.  Call  in.    a.  intr:  See  senses  1,  2,  and  In. 
b.  trans.  See  4  ;  spec.  To  withdraw  from  the 

outside,  from  an  advanced  position,  from  free 

action,  from  circulation  or  publicity. 
>S97  Shaks.  2  Hen.  /T,  iv.  iii.  28  Call  in  the  Powers,  good 

cousin  Westmerland.     1633  Massinger  Xeio  Way  iv.  ii. 

Call-in  his  license.  1644  Milton  A  n  op.  (Arlo  32  ff  one  of 
I  your  publisht  Orders  . .  were  call'd  in.  1668  Child  Disc. 
I    'I'rade  246  That  money  will  be  suddenly  called  in. 


1676  R.  Dixon  Ttvo  Test.  70  If  a  Book  be  called  in,  I 
will  therefore  buy  it.  1875  Jevons  Money  (1878)  114  The 
last  proclamation  of  June,  1842,  calling  in  light  gold.  1885 
La7u  Pep.  29  Chauc.  Div.  461  The  whole  balance  of  the 
mortgage,  .might  be  at  once  called  in.  1885  Mamh.  Exam. 
5  May  4/7  The  Russians  are  willing  to  call  in  their  out- 
posts. 

C.  To  summon  for  assistance  or  consultation. 
1678  N.  Wanlev  Wonders  v.  L  §  103.  468/2  The  Swedes, 
who  were  called  in  for  the  support  of  the  German  liberty. 
1875  Jevons  Money  (18781  36  To  call  in  the  aid  of  the 
microscope.  1885  Sir  J.  Hannen  in  Law  Pep.  10  Probate 
Div.  90  Sir  William  Gull  was  called  in. 

d.  To  require  the  payment  or  repayment  of 
(money  outstanding):  cf.  Call  sb.  11. 

1701  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  3740/3  Part  of  the  10  per  Cent.  . .  to 
be  called  in.  1713  Ibid.  No.  5114/3,  aoi.  per  Share  was  .. 
called  in. 

30.  Call  off.    a.  See  senses  i,  3,  and  Off. 

b.  [See  4.]  To  summon  away,  or  from  what  one 
is  doing;  fig.  to  divert,  call  away  (the  attention). 

1633  Bp.  Hall  Hard  Texts  545  The  Lord -.will  call  off 
these  evils  w,fc  they  groanc  under.  171 1  Steele  Sped. 
No.  104  F  2  My  Eyes  were  suddenly  called  off  from  these 
. .  Objects  by  a  little  Party  of  Horsemen.  1766  Goldsm. 
Vic.  W.  xxxi,  But  the  appearance  of  . .  the  jailer's  two 
servants  now  called  off  our  attention.  x8io  Scott  Lady 
0/ L.  111.  iv,  And  in  mid  chase  called  off  his  hound. 

31.  Call  on.    a.  See  senses  1,  3,  and  On  adv. 
+  b.  trans.  To  invite  to  come  on,  allure,  incite  ; 

fig  to  encourage  the  growth  of,  bring  on.  Obs. 

1603  Florio  Montaigne  n.  xu.  (1632)  296  It  is  a  wonder, 
whither  the  perverse  wickednesse  of  mans  heart  will  pro- 
ceed, if  it  be  but  called -on  by  any  little  successe.  1626 
Bacon  Sylva  %  546  How  to  multiply  and  call  on  mosses. 
C.  intr.  Of  hounds  :  To  1  challenge  \ 

1704  Worudge  Diet.  Rust,  et  Urb.  s.  v.  Fox-hunting, 
And  for  such  as  are  first  cast  off,  let  them  be  old  stanch- 
hounds,  which  are  sure ;  and  if  you  hear  such  an  one  call 
on  merrily,  you  must  cast  off  some  other  to  him.  1847  78 
Halliwell  s.v.,  When  hounds  are  first  cast  off,  and  find 
game,  they  are  said  to  call  on. 

32.  Call  out.    a.  See  senses  1,  3,  and  Out  Oiiv. 
b.  To  call  or  summon  forth ;  fig.  to  evoke. 
1450  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  605  Provoeo . .  to  calle  out. 

1840  Eraser's  Mag.  XXII.  697  The  usual  trick  of  being 
called  out  a  dozen  times,  under  pretence  of  a  patient  wanting 
me.  1876  Green  Short  Hist.  iv.  |  3(1882*  176  [His]  fiercest 
burst  of  vengeance  was  called  out  by  an  insult  to  his 
mother.    Mod.  The  military  were  called  ouL 

e.  To  challenge  to  fight  (esp.  a  duel). 

18J3  Xcv  Month.  Mag.  VIII.  in  Damme  if  I  don't  call 
them  out.  1840  Praser s  Mag.  XXI.  594  In  modem,  .par- 
lance, '  I  call  you  out 1881  Pebody  Eng.  Journalism 
xi.  (1&83)  78  [HeJ  contrived,  .to  be  called  out  for  a  criticism 
which  was  too  free  and  frank  even  for  those  times. 

f  d.  To  call  for  repayment  of  (money  in  a  bank, 
or  the  like).  Obs. 

1 68 j  Iattrell  Brief  Rtl.  (18571  I.  211  Several)  persons 
who  had  money  in  the  chamber  of  London  . .  thought  fitt  to 
call  it  out,  but  were  told  there  were  no  orders  to  pay  any. 

33.  <Jall  over.    a.  See  senses  r,  3,  and  Ovkk. 
b.  To  read  aloud  [a  roll  or  list  of  names),  to 

which  the  persons  called  are  to  answer,  in  order 
to  prove  their  pretence.    Also  absol. 

1687  Bp.  Cartwright  in  Magd.  Coll.  $  Jas.  II  (Oxf. 
Hist.  Soc.)  117  We  called  over  the  College  Roll.  1837 
Dickens  Pickw.  xxxiv,  A  gentleman  in  black  . .  proceeded 
to  call  over  the  names  of  the  jury.  1864  H.  Cox  Instit.  1. 
ix.  137  It  has  been  the  practice  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
on  several  occasions  of  sufficient  importance,  to  order  that 
the  House  be  called  over  at  a  future  day. 

t  C.  To  read  aloud,  recite  (an  announcement  , 
proclaim  ;  to  recite,  rehearse  (a  story).  Obs.  or  dial. 

1681  Select,  fr.  Hart.  Misc.  U793'  466  Here  let  me  call 
over  a  story.  1865  Harland  Lane.  Lyrics  137  Iv  o'  Sunday 
to't  chourch  theaw  wilt  gang,  Ther  axtns  tha  II  ycr  um  coed 
o'er. 

d.  Call  over  the  coals*,  see  Coal. 

34.  Call  together  (see  5).  To  summon  to 
assemble,  to  convoke. 

15*6  Tindale  Luke  xxiii.  13  And  Pilate  called  (Wyclie 
clepid]  to  geder  the  hye  prestes.  1611  Bible  Jer.  \.  29  Call 
together  the  archers  against  Babylon.  Mo*t.  Call  the  work* 
men  together  at  once. 

35.  Call  up.    a.  See  senses  1,  3,  and  Up  adv. 
b.  To  summon,  from  some  lower  region  or  place 

(e.g.  from  Hades),  to  bring  into  the  mind  by  an 
effort  of  memory  or  imagination. 

1631  Milton  Penser.  109  That  thy  power  Miyht.  .call  up 
him  who  left  untold  The  story  of  Cainbuscan  K>l.).  1667 
—  P.  L.  111.603  Philosophers,  .call  up  unbound,  .old  Proteu* 
from  the  Sea.  1847  L.  Hunt  Men%  Worn.  <y  B.  II.  viii. 
146  A  tinselled  nymph,  .calling  up  commonplaces  with  a 
wand.  1871  Freeman  Xorm.  Conq.  (1876'  IV.  xvii.  32  Able 
to  call  up  a  i>ersonal  image  of  several  men  of  the  days  of 
Kadward. 

C.  To  summon  before  an  authority,  tribunal,  or 
examiner. 

1753  World  No.  3^,  I  was  unfortunately  called  up  to  give 
evidence  against  him.  X846  M'Culloch  Acc.  Brit.  Em- 
pire (1854)  II.  321  In  school . .  the  master  '  calls  up*  a  cer- 
tain number  . .  with  each  of  whom  he  construes  a  part. 

d.  To  call  to  mind,  recall. 

1713  Audison  Cato  1.  iv,  Why  do'tt  thou  call  my  sorrows 
up  afresh?  1848  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  II.  155  The  occa- 
sion, .could  not  but  call  up  s  >me  recollections. 

e.  To  call  on  or  incite  to  rise  and  speak. 

1848  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng.  II.  524  These  words  called  up 
Rochester.    He  defended  the  petition. 


CALL. 


37 


CALLA. 


fWll  fkfflV  sb.  Also  4-6  cal,  call?,  (S-9  Sc.  ca,  I 
9  iSV.  and  ml.  caw,  t/wf/.  cawal).    [f.  prec.  vb.]  j 

L  A  loud  vocal  utterance  or  speech,  a  shout,  a  | 
cry;  a  loud  vocal  address  or  supplication.  1 

(11300  Cursor  M.  6790,  I,  for-soth  sail  here  Jrtur  call.  | 
Ibid.  1 J77  An  o  bairn. .  Be-for  ihesus  bar  made  his  call.    1678  \ 
Busy  an  PUgr.  1.  207  They  gave  but  a  call,  and  in  came  ■ 
their  Master.    1704  Pope  Past., Summer  §3  But  would  you  | 
sing.  .The  moving  mountains  hear  the  pow'rful  call.  1822 
New  Month.  Mag.  V.  150  You  are  amused  with  the  per- 
petual opening  and  shutting  of  box  doors,  and  the  audible 
"calls  of '  Mrs.  So  and  so's  places '.  . 

b.  spec.  The  reading  aloud  of  a  roll  or  list  of 
names  ;  a  roll-call  :  see  Call  v.  33  b. 

1723  Bp.  Nicolson  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  11.  446  The  Com- 
mons were  very  warm  yesterday  :  and  their  Debates  ended 
in  a  Call  of  their  Members.  1780  Burke  Corr.  (1844)  II. 
318,  I  think  to  make  my  motion  as  soon  as  possible  after 
the  call  of  the  House.  ^1832  Mackintosh  Revel.  1688 
Wks.  1846  II.  51  The  attendance  was  partly  caused  by  a 
call  of  the  House.  .On  the  call,  .it  appeared  that  forty  were 
either  minors,  abroad,  or  confined  by  sickness. 

C.  A  word  or  name  called ;  a  thing  thus  men- 
tioned or  indicated. 

1801  Strutt  Sports  A  Past.  iv.  ii.  296  The  other  calls  at 
pleasure  head  or  tail ;  if  his  call  lies  uppermost,  .he  wins. 

2.  The  cry  of  an  animal,  esp.  of  a  bird. 

1684  BuNT AM  Pilgr.  II.  62  The  Hen  by  her  common  call, 
gives  no  meat  to  her  Chickens.  1773  Barrington  in  Phil. 
Trans.  LXIII.  250  The  call  of  a  bird,  is  that  sound  which 
it  is  able  to  make,  when  about  a  month  old.  1833  Chaiub. 
Jml.  II.  148  They  can  hear  the  call  of  their  calves.  1842 
Tennyson  Locksley  H.  171  They  shall  .  .Whistle  back  the 
parrot's  call.  1879  Jefferies  Wild  Life  in  S.  C.  301  Neither 
redwing  nor  fieldfare  sings  during  the  winter ;  they  of  course 
have  their  1  call '  and  cry  of  alarm. 

3.  A  particular  cry  or  sound  used  to  attract  or 
decoy  birds,  etc. 

1530  Palsgr.  202/2  Call  for  quaylles,  croquaillet.  1590 
Lodge  Euphues'  Gold.  Leg.  1,1887)  98  Aliena  smiled  to  see 
how  Ganymede  flew  to  the  fist  without  any  call.  1596 
Raleigh  Disc.  Guiana  (1887)  76  The  deer  came,  .as  if  they 
had  been  used  to  a  Keepers  call.  1851  Must.  Loud.  News 
15  Feb.  127  The  birds  after  answering  to  the  call . .  at  last 
darted  off  again. 

b.  A  small  instrument  or  whistle  to  attract 
birds,  etc.,  by  imitating  their  note. 

1654  Bate  Myst.  Nature  $  Art  73  They  are  known  among 
some  Shopkeepers  by  the  name  of  Cals  ;  and  there  are  long 
white  boxes  of  them,  which  are  transported  hither  from 
France.  1704  Worlidge  Diet.  R7<st.  et  Urb.  s.  v.  Calls,  As 
for  the  Artificial  Calls.. they  are  best  made  of  Box  and 
Walnut  Tree,  or  such  hard  Woods.  1708  Kersey  s.v., 
Among  Fowlers,  Calls  are  arteficial  Pipes,  made  to  catch 
Quails,  etc.  1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.,  Different 
birds  require  different  calls  j  but  most  of  them  are  composed 
of  a  pipe  or  reed,  with  a  little  leathern  bag,  somewhat  in 
the  form  of  a  bellows. 

fc.  A  decoy-bird.  lit.  and  fig.  Obs. 

1595  Shaks.  John  in.  iv.  174  They  would  be  as  a  Call  To 
traine  ten  thousand  English  to  their  side.  1624  Massinger 
Pari.  Love  IV.  Hi,  This  fellow  has  a  pimp's  face,  And  looks 
as  if  he  were  her  call,  her  fetch.  1735  Bradley  Fam.  Diet, 
s.v.  Lark,  Those  live  Birds  tyed  to  the  Packthreads  are 
nam'd  Calls. 

4.  Hunting.  A  strain  or  'lesson'  blown  upon 
the  horn  to  cheer  and  encourage  the  hounds. 

1674  N.  Cox  Gentl.  Recreat.  U  (1706)  18  The  Call,  a  Lesson 
blowed  on  the  Horn  to  comfort  the  Hounds.  1721  in  Bailey. 

5.  a.  The  act  of  calling  at  a  door  or  place  on 
the  way:  hence,  House  of 'call.  b.  A  short  and 
usually  formal  visit :  to  make,  pay,  receive,  a  call. 

1783  Cowper  Task  1.  244  Dependant  on  the  baker's  punctual 
call,  1816  Parody  in  Times  25  Jan.,  Enumerate  the  prin- 
capal  houses  of  call  in.  .London.  1862  Trollope  Orley  F. 
xiv,  She  had . .  made  a  morning  call  on  Martha  Biggs.  1873 
B.  Taylor  Faust  I.  v.  90  We  passed  without  a  call  to  day. 
1884  Harper's  Mag.  Sept.  493/2  The  chief  interest  of  Queens- 
town  is  as  a  port  of  call. 

6.  Summons,  invitation,  bidding.    Also  fig. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  3022  Mete  and  drinc  he  gaue  bam  all 
pat  wald  cum  al  til  his  call.  1593  Shaks.  Ven.  Ad.  S49 
Tapsters  answering  every  call.  1667  Milton  P.  L.  1.  378 
Who  first,  who  last . .  At  thir  great  Emperors  call  . .  Came 
singly  where  he  stood.  1752  Johnson  Rambl.  No.  204  p  5 
His  call  was  readily  obeyed.  1833  Ht.  Martineau  Briery 
Cr.  iv.  92  A  call  to  devotion.  1836  Dickens  Sk.  Boz 
(C.  D.  ecf.)  71  The  bell  rings  and  the  orchestra  in  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  call  play  three  distinct  chords.  1875  Emer- 
son Lett,  ff  Soc.  Aims,  Eloquence  Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  193 
Men  who  lose  their  talents,  their  wit.  .at  any  sudden  call. 

\  b.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge ;  ac- 
cusation, impeachment.  Obs. 

c  1340  Cursor  M.  19138  (Fairf.)  f>ai  gedder  bad  bring  forb 
be  apostles  alle  for  til  ansquare  to  baire  calle. 

e.  A  summons  by  applause  for  a  speaker,  actor, 
etc.,  to  appearbefore  an  audience.  Cf.  Call  v.  2  2  b. 

1887  Punch  12  Mar.  125/1  The  enthusiastic  . .  call  that 
greeted  him  on  the  conclusion  of  his  excellent  work. 

d.  A  summons  or  signal  sounded  upon  a  bugle, 
trumpet,  etc.  ;  also  fig. 

1581  Styward  Mart.  Discip.  1.  18  In  sounding  a  march,  a 
cal,  ye  charge  ..  y"  retrait.  1667  Milton  P.  L.  vn.  295 
Armies  at  th»  call  Of  Trumpet  . .  Troop  to  thir  Standard. 
1713  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  5135/3  The  Drums  beating  a  Call. 
1875  B.  Taylor  Faust  II.  IV.  iii.  269  The  first  clear  call  of 
bells  is  swept  across  the  land. 

e.  concr.  A  whistle,  or  other  instrument,  on 
which  such  a  call  is  sounded. 

1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  (1789)  The  call  can  be  sounded 
to  various  strains,  each  . .  appropriated  to  some  particular 


exercise.   1818  Scott  Br.  Lamm,  iv,  She  whistled  on  a  small 
silver  call  which  hung  around  her  neck. 

f.  Call  to  the  bar :  admission  to  the  status  of 
barrister;  see  Bab  sk1  24,  Barrister.  Also '[Call 
0/  serf  cants  (obs.). 

a  1626  Bacon  (J.)  Upon  the  sixteenth  was  held  the  Ser- 
jeants feast  at  Ely  place,  there  being  nine  Serjeants  of  that 
call.  1698  Concreve  Way  of  W.  in.  xv,  In  the  country 
where  great  lubberly  brothers  slabber  and  kiss  one  another 
when  they  meet  like  a  call  of  Serjeants.  1868  M.  Pattison 
Acade/u.  Org.  v.  184  There  shall  be  examinations  and  de- 
grees required  for  the  call  to  the  Bar.  1878  R.  H.  Hutton 
Scott  ii,  27  The  day  of  his  call  to  the  bar. 

g.  spec.  An  invitation  to  undertake  the  office 
and  duties  of  pastor  of  a  church. 

1666  Life  J.  Livingstone  in  Set.  Biogr.  (1845)  I.  136,  I 
got  ane  joynt  call  of  the  parish  and  presbytery  and  the  old 
minister  and  my  Lord  Tarphichen  patron  of  the  church  .. 
to  be  minister  there,  a  1704  T.  Brown  2  Oxf  Scholars 
(1730)  I.  2,  I  shall  receive  a  call  to  be  a  Pastor  or  Holder- 
forth  in  some  Congregation  or  other.  1755  Wesley  Wks, 
(1872)  XIII.  208  Both  an  inward  and  an  outward  call  are 
requisite.  x8i8  Scott  Hrt.  Midi,  xxxix,  [The]  presby- 
tenans  who  had  united  in  a  harmonious  call  to  Reuben 
Butler  to  be  their  spiritual  guide.  1859  J.  Cunningham 
Ch.  Hist.  Scotl.  II.  x.  422. 

h.  A  notice  requiring  theatrical  performers  to 
attend  at  a  rehearsal. 

1876  Jennie  of1  The  Princess '  2 19  You  are  cast  for  Player 
Queen.  Call  is  for  eleven  this  morning.  1885  G.  R.  Sims 
Mustard  «y  Cr.  in  Referee  16  Feb.,  A  'call'  is  frequently 
made  out  for  'supers  and  ladies  and  gentlemen'  when  the 
principals  are  not  required. 

i.  Whist.  A  1  call  for  honours '  (see  Call  v.ie); 
also,  a  sign  given  to  a  partner  by  a  special  kind  of 
play  that  he  is  to  lead  trumps  (cf.  Call  v.  22  d). 

1887  Temple-bar  Mag.  Apr.  551  My^  partner  . .  will  lead 
trumps  on  the  first  opportunity  in  obedience  to  my  '  call '. 

k.  A  me r.  Land  Law.  'An  object,  course,  dis- 
tance, or  other  matter  of  description  in  a  survey 
or  grant,  requiring  or  calling  for  a  corresponding 
object,  etc.,  on  the  land*  (Webster  1864). 

7.  Demand,  requisition,  claim. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  8705  barne  atte  dede  is  nauper  of 
thayme  wille  haue  ber-til  cal  ne  clayme.  1711  Steele 
Sped.  No.  206  r  1  There  is  a  perpetual  call  upon  mankind 
to  value  and  esteem  those  who  set  a  moderate  price  on  their 
own  merit.  1751  Johnson  Rambl.  No.  141  rS  The  call  for 
novelty  is  never  satisfied.  1832  A.  Fonblanque  Engl, 
under  7  Administ.  II.  268  The  Duke  of  Newcastle's  call 
upon  the  anti-reformers  to  take  up  arms  against  the  people. 
1832  Athenaeum  No.  219.  19  The  call  of  these  times  for 
cheap  reprints.  1870  Bryant  Iliad  I.  ix.  269  The  calls  of 
thirst  And  hunger  having  ceased. 

8.  A  requirement  of  duty  ;  a  duty,  need,  occa- 
sion, right. 

a  1674  Clarendon  Hist.  Reb.  (1704)  III.  xiv.  377  He  as- 
sured them . . '  that  they  had  a  very  lawful  Call  to  take  upon 
them  the  supreme  Authority  of  the  Nation'.  1719  De  Foe 
Crusoe  (1858)243  What  call,  what  occasion,  much  less  what 
necessity  I  was  in,  to  go.  1779  J.  Moore  View  Soc  Fr. 
(1789)  I.  xvi.  124  There  was  no  Call  for  his  interfering  in  the 
business.  1858  Thackeray  Virginians  xxii,  I  don't  know 
what  call  she  had  to  blush  so  when  she  made  her  curtsey, 
f  b.  Occasion  or  need  to  go  ;  an  errand.  Obs. 

1791  Smeaton  Edystone  L.  §  324  Having  a  call  to  St.  Ives 
in  Cornwall.    §  325  Having  a  second  call  into  Cornwall. 

9.  A  divine,  spiritual,  or  sacred  appointment, 
or  prompting,  to  a  special  service  or  office.  See 
Call  v.  6. 

1650  Ministers  New  Eng.  in  Ellis  Orig.  Lett.  it.  ccc,  We 
came  by  a  call  of  God  to  serve  him  here.  17S5  Mem.  Capt. 
P.  Drake  I.  xi.  79  Proposals,  .to  quit  the  World,  and  embrace 
that  Course  of  Life,  to  which  I  told  him  I  had  no  Call.  1790 
Mrs.  Fletcher  in  H.  Moore  Life  (1817)  II.  vi.  121,  I  feel 
a  call  from  the  Lord  to  give  my  last  testimony  to  his  faith- 
fulness. 1862  Stanley  Jew.  Ch.  (1877)  I,  xix.  368  It  was  a 
*  call  '..or  inward  movement  of  the  Divine  Spirit  through 
the  conscience,   a  1876  J.  H.  Newman  Hist.  Sk.  I.  iv.  i.  344. 

flO.  Calling,  occupation,  vocation.  Obs. 

1548  Gkste  Pr.  Masse  72  We  must  al  be  busely  occupied 
.  .eche  man  in  his  call  accordingly.  162s  Fletcher  Begg. 
Bush  11.  i,  Which  lives  Uprightest  in  his  call.  1780  Mrs. 
Fletcher  in  H.  Moore  Life  (1817)  I.  ill.  161  Spending  your 
time  thus,  for  the  bodies  of  the  people.  If  that  is  your  call, 
it  is  a  mean  call ! 

11.  Comm.  a.  A  demand  for  the  payment  of 
money  ;  esp.  a  notice  to  a  subscriber  to  pay  up  a 
portion  of  capital  subscribed.    Also  attrib. 

1709  Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4554/4  That.  .Two  per  Cent,  on  the 
Adventurers  Stock  be  received  in  part  of  the  said  two  Calls. 
1776  Adam  Smith  W.  N.  I.  11.  ii.  319  A  call  of  fifteen  per 
cent.  1847  C.  G.  Addison  Contracts  1.  \.  §  2  The  directors 
must  provide  funds  by  making  calls  on  the  shareholders, 
b.  On  the  Stock  Exchange. 

a  i860  C.  Fenn  Eng.  <?■  For.  Funds  (1883)  127  A  1  Call '  is 
an  option  of  claiming  stock  at  a  certain  time,  the  price  and 
date  being  fixed  at  the  time  the  option-money  is  given. 

12.  dial.  Scolding,  abuse.    Cf.  Call  v.  12. 

13.  Sc.  (now  in  form  ca\  caw.)  Driving.  In 
various  applications :  as,  Hard  and  forced  respira- 
tion ;  a  place  where  cattle  are  driven,  a  cow-gang ; 
a  pass  or  defile  between  hills. 

1765  Ogilvy  Nairns  Trial  83  (Jam.)  There  was  a  severe 
heaving  at  his  breast,  and  a  strong  caw,  and  he  cried  to 
keep  open  the  windows  to  give  him  breath.  1768  Ross 
Helenore  22  (Jam.)  In  the  ca,  nor  cow  nor  ewe  did  spare. 
1795  Statist.  Ace.  Scotl.  XVI.  168  (Jam.)  By  . .  the  heights 
of  Lead-na-bea-kach,  until  you  arrive  at  the  Ca  (i.  e.  the  slap 
or  pass)  of  that  hill.  1876  Robinson  Mid.Yorksh.  Gloss. 
(E.  D.  S.)  s.v.  Caw. 


III.  Phrases  and  Combinations. 

14.  Phrases,  a.  with  preps.,  as  At  call :  at  com- 
mand, ready  to  answer  a  call  or  summons  ;  im- 
mediately available.  Within  call :  within  hearing 
or  reach  of  a  summons ;  hence,  within  call  of  {a 
place) :  near  to  (it)  ;  within  call  of  {a  person)  : 
fig.  subject  to  (his")  authority. 

1594  Hooker  Eccl.  Pol.  Pref.  (J.)  Always  at  the  call  . .  of 
a  number  of  mean  persons.  1632  Massinger  &  Field  Fatal 
Dow.  u\,  i,  A  true  friend  at  a  call.  1668  Child  Disc.  Trade 
(1698)227  It  is  our  interest,  .not  only  to  have  many  seamen, 
but  to  have  them  . .  within  call  in  time  of  Danger.  1697 
Dampier  Voy.  11698)  I.  xx,  542  Those  that  subscribed  to  be 
at  all  calls.  1709  Steele  T atler  No.  182  f  6  All  the  great 
Beauties  we  have  left  in  Town,  or  within  Call  of  it,  will 
be  present.  1830  Tennyson  Dream  Fair  W.  85,  I  saw  a 
lady  within  call.  1885  Manch.  Exam.  20  July  5/5  An  un- 
conscious desire  to  possess  gold  at  call. 

b.  To  have  the  call:  to  be  in  chief  or  greatest 
demand;  to  be  the  favourite  :  in  Long  Whist,  to  be 
entitled  to  'call  honours'. 

1840  Eraser's  Mag.  XXII.  674  Youth  has  the  call. 
1863  Pardon  Hoyle's  Games  18  The  partners  having  eight 
points  are  said  to  have  the  call.  1867  F.  Francis  Angling 
1.  (1880)  31  Baited  wheat  has  the  call.  Newspaper.  Heifers 
had  the  call  of  the  market  at  ,£17  to  ,£20  each. 

15.  Comb.,  as  call-bell,  a  bell  for  summoning 
attendance ;  a  small  stationary  hand-bell  for  that 
purpose  ;  spec,  an  electric  bell  giving  the  alarm  at 
a  ftre-station,  etc.  ;  +  call-belt,  a  belt  for  support- 
ing a  bugle  or  similar  instrument ;  call-bird,  a 
decoy  bird  for  attracting  others  by  its  note ;  f  call- 
book,  a  muster-roll ;  call-boy,  a  youth  employed 
a.  (in  a  theatre)  to  attend  upon  the  prompter,  and 
call  the  actors  when  required  on  the  stage,  b.  (on 
a  steamer)  to  transmit  the  captain's  orders  to  the 
engineer,  e.  (in  a  hotel)  to  answer  the  bells ;  call- 
change,  a  method  of  bell-ringing  in  which  the 
ringers  follow  oral  or  written  instructions  ;  call- 
day,  in  the  Inns  of  Court,  the  day  appointed  in 
each  term  for  the  ceremony  of  calling  students  to 
the  bar  ;  see  also  quot.  1720  ;  call-duck,  a  decoy 
duck  ;  call-loan,  a  loan  to  be  repaid  at  call  ; 
call-money,  money  at  call ;  call-night,  the  night 
on  which  students  of  law  are  called  to  the  bar ; 
call-note,  the  note  used  by  a  bird  or  other  animal 
in  calling  to  its  mate  ;  call-off,  a  cause  of  diversion 
or  distraction ;  call-out,  the  act  of  calling  out 
(forces,  etc.)  (see  Call  v.  32  b);  call-over  =  Call 
sb.  ib;  call-rocket,  a  signal  rocket. 

1872  Kllaco.mbe  Bells  of  Ch.  iv.  53  A  vcall-bell  to  the 
Divine  services.  1879  G.  Prescott  Sp.  Telephone  375  The 
introduction  of  call  bells  or  alarms  followed . .  with  the  early 
introduction  of  the  electric  telegraph.  1883  CasselTs  Fam. 
Mag.  Dec.  59/2  The  alarms  enable  the  [fire-]brigade  to 
leave  the  station  within  a  minute  after  the  caH-bell  rings. 
1686  Loud.  Gaz.  No.  2182/4  He  had.  .an  embroidered  Buff 
*Call  Belt,  and  an  Agat-handled  Sword.  1773  Barrington 
in  Phil.  Trans.  LXIV.  263  The  fascinating  power  of  their 
*call-birds.  1663  Pepys  Diary  15  Jan.,  To  examine  the 
proof  of  our  new  way  of  the  *call-bookes.  1803  Naval 
Chron.  XV.  57  Are  copies  of  the  muster  or  call  book  sent 
to  the  Navy  Board  1  1794  Malone  Shaks.  I.  88  note,  His 
first  office  in  the  theatre  was  that  of  *Call-boy.  1863 
Sala  Qualk  the  Circumu.  65  A  Woolwich  steamboat . . 
passengers  and  crew — down  to  the  very  call-boy.  1872 
Ellacombe  Bells  of  Ch.  iii.  35  The  ringing  '  rounds  ',  and 
*' call-changes '  was  a  good  deal  cultivated,  _  a  very  long 
time  before  the  birth  of  half-pull  change-ringing.  1872  J. 
T.  Fowler  Bells,  Sacristy  II.  137  When  some  variation,  .is 
rung  again  and  again,  then  another  variation,  and  so  on,  it 
is  ringing  'call-changes',  or  'set-changes'.  1880  Grove 
Diet.  Mus.  X.  297/2  Ringers  are  said  to  be  ringing  call 
changes  when  the  conductor  calls  to  each  man  to  tell  him 
after  which  bell  he  is  to  ring.  1720  Stovj's  Surv.  (ed. 
Strype  1754)  II.  v.  xxvii.  469/2  The  Lord  Mayor  and  Court 
of  Aldermen  do  meet  at  Guildhall,  and  sit  in  the  orphan's 
Court  once  in  every  year  to  hear  the  names  of  all  secu- 
rities called  over;  wherefore  that  day  is  called  ^Call-day. 
1886  Whitakers  Almanack  9  Inns  of  Court  Law  (Dining) 
Terms — Hilary  begins  n  January,  ends  1  February;  Call 
Day,  26  January.  1656  Earl  Monm.  Advt.fr.  Parnass. 
186  The  true  de  quois,  or  *call-ducks.  1882  Pall  Mall  G. 
7  June  5/2  Recourse  had  more  and  more  to  *'  call '  loans. 
1885  Daily  Nevus  12  Feb.  7/2  Most  of  the  banks  affecting  to 
consider  *call  money  as  the  same  thing  [with  cash  on  hand]. 
1883  St.  James's  Gaz.  17  Nov.,  In  the  sister  Inns  of  Lincoln 
and  Gray,  *'Call  Night',  like  Grand  Night,  has  its  own 
peculiar  and  appropriate  ceremonial.  1833  Proc.  Bern'. 
Nat.  Club  I.  No.  1.  22  The  mellow  "call-note  of  the  grey 
linnet  was.. heard.  1883  Century  Mag.  Aug.  484/1  The 
European  partridge  and  Bob  White  differ  in  their  call-notes. 
1883  J.  Parker  Apost.  Life  II.  186  No.  .*call-off  from  pro- 
longed and  arduous  enquiry  into  profound  and  useful 
subjects.  1887  Times  (Weekly  ed.)  7  Oct.  17/1  The  xcalI-out 
of  the  Russian  reserves.  1887  Charity  Organ.  Rev.  June 
245  A  Saturday  *call-over  at  school. 

Call,  obs.  form  of  Caul. 
II  Calla  (kse-la).  Bot. 

1.  A  genus  of  floating  marsh  plants  (N.O.  Oron- 
tiacese),  natives  of  Northern  Europe  and  North 
America.  1866  in  Treas.  Bot.  194. 

2.  A  name  erroneously  given  to  the  White  Arum, 
Ethiopian  or  Trumpet  Lily,  Richardia  sethiopica 
(N.O.  Aracem),  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
well  known  as  a  drawing-room  ornament. 

1870  H.  Macmillan  BibleTeachings  vii.  143  The  beautiful 
j  calla  or  Ethiopian  lily.    1883  Harper's  Mag.  Mar.  606/a 


CALLA. 

Lilies,  callas,  and  uthcr  water-planU.  1S84  K.  P.  Roe  ibid. 
Feb.  444/1  The  plants  are  semi-aquatic,  like  this  calla  lily. 

Calla- :  see  Cala-. 

Callaesthe'tic,  -ics.  [f.  Gr.  tcdXKos  beauty 
+  ataOrjTtKos  ;  see  Esthetic]  Name  proposed 
by  Whewell  for  aesthetics  (see  /Esthetic  B  2). 
Hence  Call sesthe- tic al  a. 

184^7  Whewell  Philos.  Induct.  Sci.  II.  560  Since  ..  aes- 
thetics would  naturally  denote  the  doctrine  of  perception  in 
general . .  and  since  the  essential  point  in  the  philosophy  now 
spoken  of  [the  theory  of  the  Fine  Arts]  is  that  it  attends  to 
beauty. .  I  should  propose  the  term  Callaesthetics,  or  rather 
Callxsthetic.  Ibid.  I.  Pref.  (ed.  2)  7  The  progress  of 
political,  and  moral  and  callesthetical  truth. 

Calla  inite.  Min.  [f.  L.  callcuna  (Pliny)  — 
callais  (see  next)  +  -iTE.]  A  hydrous  aluminium 
phosphate,  a  massive  translucent  mineral  of  apple- 
j;reen  or  emerald-green  colour,  with  whitish  and 
bluish  lines  or  spots.    (Dana  Min.) 

II  Callais  £kse*U|is).  [L.  a.  Gr.  KaAAcuY]  A 
sea-green  precious  stone  ;  probably  turquoise. 

1878  Lubbock  Preh.  Times  iv.  83  Beads  of  Callais,  a  min- 
eral.  1883  N.  JotY  Man  be/ere  Metals  \\.  i.  iv.  209  Amber, 
jet,  callais,  flint,  slate.. were  adopted  to  make  pendants. 

Callamanco,  Callambac,  etc. :  see  Cala-. 
Callant  (kcrlant).  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Also 
calland,  callan,  (calen).  [Identical  with  Flemish 
(and  Du.)  kalant  customer,  chap,  blade,  a.  north. 
F.  calatui  —  F.  ehaland  customer  (literally)  :  see 
Littre.  A  modern  word  in  Scotch,  taken  from 
Flemish  or  Dutch  by  the  fisher-folk  of  the  east 
coast,  with  whom  1  cannie  callant 1  is  a  favourite 
form  of  address.  The  sense  'customer '  has  died 
out  in  Sc. ;  cf.  <7/a/-  chapman,  blade,  lad,  fellow.] 
A  lad,  youth,  stripling  ;  a  boy  of  any  age. 
1716  RAMSAY  On  Wit  21  The  calland  gap  d  and  glowr'd 
about.  1719  Hamilton  P.p.  Ramsay  i,  O  famed  and  cele- 
brated Allan  !  Renowned  Ramsay  !  canty  callan  !  a  1774 
PncvSSOM  Poet,  Wks.  (1879)  31  An'  ilka  canty  callant  sing 
like  me.  1790  A.  Wilson  Miser,  I'm  hunted  name  wi'  dogs 
and  callan s.  18x4  Scott  Wavertey  III.  249  '  Ve're  a  daft 
callant,  sir said  the  Baron.  1816  J.  Gilchrist  Phil.  Etym. 
205  College  calens  might  become  so  free  and  bold,  etc.  1819 
Hogg  Hawick  Commonriding  Song,  Scotia's  boast  was 
awickcallants.  18*3  Scott  Quentin  D.  xv,  It  will  ruin  the 
callant  with  the  King.   1840  in  Westmorland  Gloss.,  Callan. 

Callash,  Callavance,  etc. :  see  Cal-. 

Callat,  Calle,  obs.  forms  of  Callet,  Caul. 

Called  (k^ld).  Pa.  pple.  of  Call  v.,  rarely 
used  as  adjective. 

1477  Earl  Rivers  (Caxton)  Dictes  1  A  worshipful  gentyl- 
inan  callid  Lowys  de  Bretaylles.  1611  Bible  Rom.  viii. 
28  To  them  who  are  the  called  according  to  his  purpose. 
1614  J.  Robinson  Relig.  Cowman.  17  In  respect  both  of 
the  . .  will  of  the  Caller,  and  obedience  of  the  Called.  1870 
Hardy  &  Ware  Mod.  Hoyle  3  Called  cards  can  only  be 
called  in  compliance  with  the  general  laws.  i88z  Standard 
14  Dec  5  '7  Two  millions  of  1  called '  bonds. 

Callembour,  obs.  f.  Calamboub. 

Gallon,  same  as  Cal,  wolfram. 

t  Calient,  a.  Obs.  [ad.  L.  callent-em  knowing.] 
'Crafty,  witty,  cunning  or  wise  by  experience* 
(Blount  Glossogr.  1656). 

Callepash,  Callepy,  obs.  ff.  Calipash,  -pee. 
Caller  ;k9T3i),  sb.    [f.  Call  v.  +-erJ.]  One 
who  calls,  in  various  senses  of  the  vb. ;  esp. 

1.  a.  One  who  cries  aloud,  or  proclaims,  b.  One 
who  invokes,  summons,  or  exhorts  in  a  loud  voice, 
f  C.  A  petitioner,  an  appellant,  one  who  challenges, 
d.  The  convener  of  a  meeting. 

<  150a  I.  Yolnge  in  Leland  Collect.  (1774)  IV,  a88  The 
King  called  them  before  hym,  and  demaunded  the  Cause  of 
ther  Difference.  The  Caller  sayd,  Syre,  he  hath  taken 
from  me  my  Lady  Paramour.  153a  More  Con/ut.  Tindale 
Wks.  833/1  Callers  vppon  the  name  of  God.  1548  Uuall, 
etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Matt.  xx.  98  We  be  boundc  to  the  caller 
for  this  also.  1577-B7  HolinshldCA»wi.  III.  907/1  The  caller 
of  the  court  was  one  Cooke  of  Winchester.  1635  Vestry 
Bks.  (Surteesl  98  Item  to  the  caller  in  the  court,  *\d.  1841 
Gen.  P.  Thompson  Exerc.  (1842)  VI.  246  Letting  the  callers 
of  the  meeting  have  their  way.  1866  W.  R.  King  Sportsman 
in  Canada  iii.  52  [Moose-hunting]  The  caller,  .retires,  with 
a  reserve  gun,  to  the  rear  of  the  sportsman. 

2.  One  who  pays  a  short  or  complimentary  visit. 
(The  chief  current  sense.) 

1786  Mad.  D'Arblay  Diary  (1854}  III.  30  Making  him 
keep  off  all  callers,  by  telling  them  I  am  dressing  for  the 
Queen.  s8ia  Chalmers  Lett,  in  Life  (1851)  I.  296  We 
have  had  a  flow  of  forenoon  callers.  1865  Lond.  Rev.  23 
Dec.  662/1  The  most  successful  caller,  i.  e.  the  caller  who 
finds  no  one  at  home. 

3.  Sc.  A  driver. 

(  1450  Henryson  Mor.  Fab.  73  The  caller  cryed  :  How, 
haike  vpon  hi>;ht.  1805  Barry  Orkney  1st.  447  (Jam.)  The 
caller  goes  before  the  beasts  back  ward  with  a  whip. 

4.  Of  other  than  persons :  a.  Jig.  A  thing  which 
calls,    b.  A  call-bird,  a  decoy-bird. 

1607  Hieron  Wks.  I,  308  The  sight  of  it  is  rather  a  com* 
mon  caller  vpon  him  to  bee  faithfull  to  him.  Bradley 
ham.  Diet.  II.  s.  v.  Lark,  The  Way  of  taking  Larks  is  with 
Nets,  .the  Callers  are  set  upon  the  Ground. 

5.  With  advbs.,  as  caller  away,  off,  on,  etc. 

1555  Eden  Decades  W.  Ind.  11.  VB.  (Arb.)  127  My  impor- 
tunate caulers  on.  16*8  Earle  Microcosm,  lxvi.  142  His. . 
caller  away  is  his  study,  17a*  St.  German's  Doctor  <fr  Stud. 
295  Callers  on  to  have  that  point  reformed.  1878  F.  Williams 
Midi.  A'rtiVa'. 642  The  'cailcr-off'  shouts  out.  .the  name. 


38 

Caller  vkalai),flE.  Sc.  and  north,  dial.  Forms: 
4  caloure,  5-6  callour,  S  calour,  ?callar,  8- 
caller,  cauler,  (9  cawler,  cauller,  calor).  [prob. 
Sc.  form  of  Calvek,  q.  v.  Cf.  siller  from  silver,  etc. 

It  has  generally  been  assumed  to  be  derived  in  some  way 
from  stem  of  OTeut.  kal-an  to  be  cold.  But  this  does  not 
account  for  the  form  ;  nor  does  it  yield  the  required  sense, 
which  in  earlier  times  was  not  connected  with  cold :  '  cal- 
lour prey',  recens prarda,  might  be  still  warm.] 

1.  'Fresh;  as  opposed  to  what  is  beginning  to 
corrupt '  (Jam.) ;  without  taint  of  decomposition  ; 
said  of  the  flesh  of  animals  used  for  food,  esp.  fish 
(which  were  specially  liable  to  decay; ;  1  as  fresh 
as  when  taken  out  of  the  water*. 

c  1375  ?  Barbour  St.  Cosmos  *  Damian  360  In  be  kirk- 
;ard  jestrevene  wes  lad  Ane  Ethiope,  &  jet  his  flesche  Is 
caloure  Inucht  &  als  fres.  t  1450  Henryson  Mor.  Fab. 
2126  in  AngUa  IX,  Ane  side  of  salmond,  as  it  wair,  And 
callour.  1513  Dolglas  A£neis  vu.  xiii.  110  The  recent 
spreith  and  fresche  and  callour  pray.  [Cf.  1536  Bellenden 
Descr.  Alb.  xl  (1821)  I.  p.  xliii.  Quhen  the  salmondis  faillis 
thair  loup,  thay  fall  callour  in  the  said  [boiling]  caldrounis, 
and  ar  than  maist  delitious  to  the  mouth.]  1768  Ross 
Helenoret  She.  .was. .  As  clear  and  calour  as  a  water  trout. 

1862  Maem.  Mag.  Oct.  501  The  Newhaven  fish-wife., 
shouting  1  Caller  herrings  !  *  or  4  Wha'll  buy  my  caller  cod  ? ' 

2.  Of  air,  water,  etc. :  Fresh  and  cool;  well-aired. 

1513  Douglas  AEneis  vii.  Prol.  87  The  callour  air,  pene- 
trative and  puire.  a  1600  Hume  in  Sibbald  Sc.  Poetry  III. 
387  (Jam.)  The  rivers  fresh,  the  callar  streams.  1768  Ross 
Helenore  77  Behind  the  door  a  calour  heather  bed.  1816 
Scott  Antiq.  xxi,  'Queer  tirlie-wirlie  holes  that,  .keep  the 
stair  as  caller  as  a  kail-blade.'  1884  Good  Wds.  May  326/1 
You  ha'e  the  caller  air,  the  caller  earth ;  an'  they  re  aye 
healthy. 

Calles,  obs.  form  of  Chalice. 

Callesthetical :  see  Call.esthetii\ 

t  Ca'llet,  sb.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Forms  :  6  calat(e, 
calet,  kallat,  6-7  callette,  callot,  7  callat,  ca- 
lette,  callott,  6  8  calot,  callet. 

[Many  have  suggested  its  identity  with  F.  caillette  '  foole, 
ninnie,  noddie,  naturall '  (Cotgr.-,  dim.  of  caille  quail  (es- 
teemed a  silly  bird) ;  but  this  does  not  quite  answer  pho- 
netically, does  not  quite  suit  the  sense,  and  was  in  French 
applied  to  men  as  readily  as  to  women.  Others  have  thought 
of  F.  calotte  a  kind  of  small  bonnet  or  cap  covering  only  the 
top  of  the  head,  but  no  evidence  appears  connecting  this 
especially  with  a  *  callet'.  The  Gael,  and  Ir.  caille  girl 
has  also  been  suggested.  It  is  not  certain  which  is  the 
earlier  sense  :  pern,  'scold',  as  in  the  vb.  and  Callety.] 

1.  A  lewd  woman,  trull,  strumpet,  drab. 

c  1500  Cocke  Lortlles  B.  {18431  1  Yf  he  call  her  calat,  she 
calleth  hym  knave  agayne.  1530  Redforde  Play  Wit 
Sc.  (1848)  17  Wyll  I  mar  him,  drabb?  Thow,  calat,  thow  ! 
153a  More  Con/ut.  Tindale  Wks.  423/2  Frere  Luther  and 
Cate  calate  his  nunne,  lye  luskyng  together  in  lechery.  1569 
T.  Sa(neord]  tr.  Agrippa's  Van.  Artes  94  Other  Queenes 
which  were  queanes,  and  courtly  callets.  1600  Holland 
Livy  1.  lviii.  41  Any  unhonest  woman  or  wanton  callot 
[imfiudud].  1604  Shaks.  Oth.  iv.  ii.  121  A  Begger  in  his 
drinke  Could  not  haue  laid  such  termcs  vpon  nis  Callet. 
1616  Blllokar,  Callette,  a  Lewd  Woman.  1731  Bailey 
vol.  II,  Calot,  a  Drab.  1785  Burns  Jolly  Beggars  Air  i, 
I'm  as  happy  with  my  wallet,  my  bottle  and  my  callet. 

2.  As  a  term  of  abuse  ;  sometimes  perhaps  — 
1  scold '  as  in  the  vb.    Also  attrib.    Still  dial. 

a  15*8  Skelton  El.  Rummyng  347  Than  Elynour  sayde, 
ye  caJlettes,  I  shall  breake  your  pallettes.  UM  Palsgr.  678, 
I  rampe,  I  play  the  callet,  je  ramponne  (I  gibe,  flout].  1575 
J.  Still  Gamm.  Gurton  11.  iii.  Faith,  would  chad  her  by 
the  face,  chould  crack  her  callet  Crown.  1577  Stanyhlrst 
Descr.  Irel.  in  Holinshed  VI.  52  Let  us  ..leave  lieing  for 
varlets ..  scolding  for  callets.  1611  Shaks.  Wint.  T.  11.  iii. 
90  A  Callat  Of  ooundless  tongue,  who  late  hath  beat  her 
Husband,  And  now  bayts  me. 

Hence  Callety  a.  dial.,  scolding,  *  ill-tongued'. 

1863  in  Atkinson  Provinc.  Danby. 

Ca'llet,  v.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  intr. 
To  scold,  rail.    Hence  Calleting  ppl.  a. 

a  1673  Brathwait  Care's  Cure,  To  hear  her  in  her  spleen 
Callet  like  a  butter  queen.  1601  Ray  A7".  C.  Wds.,  Collet* 
to  cample,  or  scold ;  as,  a  calleting  housewife.  1764  T. 
Hr  voces  Homer  Travest.  (1797)  I.  62  Mother,  you  know 
not  what  you're  doing ;  To  Callot  thus  will  be  your  ruin. 
1864  Atkinson  Whitby  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Callit,  to  wrangle, 
to  chide.    '  They  snap  an'  callit  like  a  couple  o*  cur-dogs.' 

Calletrappe,  -vance,  obs.  forms  of  Caltrop, 
Calavance. 
Calliber,  etc. :  see  Cali-. 
t  CaHible  phary.  Obs.  ran-K    [After  Gr. 

Ka\ki@Kt<papov,  neut.  of  tca.\\tf3\t<papos,  f.  #aAAi- 
combining  form  of  KaKKos  beauty  +  QXitpapov  eye- 
lid :  see  -aky1.]    A  dye  for  the  eye-lids. 

i66z  Lovell  Hist.  Anim.  4<f  Min.  34  The  marrow  of  the 
right  fore  legge  with  sout.  .serveth  for  a  calliblephary. 

t  Ca  llid,  a.  Obs.  rare-*,  [ad.  L.  eallidus.] 
Crafty,  cunning. 

1656  in  Blount  Glossogr.  1721-1800  in  Bailey;  and  in 
mod.  Diets. 

Callidity  (kaliditi).  Now  rare.  Also  7 
(erron.)  calidity.  [ad.  L.  calliditdtem  cunning, 
craft  (in  good  or  bad  sense  ,  f.  eallidus  skilful, 
cunning,  crafty  :  see  -itv.]    Craftiness,  cunning. 

1524  St,  Papers  lien.  VIII,  VI.  280  His  Holines,  unto 
whom  the  calhditics  and  crafty  circumvencions  of  France  be 
not  unknowen.  1677  Gale  Crt.  Gentiles  II.  in.  99  Ilai  oupyta 
signifies  al  manner  of  Calliditie  or  dexteritie  to  cheat  & 
deceive.  175a  Smart  Hop  Garden,  Her  eaglc-ey'd  callidity, 
deceit  Ana  fairy  faction.  1833  Eraser's  Mag.  VIII.  203 
Suspect  their  own  intimate  friends  of  calliJity. 


CALLING. 

Callii'y,  oh*,  lorm  ol  Cal£KY. 

Calligraph  (kx  ligraf),  sdA  arch.  Also  cali-. 
[a.  F.  calligraphe,  ad.  med.L.  calligraph  us  fair 
writer,  good  penman,  ad.  Gr.  KaXKi-ypd^os,  f.  koAAi- 
comb.  stem  of  *dAAos  beauty  +  -ypcupos  '  writing, 
writer'  (sometimes  also  'written').  In  this  and 
the  following  cognate  words  the  non-etymological 
spelling  Cali-  is  frequently  found.] 

One  who  writes  beautifully  ;  spec,  a  professional 
transcriber  of  manuscripts. 

'8S3  Fraser's  Mag.  XLVII.  83  The  numerous  scattered 
works  of  former  zealous  caligraphs.  1875  M.  Paitisos 
Casaubon  38  The  calligraphs,  a  race  who  long  survived  the 
invention  of  printing. 

Calligraph  ikarligruf),  sb [(.  same  elements 
as  prec,  on  analogy  of  autograph ,  holograph,  which 
have  Greek  prototypes  in  -ypd<i>ov.]  A  beautiful 
specimen  of  writing. 

1878  Browning  Poets  Croisic  xxxvii,  Over  the  neat  crow- 
quill  calligraph  His  pen  goes  blotting. 

Ca'lligraph,  v.  [f.  prec,  or  F.  calligraph  y- 
(perhaps  with  some  thought  of  Gr.  y/xup-fiv  to 
write);  cf.  to  photograph,  telegraph,  etc.]  trans. 
To  write  beautifully  or  ornamentally. 

1884  Athenxum  3  May  570/1  The  roll  of  Shiuten  Doji,  a 
famous  Japanese  outlaw  of  the  tenth  century,  .finely  calli- 
graphed  and  illuminated. 

Calligrapher  (kali  grafaj).  [f.  same  elements 
as  Calligbaph  +  -er  :  c(.  philosoph-er.] 

1.  One  who  writes  beautifully  :  sometimes  ^with 
qualification)  merely  =  penman. 

i8i«  Scott  Guy  M.  xv,  He  should  have  been  a  calli- 
grapher. 18*4  D'lsRAEt.!  Cur.  Lit.,  Autographs,  Queen 
Elizabeth  . .  was  indeed  a  most  elegant  caligrapher. 

2.  spec.  One  who  professes  the  art  of  elegant  pen- 
manship ;  a  professional  transcriber  of  manuscripts. 

1 753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supf.  s.  v.  Calligraphy,  Calligraphy 
is  also  used  to  denote  the  calligrapher's  work,  in  transcrib- 
ing fair  and  at  large.  1838  0  Hallam  Hist.  Lit.  I.  1.  ii. 
140  /.'  /(',  Against  Thomas  a  Kempis  it,  is  urged  that  he  was 
a  professed  calligrapher.  1864  K.  Chambers  Bk.  of  Days 
II.  309  A  caligrapher,  a  writer  and  engraver  of  'letters, 
knots  and  flourishes '. 

Calligraphic  (kadigrarfik),  a.  ptd.  Gr.  xaXKi- 
ypaipiKus,  in  same  sense,  f.  «aAAcypa(^os :  see  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  calligraphers  or  calligraphy. 

1774  T.  Warton  Hist.  Poetry.Uhs.  11.  (18401 1. 101  Excel- 
lence in  the  calligraphic  art.  1809  Monthly  Mag.  XXVIII. 
187  Two  specimens  of  her  calligraphic  skill  are  carefully 
preserved  in  the  Bodleian  library".  i88a-3  Schaff  Relig. 
Eneycl.  III.  2556/1  The  calligraphic  principle,  or  effort  to 
write  beautifully  and  ornamentally,  came  in. 

t  Calligra  phical,  a.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  + 
-ai,.]  =  prec. ;  also.  Of  a  beautiful  literary  style. 
Hence  Callig-ra  phically  adv. 

1630  J,  Taylor  (Water  Poeti  Wlcs.  111.  76  Dedicated  . .  To 
the. .  Historiographicall  Calligraphical!  Kelater  and  Writer 
..Sir  Thomas  Coriat,  Knight  of  Troy.  1884-3  Schaff 
Relig.  Encycl.  III.  2556/2  The  Jews  . .  may  have  perfected 
it  calligraphically  into  the  square  character. 

Calligraphist  (Utii'griUift .    [f.  Gr.  *oAAi- 

ypaip-os  or  Eng.  Calligraphy  +  -ist  :  cf.  zoologist, 
etc.]  =  Calligrapher,  esp.  in  sense  t. 

1816  Singer  Hist.  Cards  134  The  same  calligraphist 
furnished  the  prototype  of  both.  1849  Miss  Mulock  Ogil- 
vies  24  All  the  care  of  her  governess  and  masters  had  never 
succeeded  in  making  her  a  caligraphist.  1850  Teale  Educ. 
in  Eng.  5  S.  Dunstan  was.  .a  calligraphist. 

Calligraphy  (kaligrafi\  [Ultimately  ad. 
Gr.  KaWtypatpia,  sb.  of  quality  f.  AraAAi-ypd</>-oy  : 
see  Calligraph  ji.' :  perhaps  immediately  from 
L.  calligraphia  or  F.  calligraphic.'] 

1.  lieautiful  or  fair  writing  as  a  product ;  also, 
elegant  penmanship  as  an  art  or  profession. 

1613  R.  C.  Table  Alph.  <cd.  31  Calligraphie,  faire  writ- 
ing.  1631  B.  Jonson  Mfipt.  Lady  111.  iv,  I  have  to  commend 
inc.  .my  kalligraphy,  a  fair  hanat  Fit  for  a  secretary.  1753 
Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  a.  v..  Calligraphy  made  an  article  in 
the  manual  labour  of  the  antient  monks.  1816  Singer  Hist. 
Cards  93  Calligraphy  was  also  another  art  which  received 
considerable  attention.  1866  Felton  Ahc  4-  Mod.  Gr.  I. 
xii.  498  The  age  of  calligraphy  is  gone. 

2.  Handwriting,  penmanship  generally;  style 
of  handwriting  or  written  characters ;  a  person's 
characteristic  handwriting  or  '  hand'. 

1645  Milton  Colast.  Wks.  11847)221/2  A  divine  of  note 
had.  stuck  it  here  and  there  with  a  clove  of  his  own  calli- 
graphy, to  keep  it  from  tainting.  1856  Honsth.  Wds.  XIII. 
240  His  calligraphy  suggests  . .  the  skating  of  an  intoxi- 
cated sweep  over  a  sheet  of  ice.  1859  Gullick  &  Timbs 
Painting  100  The  study  of  the  calligraphy,  or  penmanship,  of 
ancient  >,1SS.  1880  Karle/'A/'/o/.  £■  /"•  899  In  the  eleventh 
century  the  fashion  of  our  calligraphy  was  changed. 

f3.  Belles-lettres.  Obs. 

i860  Worcester  cites  R.  Park. 

Callimanco,  obs.  form  of  Calamanco. 

Calli  meter.  notue-tvd.  [f.  Gr.  xaAAt-  comb, 
stem  of  *dAAo»  beauty  +  iihpov  measure  :  see 
-meter.]    A  measure  of  beauty. 

1862  J,  Brown  Horse  Subs.  353  K  flower ..  of  a  certain 
fixed  and  welt-known  value  in  Davie's  standard  calimeter. 

Calling  (k$'l>i))i  vU.  sb.  [f.  Call  v.  +*ora1.] 

I.  The  action  of  the  vb.  Call. 
1.  The  action  of  emitting  a  loud  voice ;  crying, 
shouting,  proclamation.     Applied  also  to  par- 


CALLING. 


89 


CALLISTHENICS. 


ticular  cries  of  animals.  Calling  on  or  ?tpon :  in- 
vocation of. 

c  1325  E.  E.  Allit.  P.  B.  1362  |>ur3  J>e  cuntre  of  Caldee 
his  callyng  con  spryng.  c  1340  Cursor  M.  19095  (Trin.)  pe 
callyng  on  [v.r.  on-call]  his  holy  name.  1490  Caxton 
Encydos  xxi.  77  What  complayntes,  callynges,  and  lamenta- 
cyons.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531)  38  By  the  in- 
uocacyon  and  callyng  on  the  name  of  Jesu.  1535  Cover- 
dale  Ps.  v.  1  Heare  my  wordes  (o  Lordei  considre  my  cal- 
lynge. 1693URQUHART  Rabelais  in.  xiii,  Bawling  of  mastiffs 
..calling  of  Partridges.  1864  Tennyson  En.  Ard.  909 
There  came  so  loud  a  calling  of  the  sea,  That  all  the  houses 
in  the  haven  rang. 

f  2.  An  addressing ;  greeting,  invitation.  Obs. 

a  1300  Cursor  M.  11536  And  thanked  ioseph .  .O  bair  cal- 
ling and  herbergeri.  1535  Stewart  Cron.  Scot.  II.  46  [He 
received]  thame  . .  With  fair  calling  and  hamelie  cheresing. 

3.  The  summoning  of  a  person,  a  meeting. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  58  Callynge  or  clepynge  to  mete, 
invitacio.  Ibid.  Callynge  or  clepynge  to-gedyr,  convo- 
cacio.  1580  Baret  AIv.  C  38  A  calling  or  assembling  to- 
gither,  conuocatio.  1611  Bible  Numb.  x.  2  The  calling  of 
the  assembly.  1712  Prideaux  Direct.  Ch.- Wardens  ted.  4) 
35  The  calling  of  the  said  Meeting.  1848  Macaulay  Hist. 
Eng.  I.  276  To  prevent  the  calling  of  a  parliament. 

b.  The  summoning  or  inviting  to  a  spiritual 
office  or  to  the  pastorate  of  a  church. 

1578  md Bk.  Discipline  iii,  Vocation  or  calling,  .is  a  law- 
ful way,  by  the  which  qualified  persons  are  promoted  to 
any  spiritual  office  within  the  Kirk.  1864  J.  M.  Duncan 
Paroch.  Eccl.  Law  Scotl.  ii.  72  The  presbytery  by  whose 
decision  and  authority  the  calling  and  entry  of  a  particular 
ministry  were  effected. 

■j-4.  Naming,  denomination;  an  appellation  or 
name.  Obs. 

£-1460  J.  Russell  Bk.  Nurture  772  in  Bahees  Bh.  (1 868) 
169  'Colericus'  by  callynge.  1530  Palsgr.  202/2  Callyng, 
namyng,  afiellance.  1547  Homilies  1.  Misery  of  Man.  1. 
(1859)  l7  This,  our  right  name,  calling,  and  title,  earth. 
1563  T.  Gale  Antidot.  Pref.  2  The  diuersirie  that  is  vsed  in 
calhnge  of  simples.  1576  Lambarde  Peramb.  Kent  (1826) 
291  Persons  also,  had  their  callings  . .  of  some  note  of  the 
body,  as  Swanshalse,  for  the  whitenesse  of  her  necke. 
1600  Shaks.  A.  Y.  L.  1.  ii.  245,  I  am  . .  proud  to  be  Sir 
Rolands  sonne  . .  and  would  not  change  that  calling. 

5.  Loud  vituperation,  scolding  (dial.).  Calling 
(of)  navies :  the  applying  of  reviling  names  or 
epithets. 

1687  T.  Brown  Saints  in  Ufir.  Wks.  1730  I.  72  There's 
such  calling  of  names  and  giving  the  lie.  1844  Dickens 
Mar.  Chuz.  iv,  Such  a  bandying  of  words  and  calling  of 
names.  1863  Mrs.  Toogood  Yorksh.  Dial..,  He  behaved 
badly,  so  I  gave  him  a  good  calling.  1864  Atkinson  Whitby 
Gloss.,  Calling,  a  scolding.  1885  Nonconf.  <$•  Independent 
22  Oct.  1019  Caling  names  was  not  argument. 

6.  The  attracting  of  animals  by  a  particular 
(  call1  or  cry. 

1775  R.  Chandler  Trav.  Greece  (1825)  II.  161  Calling 
is  practised  in  still  weather.  .The  caller  applies  two  of  his 
fingers  to  his  lips,  and  sucking  them,  .produces  a  squeak- 
ing sound.  1880  Ld.  Dunraven  in  19/A  Cent.  641  Moose- 
calling.  .consists,  .in  imitating  the  cry  of  the  animal  with 
a  hollow  cone  made  of  birch  bark,  endeavouring  by  this 
means  to  call  up  a  moose  near  enough  to  get  a  shot  at  him. 

7.  Driving.  Sc. 

fi55o  Sir  J.  Balfour  Practicks  356  In  ..  calling  of  his 
cattel  throuch  landis  pertenand  to  the  defendar.  Mod.  Sc. 
Cannie  ca'ing. 

8.  With  various  advhs.  :  see  Call  v. 

c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  58  Callynge  or  clepynge  a-3ene,  revo- 
cacio.  Ibid.  Callynge  or  clepynge  yn  to  a  place,  invocacio. 
1580  Hollyband  T reas.  Fr.  Tong,  Rappel,  a  calling  againe. 
1626  Bacon  Sylva  §  316  The  calling  forth  of  the  Spirits  of 
the  Body  outward.  1813  Huskisson  in  Examiner  15  Mar. 
166/2  The  calling  out  the  Local  Militia.  1857  Hughes 
Tom  Brown  v,  The  master,  .came  down  in  cap  and  gown 
to  calling-over.  1875  Whitney  Life  Lang.  xiv.  285  A  calling- 
out  of  many  of  the  higher  powers. 
II.  Summons,  call,  vocation. 

9.  The  summons,  invitation,  or  impulse  of  God 
to  salvation  or  to  his  service  ;  the  inward  feeling 
or  conviction  of  a  divine  call ;  the  strong  impulse 
to  any  course  of  action  as  the  right  thing  to  do. 

[138Z  Wyclif  i  Cor.  i.  26  Se  je  }oure  clepinge,  Britheren.] 
1534  Tindale,  ibid.  Brethren,  loke  on  youre  callinge.  1535 
Coverdale  Rom.  i.  7  Sayntes  by  callynge.  a  1586  Answ. 
Cartwrighi  50  Our  dumbe  ministers  haue  as  good  a  call- 
ing as  the  scribes,  .had.  1641  Milton  CM,  Govt.  Wks.  1738 
I.  41  The  conscious  warrant  of  some  high  Calling.  1648 
Westm.  Assembly's  Shorter  Catech.,  Effectual  calling  is 
the  work  of  God's  Spirit.  1811  Svd.  Smith  Wks.  (1859)  I. 
202/2  The  doctrine  of  calling,  or  inward  feeling,  is  quite 
orthodox  in  the  English  church.  1861  Flor.  Nightingale 
Nursing  84  What  is  it  to  feel  a  calling  for  any  thing? 

fb.  The  state  of  grace  and  obedience  into 
which  the  Christian  is  called ;  duty.  (Here  the 
notion  was  affected  by  the  next.)  Obs. 

1604  Hieron  Wks.  I.  482  The  state  and  calling  of  a  true 
Christian  is  a  louely  calling.  1644  Direct.  Publ.  Worship 
10  Callings  towards  God  and  men. 

c.  In  reference  to  the  Christian  ministry  there 
is  often  a  mixture  of  the  notions  of  the  divine 
'  call  ,  the  vocatio  or  call  of  the  bishop,  presbytery, 
or  church,  and  the  professional  *  calling*  as  in  11. 

1583  Stubbes  Anal.  Alms.  11.  83  A  good  pastor,  and  dili- 
gent in  his  calling.  1575-85  Abp.  Sandys  Serm.  (1841)  80 
Assisted  from  heaven  with  all  helps  necessary  for  their 
calling.  1732  Law  Serious  C.  xxiv.  (ed.  2)  489  In  the  exalted 
virtues  of  his  Apostolical  calling.  1855  Prescott  Philip  II, 
n.  ix.  (1857)  312  The  dangerous  calling  of  the  missionary. 
1883  FrOUDR  Short  Stud.  IV.  1.  iii.  28  The  duties  of  his 
sacred  calling. 


d.  Requirement  of  duty;  occasion,  right  ;  = 
Call  jM. 

1857  Lit.  Churchman  III.  409  A  sprightly  American  air 
which  has  no  sort  of  calling  to  be  a  hymn-tune. 

f  10.  Position,  estate,  or  station  in  life  ;  rank. 
[Founded  on  1  Cor.  vii.  20,  Gr.  /ch-qaei,  L.  voca- 
Hone,  where  it  stands  for  the  condition  or  position  in 
which  one  was  when  called  to  salvation  ;  but  after- 
wards often  mixed  up  with  sense  9,  as  if  it  meant 
the  estate  in  life  to  which  God  has  called  a  man.] 

[1382  Wyclif  i  Cor.  vii.  20  Eche  man  in  what  clepynge 
he  is  cleped,  in  that  dwclle  he  ;  1534  Tindale,  in  the  same 
state  wherein  he  was  called;  1539  Cranmer  and  x6xx,  in 
the  same  callinge,  wherin  he  was  called  ;  1557  Geneva,  in 
the  same  state  wherin  he  was  called  ;  1582  Rhem.,  in  the 
vocation  that  he  was  called.]  a  1555  Latimer  Serm.  $ 
Rem.  (18451  151  We  are  commanded  ..  to  apply  ourselves 
to  goodness,  everyone  in  his  calling.  1575-6  Lansdmt  ne 
MS.  21  in  Thyune's  Auimadv.  11865)  Introd.  52  Rightc 
honorable,  .presuming*  uppon  the  honor  of  your  callinge. 
1590  Greene  Mourn.  Garm.  (1616)  15  Seeing  hee  was  a 
Gentleman  of  some  calling,  by  his  traine.  1603  Knolles 
Hist.  Turks  (1638  >  304  As  wel  vnto  them  of  the  poorer  sort, 
as  others  of  greater  calling.  1621  Burton  Anat.  Mel.  1.  ii. 
iv.  vi.  U651)  154  As  it  [Poverty]  is  esteemed  in  the  worlds 
censure,  it  is  a  most  odious  calling.  1633  Treas.  Hid. 
Secrets  Pref.,  A  Lady  of  Great  calling.  1691  Shadwell 
Scorercrs  iv.  376  Men  of  Calling,  knaves  of  business. 

11.  Hence,  Ordinary  occupation,  means  by  which 
livelihood  is  earned,  business,  trade.  [Often  ety- 
mologized in  the  same  way  as  prec] 

1551  Records  Pathw.  Knowl.  To  Rdr.,  As  carefull 
familie  shall  cease  hir  cruell  callinge,  andsuffre  ante  laiser. 
1588  Marprcl.  Epist.  lArb.i  46  They  continue  in  vnlawful 
callings.  1642  FULLER  Holy  §  Prof.  St.  v.  xiv.  413  They 
who  count  a  calling  a  prison,  shall  at  last  make  a  prison 
their  calling.  1687  T.  Hrown  Saints  in  I'pr.  Wks.  1730 
I.  76,  I  was  a  ferry-man  by  my  calling.  1768-78  Tucker 
Lt.  Nat.  II.  488  The  appellation  given  to  all  common 
trades  and  professions,  which  are  termed  lawful  callings, 
that  is,  employments  whereto  each  particular  man  is  called 
by  the  courses  of  nature  and  fortune,  those  two  ministers 
of  Providence.  1841-4  Emerson  Ess.  iv.  Spir.  Laws  Wks. 
(Bohn)  I.  68  Our  choice  of  a  calling.  1848  Macaulay  Hist. 
Eng.  I.  284  A  large  class  of  mosstroopers,  whose  calling 
was  to  plunder  dwellings  and  drive  away  whole  herds  of 
cattle.  1872  Yeats  Growth  Comm.  203  Navigation,  with 
its  many  attendant  callings. 

"b.  concr.  A  body  of  persons  following  a  par- 
ticular profession  or  trade. 

a  1660  Hammond  (J.)  A  caution,  .not  to  Impose  celibacy 
on  whole  callings,  and  great  multitudes  of  men  or  women. 
III.  atlrib.  and  comb. 

1848  Rvmford  Early  Days  xii.  (1859!  118  Another  calling 
house  was  Schofield's.  1853  Mrs.  Gaskell  Crauford  4 
From  12  to  3  are  our  Calling-hours,  i860  Sat.  Rev.  IX. 
599/1  The  calling-house  of  wits,  the  gathering-place  of 
poets  and  connoisseurs. 

Ca  lling, a.  (f.  Calls*.  +-  -ing2.]  That  calls, 
cries,  summons,  etc. :  in  various  senses  of  the  verb. 

1634  Milton  Comus  207  Calling  shapes,  and  beckoning 
shadows  dire.  1878  Dickens  Dombey  x,  Joey  B.,  Sir,  is  not 
in  general  a  calling  man. 

b.  spec,  in  names  of  some  animals  :  Calling 
crab,  a  tropical  genus  of  Land-crabs  (Gelasimus) 
having  one  very  large  claw,  which  the  animal 
extends,  as  if  beckoning,  but  really  in  menace  ; 
Calling  hare,  a  rodent  genus  (Lagomys)  nearly 
allied  to  the  Hare,  found  in  Siberia  and  other 
countries,  and  noted  for  their  peculiar  loud  sonor- 
ous call  or  note. 

1802  Bingley  Anim.  Biog.  (1813)  I.  41 1  The  calling  hare. 
These  are  solitary  animals,  and  rarely  to  be  seen.  1847 
Carpenter  Zool.  §  786  Some  of  the  Land-Crabs  are  re- 
markable for  the  inequality  in  the  size  of  their  claws  ;  the 
larger  is  sometimes  held  up  in  a  beckoning  attitude,  whence 
..the  name  of  Calling-Crabs.  1849  Mammalia  IV.  162 
The  dwarf  pika  or  calling-hare. 

Callino.    ?  =  Calino. 

1602  Dekker  Satiromastix  Lv,  Hor.  O,  oh  !  Tuc.  Nay, 
your  o,  oh's  !  nor  your  Callin-oes  cannot  serve  your  turn. 

Calliope  (kalM'^p/).  U.  S.  [Gr.  KakXtoir-q 
(beautiful-voiced),  the  ninth  of  the  Muses,  pre- 
siding over  eloquence  and  heroic  poetry.]  An  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  series  of  steam-whistles 
toned  to  produce  musical  notes,  played  by  a  key- 
board like  that  of  an  organ. 

1863  Russell  Diary  India  I.  269  The  whistle  sounds, 
and  the  calliope  shrieks  out  '  Dixie'  incessantly. 

Callipash,  Callipee,  see  Calipash,  -pee. 

Calliper,  caliper  (kse-lipai).  Forms :  6  cal- 
leper,  7  callaper,  -par,  calloper,  7-8  callipper, 
8  caliber,  (canniper),  7-  calliper,  caliper. 
[App.  the  same  word  as  Calibre  ;  calliper  com- 
passes being  compasses  for  measuring  the  calibre 
of  a  bullet,  etc.  The  earliest  known  English 
instances  of  calliper  compasses  occur  in  a  book 
translated  from  Italian,  with  an  Appendix  '  to 
shew  the  Properties,  Office,  and  Dutie  of  a  Gun- 
ner'. Cf.  also  Florio  (161 1)  4  Colibro,  as  Calibro, 
an  instrument  that  Gunners  vse  to  measure  the 
height  of  any  piece  or  bullet ;  also,  the  height  or 
bore  of  any  piece'.  It  is  however  remarkable  that 
from  the  beginning  the  words  were  spelt  differ- 
ently; only  in  modern  times  do  we  find  occa- 
sional conscious  identification  with  caliber,  calibre.] 


1.  Originally  used  attrib.,  calliper  compasses  or 
compasses  calliper,  compasses  used  to  measure 
the  calibre  of  shot ;  afterwards  usually  in  pi. 
callipers  or  pair  of  callipers :  A  kind  of  com- 
passes with  bowed  legs  for  measuring  the  dia- 
meter ofconvex  bodies  ;  often  with  a  scale  attached 
for  reading  off  the  measurements  ;  also  a  similar  in- 
strument with  straight  legs  and  points  turned  out- 
wards for  measuring  the  bore  or  internal  diameter 
of  tubes,  etc. 

1588  LUCAB  Colloq.  Arte  Shooting  App.  35  Measure  first 
with  a  paire  of  callepcr  compasses  the  whole  thitkness  of 
the  peece.  Measure  likewise  with  a  paire  of  other  com- 
passes, I  mean  straight  compasses,  the  Diameter  of  the 
concauitie  in  the  Peece.  1627  Cai'T.  Smith  Seaman's  Gram. 
xiv.  68  Compasse  Callipers  belongs  to  the  Gunner,  and  is 
like  two  half  Circles  that  hath  a  handle  and  ioint  like  a 
paire  of  Compasses.  1644  Nyf.  Gunnery  1.(16471  49  '  °  t:i^e 
the  said  height  or  Diam.  of  the  shot  with  a  pair  of  Callaper 
compasses.  Ibid.  11 670)  50  Also  by  such  a  pair  of  Callapers 
you  may  find  the  Diameter  of  the  Base-Ring,  and  of  the 
Mussel-Ring  of  any  Piece  ofOrdnance.  1677  Moxon  Mech. 
Exerc.  <i7o3>  196  Callippcrs  measure,  .any  round  Cilindriek 
Conical  Body.  1692  in  C apt.  Smith's  Seaman's  Gram.  II. 
viii.  97  To  find  the  Diameter  of  any  round  Shot  ..  by  a 
pair  of  Calloper  Compasses,  which  are  Compasses  bowed 
at  the  Points.  1753  Hogarth  Anal.  Beauty  Introd.  47 
These  points  may  be  marked  upon  a  marble  figure  with  ca- 
libers properly  used.  1795  Home  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXY1. 
6  Measured  by  a  pair  ot  calliper  compares.  1821  Craig  Let  t. 
Drawing  vii.  372  An  anvil,  a  hammer,  and  a  pair  of  cali- 
pers. 1859  SMILES  Self-Help  267  Moral  philosophy  which 
proposes  to  measure  our  heads  with  callipers.  1876  Cat  a  I. 
Sci.  Appar.  S.  Kens.  No.  284  Universal  Calliper,  with  slide 
and  reverse  action.  No.  271  Calliper  with  Dial .  .divided 
into  eighths  of  an  inch. 

b.  Applied  to  measuring  rules  of  varying  shape 
for  taking  the  dimensions  of  other  than  round 
bodies.  Calliper-square,  a  rule  or  square  carry- 
ing movable  cross-heads,  adapted  for  the  measure- 
ment of  internal  and  external  diameters  or  sizes. 

1708  Kf.ksky,  Callipers,  an  instrument  made  like  a  Slid- 
ing-RuIe,  to  embrace  the  two  Heads  of  a  Cask,  or  Barrel, 
in  order  to  find  the  length  of  it.  1876  Catal.  Sci.  Appar.  S. 
Kens.  No.  293  Collection  of  Timber  Callipers  for  the  use  of 
foresters.  Mod.  techn.  Calliper  (in  Liverpool  timber  yards-, 
a  rule  for  measuring  timber,  something  like  that  which  shoe- 
makers use  to  measure  feet. 

2.  transf.  The  clip  for  holding  the  load  in  a  crane. 
1769  De  Foe's  Tour  Gt.  Brit.  III.  272  Portable  Cranes. . 

to  draw  Stone  out  of  the  Quarry  with  Callipers. 

3.  Watch- making.  '  The  disposition  of  the  parts 
of  a  watch  or  clock  ;  the  arrangement  of  the  train  " 
(Britten).    App.  akin  to  Calibre. 

1884  F.  Britten  Watch  A>  Clockm.  151  As  amatter  of  con- 
venience in  arranging  the  caliper  of  the  watch. 

Calliper,  v.  [f.  prec.  sb.]  To  measure  with 
or  use  callipers.    Hence  Callipering  vbl.  sb. 

1876  Catal.  Sci.  Appar.  S.  Kens.  No.  477  Callipering  En- 
gine (British  Horological  Institute.  1881  Hasluck  Lathe 
Work  34  The  diameter  of  the  cylinder  is  tested  by  calliper- 
ing. 

Callippic  'kali-pik\  a.  [f.  Gr.  KaAAnTTro?  4-  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Callippus,  a  Greek  astronomer 
who  lived  f  350  B.C.  Callippic  cycle  or  period:  a 
cycle  proposed  by  him  as  an  improvement  on  the 
Metonic  cycle,  consisting  of  4  of  the  latter  or  76 
years,  at  the  end  of  which,  by  omitting  one  day 
(i.e.  making  one  month  to  have  29  days  instead 
of  30)  Callippus  thought  that  the  full  and  new- 
moon  would  be  brought  round  to  the  same  day 
and  hour. 

1696  in  Phillips.  1708  Kersev,  Callippick  Period. 
1721-1800  in  Bailev.  1751  Chambers  Cycl.  s.  v.,  The  Calip- 
pic  period  itself  is  not  accurate,  .it  does  not  bring  the  new 
i  and  full  moons  precisely  to  their  places ;  but  brings  them 
too  late,  by  a  whole  day,  in  553  years.  1876  G.  Chambers 
Astron.  468  This  cyde  of  76  years  (19X4)  is  known  as  the 
Cal[l]ippic  period. 

Callipygiail  (kjeliprd^ian),  a.  [f.  Gr.  ttaXki- 
■nvyos,  adj.  f.  rcaWi-  comb,  stem  of  kclWos  beauty 
+  iTvyr]  buttocks  :  the  name  of  a  famous  statue 
of  Venus'.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  having  well- 
shaped  or  finely  developed  buttocks. 

[1646  Sir  T.  Browne  Pseud.  Ep.  tv.  vi.  195  Callipygas  and 
women  largely  composed  behinde.]  «i8oo  The  Callipy- 
gian  Venus.  1885  Athcnxnm  17  Oct.  497  The  Callipygian 
luxuriance  he  so  deplores. 

Callis,  obs.  form  of  Ctjllis. 

ri6ia  Beaum.  &  Fl.  Thierry  11.  455  Decoctions,  Leaches, 
and  callisies.  1641  in  Harl.  Misc.  (Malh.)  IV.  556  A  spoon- 
ful or  two  of  callis  made  of  chickin. 

Callis-sand.  Obs.  or  dial.  Also  Calis-,  Ca- 
lice-.  etc.  [f.  Callis,  Calleis,  Callice,  Calice,  etc. 
1 6th  c.  forms  of  the  name  Calais,  noted  for  its  sand- 
dunes  ;  the  sands  of  Calais  are  frequently  referred 
to  in  the  1 7th  c.  as  a  place  for  duels  :  see  quots. 
in  Nares.]  A  fine  white  sand,  originally  imported 
from  Calais,  used  for  blotting  ink,  scouring,  etc. 

1594  Plat,  Jewell-ho.  n.  32  Take  of  right  callis  sand,  and 
wasn  the  same.    1659  Hoole  Come?iius  Vis.  World  (17771 
116  We  dry  a  writing  with  blotting-paper,  or  calis-sand  out 
j    of  a  sand-box.  1704  WorlidgeZ?*V/.  Rust,  et  Urb.  s.v.  Sand, 
\    Calice-sand,  burns  reddish,  but  falls  not  in  Water.  1877 
E.  Peacock  N.  W.  Lincoln  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Callis-sand, 
'    white  scouring  sand. 

I     Callisthenic  krelisbe-nik),  a.  Also  cali-.  [f. 


CALLISTHENICAL. 


40 


CALM. 


Gr.  uakkt-  comb,  stem  of  *dAAos  beauty  +  aSivos 
strength  (cf.  the  proper  name  Ka\kio$(vns  '  beauti- 
fully or  elegantly  strong')  +  -ic]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  development  of  physical  vigour  in  associa- 
tion with  beauty ;  pertaining  to  callisthenics. 

1847  Craig,  Calisthenics  relating  to  calisthenics.  1859 
Sala  Tw.  round  C&c£(i86ii  193  The  tyranny  of  the  1  calis- 
thenic  exercises '  and  the  French  mark.  1863  S.  W.  Mason 
Gymnastic  Manual  Introd.  4  To  hasten  the  introduction 
of  gymnastic,  or  caiisthenic  training  into  our  schools. 

Callisthe  nical,  a.  rare-1,  [f.  as  prec  + 
-Ai..]    Addicted  to  callisthenics. 

1837  Chamb.  Jml.  8  July  192  Twere  also  as  well  she 
should  be  calislhenical. 

Callisthe  nics,  sb.  pi.  [f.  Callisthenic  a. ; 
cf.  gymnastics.  Mod.F.  has  callisthenie,  repr.  a 
regularly  formed  Gr.  *Ka\\ia6tvtia.  'beautiful 
strength'.]  '  Gymnastic  exercises  suitable  in  the 
physical  education  of  girls '  (Littnt)  ;  '  training 
calculated  to  develop  the  beauty  of  the  human 
figure,  and  to  promote  elegant  and  graceful  move- 
ment' (Craig).  (Chiefly  a  term  of  young  ladies' 
boarding-schools.) 

1847  in  Craig.  1871  Napheys  Prev,  $  Cure  Dis.  L  vi.  168 
Some  theory  of  calisthenics  is  taught.  1871  Daily  News 
5  Jan.,  The  exercises,  perhaps,  should  be  called  'callis- 
thenics', rather  than  gymnastics,  as  they,  .consist  simply 
in  rhythmical  movements  with  wooden  rings  and  light 
wands,  to  the  sound  of  piano  music.  187*  F.  Thomas  Dis. 
Women  57  An  instructress  or  professor  of  calisthenics. 

Callisthe'niuiU.  [f.  as  prec,  after  gymna- 
sium.']   A  place  for  the  practice  of  callisthenics. 

1883  .V.  V.  Tribune  No.  13554/2  The  calisthenium  was 
thrown  open  and  the  girls  danced  until  supper-time. 

II  Callithrix,  callitrix  (kar.UJrriks).  Also  7 
calitrich.  [L.  callithrix,  pi.  callitriches  a  kind 
of  ape  or  monkey  in  Kthiopia  (1'liny  VIII.  liv.  80 
§  216).]    A  genus  of  small  lirazilian  monkeys. 

1607  Topsell  Four-/.  Beasts  7  The  Calitrich.  .may  be 
termed  in  English  a  bearded  Ape.  1688  R.  Holme  A  rmoury 
11.  viii.  §  19  He  beareth  Gules,  the  Head  of  a  Calitrich  Ape. 
1708  Kersey  Callithrix,  a  kind  of  Ape  in  Kthiopia,  with 
a  long  beard,  and  a  spread  Tail.  1774  Goldsm.  Nat.  Hist. 
(18621  I.  vii.  i.  507  The  Callitrix,  or  Green  Monkey  of  St. 
Iago. 

II  Callitriche  (kali  trik»).  Bot.  [mod. Latin 
(Kuppius&  Dillen.)  f.  Gr.  Ka\\hpix-os  beautiful- 
haired.]  A  genus  of  small  water-weeds  inhabiting 
ponds  and  ditches  ;  also  called  Water  Star-wort. 

1836  Penny  Cycl.  VI.  166/1  A  few  obscure  floating  species, 
all  of  which  belong  to  the  genus  Callitriche.  1855  Kings, 
lev  Glaucus  118781  206.  188a  Cornh.  Mag.  Jan.  34  De- 
graded blossoms  like  glasswort,  callitriche  and  pondweed. 

Callivance,  obs.  form  of  Calavanck. 

Callixe,  obs  form  of  Calx. 

Calloo  (kill?-)-  Also  calaw,  callow.  A 
species  of  Arctic  duck,  Anas  (Fuligula,  Harelda) 
glacialis,  called  also  Long-tailed  or  Long-keeled 
Duck,  a  winter  visitor  to  Orkney  and  Shetland. 

179a  Statist.  Acc.  Scott.  V.  189  Lyres,  calloos,  wildgeese. 
Ibid.  VII.  546  The  calaw.  1806  Neill  Tour  Orkney  * 
Shell.  79  (Jam.)  The  calloo — named  from  its  evening  call, 
which  resembles  the  sound  calloo,  calloo,  arrives  from  the 
arctic  regions  in  autumn,  and  spends  the  winter  here. 

Calloper,  obs.  form  of  Calaber,  Calliper. 

Callose  (kad<7u-s\  a.  Bot.  [ad.  L.  calldsus :  see 
Callous.]    Having  callosities. 

1864  in  Webster.    1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bi.  400. 

Callo'sify,  V.  rare-1,  [see  -ft;  cf.  ossify."] 
trans.  To  make  callous. 

1800  W.  Taylor  in  Robberds  Mem.  1. 344  Smoking  tobacco 
. .  may  act  by  callosifying  lungs  too  sieve-like. 

Callosity  (kah/siti).  [a.  F.  callositi  :-L.  col- 
lositdt-em,  I.  callos-us  ;  see  Callous.] 

1.  The  condition  of  being  callous ;  abnormal 
hardness  and  thickness  of  the  skin  or  other  tissues. 

1578  Banister  Hist.  Man  1.  4  b,  The  callositie  of  the 
Gowmes  serueth  some  men  in  stead  of  teeth.  1671  Salmon 
Syn,  Med.  1.  I.  119  If  the  Flesh  about  the  Ulcer  be  dry, 
and  sensless,  it  becomes  a  callous :  and  that  Hardmss  is 
called  Callosity.  1744  Mitchell  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI. III. 
108  The  Thickness  or  Callosity  of  their  Skins.  1831  I'.eew- 
ster  Nat.  Magic  xii.  (1833)  303  This  callosity  of  the  skin 
may  be  effected  by  frequently  moistening  it  with  dilute 
sulphuric  acid. 

2.  concr.  A  callous  formation,  a  callus;  a  thick- 
ened and  hardened  part  of  the  skin,  such  as  the  hard 
lumps  that  arise  from  constant  pressure  or  friction, 
or  on  the  cicatrized  surfaces  of  ulcers.  Also 
applied  to  natural  thickenings,  such  as  those  on 
the  legs  of  the  horse,  the  breast  of  the  camel,  etc. 

1601  Holland  Pliny  xvi.  vii.  460  Certain  hard  callosi- 
ties like  Pumish  stones.  1735  Bradley  Fam.  Diet.  •.  v. 
Strangury,  If  the  Ischaria  is  caused  by  some  Flesh  Kernel 
or  Caflocity.  1818  Art.  Present.  Feet  42  A  simple  Cal- 
losity h  nothing  more  than  a  thickening  of  the  epidermis, 
1878  Tait  &  Stewart  Unseen  Univ.  v.  i  165.  169  Asses  . . 
have  callosities  only  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fore  legs. 

3.  fig.  A  hardened  state  of  mind  or  conscience  ; 
insensibility  ;  =  Callousness  2. 

1658  Sir  T.  Browne  Hydriot.  v.  28  To  weep  into  stones 
rue  fables.  Afflictions  induce  calosities.  1748  Hartley  t >/■- 
serv.  Man  11.  iii.  I  7.  311  When  Men  cease  to  regard  God 
in  due  measure,  .they  are  very  apt  to  relapse  into  Negli- 
gence and  Callosity.  1874  Farrae  Life  Christ  82  A  cal- 
losity of  heart,  a  petrifying  of  the  moral  sense. 


Callot,  variant  of  Callet. 

Callot  e,  -ott  e,  obs.  ff.  Calotte,  skull-cap. 

Callote-chnics,  sb.  pi.  rare.  [Improperly 
spelt  for  callitechnics  or  calotechnks  (Gr.  *oAAi- 
rtxria,  «aAoT<xWa}.]  A  proposed  name  for  '  The 
fine  or  ornamental  arts'. 

i860  Worcester  cites  R.  Park. 

t  Callough.  Obs.  rare.    ?  Some  shell-fish. 

1610  Folkingham  Art  o/  Survey  iv.  iii.  83  Winkles, 
Purples,  Cutle,  Callough,  Cockles,  Muskles,  Shrimps. 

Callous  (karlas),  a.  [ad.  L.  calldsus  (cf.  F. 
calleux)  hard-skinned,  callous,  f.  cat/urn  {callus) 
hardened  skin  :  see  -ous.] 

1.  (Chiefly  Phys.  &  Zool.)  Hardened,  indurated: 
as  parts  of  the  skin  exposed  to  constant  pressure 
or  friction,  or  the  cicatrized  surfaces  of  ulcers. 
Also  applied  to  parts  which  are  naturally  hard. 

1578  Banister  Hist.  Man  1.  4  b,  With  gowmes,  which 
flesh  is  made  socallous,  and  indurated.  1605  I  immi  Quersit. 
111.  180  Callous  and  hollow  ulcers.  1649  Jer.  Taylor  67. 
Exemp.  vi.  §  7  The  flesh  of  beasts  grows  callous  by  stripes 
and  the  pressure  of  the  yoke.  1695  Congreve  Love  for 
L.  nr.  xv,  With  labouring  callous  hands.  1797  Bewick 
Brit.  Birds  (1847)  I.  337  A  callous  conical  protuberance. 
1875  Jowett  Plato  (ed.  2)  I.  134  Hard  and  callous  skins 
under  their  feet. 

b.  Bot. 

1794  Martyn  Rousseau's  Bot.  xvi.  180  The  tips  of  the 
leaves  being  callous.  1884  Bower  &  Scott  Phaner.  tf  Ferns 
174  The^  condition  termed  by  Hanstein  callous  ..  consists 
in  the  thickening  of  the  bands  of  membrane  in  all  directions. 

2.  fig.  Of  the  mind,  feelings,  conscience,  etc.,  and 
of  persons  :  Hardened,  unfeeling,  insensible. 

1679  Goodman  Penitent  Pardoned  1.  iv.  (1713I  109  The 
frequent  injuries  done  to  it  [conscience]  render  it  callous 
and  insensible.  1710  Butler  Serm.  Wks.  1874  II.  85 
Totally  hard  and  callous  to  impressions  of  religion.  1776 
Hume  My  mvn  Life  18  Apr.  in  Hist.  Eng.  (1825)  lntroa.  4 
Callous  against  the  impressions  of  public  folly.  1833  Ar- 
nold Let.  in  Life  *  Corr.  (1844)  I.  vii.  343  It  is  an  immense 
blessing  to  be  perfectly  callous  to  ridicule.  1844  Disraeli 
Coningsby  1.  ix.  35  The  callous  bustle  of  fashionable  saloons. 

Callous  sb.,  erroneous  spelling  of  Callus. 

Ca  llous,  v.    [f.  prec.  adj.] 

trans.  To  make  callous,  to  harden.  lit.  and  fig. 
Only  in  pple.  (and  ppl.  adj.)  Ca  lloused,  hardened. 

1834  Eraser's  Mag.  X.  658  l"he  whole  English  mind  cal- 
loused against  its  efforts  to  make  an  impression.  1850  Mrs. 
Stowe  Uncle  Tom's  C.  xx.  204  On  the  back  and  shoulders 
of  the  child,  great  welts  and  calloused  spots.  1880  £.  H. 
Arr  New  Engl.  Bygones  108  Hands  calloused  by  toil. 

Callously  kartasli  ,  adv.  [f.  Callous  a.  + 
-LY-.]    In  a  callous  manner,  unfeelingly. 

1870  Daily  Tel.  7  Oct.,  When  they  died  she  callously  got 
rid  of  their  bodies  as  best  she  could.  1883  American  184 
No  house,  .more  callously  indifferent  to  those  it  employed. 

Callousness  (koe'bsnes).  '[f.  as  prec.  + -M  ^  J 

+  1.  a.  Callous  quality  or  condition,  indura- 
tion ;  b.  A  callous  formation  ;  —  Callosity  i,  a. 

c  1660  Jer.  Taylor  On  Repent.  VH.  viii,  A  callousness  of 
his  feet  or  a  wart  upon  his  fingers,  c  1715  Cheyne  (J.) The 
skin  Ijecomes  the  thicker,  and  so  a  callousness  grows  upon 
it.  1765  Phil.  Trans.  I.V.  82  There  are  often  found  in 
them  [the  lungs)  tumours,  callousnesses,  etc. 

2.  fig.  A  hardened  state  of  mind,  conscience, 
etc.  ;  want  of  feeling,  insensibility. 

169a  Bentley  Boyle  Led.  12  Abandon'd  to  a  callousness 
and  numness  of  soul.  1716  Butler  15  Serm.  v.  91.  1781 
Johnson  Lett.  258  117881  II.  194  As  I  have  not  the  decrepi- 
tude I  have  not  the  callousness  of  old  age.  1844  Stanley 
A  mold  1 18581  I.  vi.  236  The  richer  classes  will  again  relapse 
into  their  old  callousness.  1867  Pearson  Hist.  Eng.  II. 
35  John's  . .  utter  callousness  to  honour. 

Callow  (.ksehw),  a.  and  sb.  Forms:  1  calu, 
caluw,  calo,  3  caluj,  4  calu,  calouh,  calewo, 
oalouwe,  6  kallowe,  6-  callow.  [OE.  calu  (def. 
calw-e) :— WGer.  hahvo-,  whence  also  MLG.  kale, 
MDu.  tale  [calu,  gen.  calmves),  OHG.  chalo  (def. 
chahve,  chalau*  ,  MHG.  kal  (kalwe),  Ger.  kahl, 
by  Kluge  thought  to  lie  cognate  with  I.ith.  gMu 
naked,  blank  ;  but  not  improbably  an  adoption  of 
L.  calv-us  bald.  Cf.  Ir.  and  ( iael.  calbli  bald.] 
A.  adj.  f  1.  Haiti,  without  hair.  Obs. 

a  1000  Prof.  (Kemble)  42  (Bosw.i  Monix  man  weorb  fxrlice 
caluw.  a  1000  Riddles  xli.  99  (Gr.)  Ic  com  wide  calu.  c  1375 
Cato  Major  11.  xxix,  pat  torched  is  lodly  pat  is  calouh  & 
bare.  1388  Wvclif  Lev.  xiii.  40  A  man  of  whos  heed  heeris 
fleten  awei,  is  calu  [138a  ballidj. 

2.  Of  birds:  Unfledged,  without  feathers. 

1603  Holland  Plutarch's  Mor.  63  Yoong  callow  birds 
which  are  not  yet  fetlicred  and  fledg'd.  17*8  Thomson 
Spring  667  The  callow  young . .  Their  brittle  tiondage  break. 
1801  Southey  Thalaba  v.  iii.  Poems  IV.  180  Her  young  in 
the  refreshing  bath,  Dipt  down  their  callow  heads.  i8» 
Hazlitt  TabU't.  II.  xiv.  329  The  callow  brood  arc  fledged. 

c.  Applied  to  the  down  of  unfledged  birds ; 
and  so,  to  the  down  on  a  youth's  check  and  chin. 

1604  Drayton  Owle  245  His  soft  and  callow  downe.  1697 
Dryden  Virg.  Past.  vm.  57  The  callow  Down  began  to 
cloath  my  Chin.  1734  Somfrville  Chase  11.  457  Prove  . . 
their  Valour's  Growth  Mature,  e'er  yet  the  callow  Down 
has  spread  Its  curling  Shade. 

3.  fig.  Inexperienced,  raw,  'unfledged'. 

1580  Harvey  in  Spenser's  U  'ks.  iGrosart)  I.  40  Some,  that 
weenc  themselves  as  fledged  as  the  reste,  Iteing  . .  as  kal- 
lowe. 1651  Cleveland  Poems  31  Blasphemy  unfledg'd,  a 
callow  curse,  it  1797  II.  Walpole  Mem.  Geo.  II  11847)  L 
xii.  410  Teaching  young  and  callow  orators  to  soar.  1823 


Lamb  Elia  Ser.  11.  xvii.  (18651  343  The  first  callow  flights 
in  authorship.  1849  C.  Bronte  Shirley  xxxiii.  474  In  all 
the  voluptuous  case  of  a  yet  callow  pacha. 

4.  Of  land  :  a.  Bare ;  b.  (Ireland.)  Low-lying 
and  liable  to  be  submerged. 

1677  Plot  Oxfordsh.  243  When  these  Lands  are  not 
swardy  enough  to  bear  clean  tillage,  nor  callow  or  light 
enough  to  lie  to  get  sward.  1878  Lever  f.  Hinton  xx.  138 
Broad  tracts  of  bog  or  callow  meadow-land.  1882  Science 
Gossip  Mar.  51  If  a  callow  meadow  is  flooded  all  the  winter. 

5.  Comb,  f  callow-mouse,  a  bat. 

1340  Ayenb.  27  pe  enurous  ne  may  ysy  bet  guod  of  obren 
nanmore  panne  be  oule  ober  pe  calouwe  mous  be  brijtnesse 
of  be  zonne. 
B.  sb. 

1 1.  One  who  is  bald  ;  a  bald-pate.  Obs. 

c  1305  Life  St.  Dunstan  89  in  E.  E.  P.  (1862)  37  Out,  what 
habj>e  calewe  [St.  Dunstan]  ido  :  what  hab  be  calewe  ido. 

t2.  A  callow  nestling  ;  fig.  a  raw  youth.  Obs. 

a  1667  Jer.  Taylor  Serm.  (16781310  Such  a  person.. de- 
plumes himself  to  feather  all  the  naked  Callows  that  he  sees. 
1670  Mrs.  Behn  Widow  Rant.  nr.  iii,  She  . .  that  can  prefer 
such  a  callow  as  thou  before  a  man. 

3.  The  stratum  of  vegetable  soil  lying  above  the 
subsoil ;  the  top  or  rubble  bed  of  a  quarry,  which 
has  to  be  removed  to  reach  the  rock.  dial. 

1863  Morton  Cycl.  Agric.  II.  Gloss  (E.  D.  S.l  Callow 
(Norf.,  Sun".  1,  the  soil  covering  the  subsoil.  1875  Ure  Diet. 
Arts  1.  673  Callow,  the  top  or  rubble  bed  of  a  quarry.  This 
is  obliged  to  be  removed  before  the  useful  material  is  raised. 

4.  A  low-lying  damp  meadow  by  the  banks  of 
an  Irish  river. 

1861  H.  Coulter  West  of  Ireland  8  The  extensive  Cal- 
lows lying  along  the  banks  of  the  Suck.  1865  Card.  Chrou. 
ff  Agric.  Gaz._  15  July  663/2  The  callows  consist  of  low  flat 
land  near  a  riyer,  and  liable  to  be  overflowed,  as  well  as 
being  always  in  a  damp  state  in  the  driest  seasons.  1883 
Dundee  Advert.  25  Aug.  6/1  All  the  callows  on  the  banks 
[of  the  Shannon]  to  Lusmagh  .  .are  submerged. 

Hence  Callowness,  Callowy  a. 

1855  De  Quincey  in  Page  Life  iiijjl  II.  xviii.  90  Such 
advantage  . .  as  belongs  to  callowness  or  freshness.  18*3 
Monthly  Mag.  LV.  240  Like  to  a  bird,  who  bestows  on  her 
callowy  nestlings  the  morsel. 

Callow,  var.  of  Calloo,  wild  duck. 

Calltrop,  obs.  form  of  Caltrop. 

II  Ca'lluru.  Obs.  [L.  callum.]  =  Callus. 

r"  14*0  Pa  Had.  on  Husb.  nr.  599  Callum  that  in  Elmes  leves 
borne  is.  .1 1640  Jackson  Creed  x.  xlii.  Wks.  IX.  499  Fre- 
quent calcitration  against  the  edge  of  this  fiery  sword  breeds 
a  callum  or  complete  hardness.  1646  Fuller  Wounded 
Consc.  I1841)  281  That  callum,  schirrus,  or  incrustation, 
drawn  over  it  [the  conscience]  by  nature,  and  hardened  by 
custom  in  sin. 

Callus  (kse'lt>s).  Also  (erron.)  callous.  PI. 
calluses,  [a.  L.  callus  hardened  skin.] 

1.  Phys.  and  Pathol.  A  callous  formation ;  a 
hardened  and  thickened  part  of  the  skin,  or  of 
some  other  tissue  naturally  soft ;  also  applied  to 
natural  thickenings  of  the  skin.  etc. ;  =  Callosity  1. 

1563  T.  Gale  eintidot.  11.  56  It  doth  dry  fistulas  which 
haue  not  callus  indurated.  1656  Riugley  Pract.  Physic 
157  The  Callous  must  be  first  removed.  1 722  De  Foe  Plague 
(18841  249  Spots,  .as.  .hard  as  a  piece  ot  Callous  or  Horn. 
1769  Pennant  Zool.  III.  280  Between  the  eyes  and  the 
mouth  is  a  hard  callus.  1858  O.  W.  Holmes  Aut.  Brcakf. 
T.  65  When  I  have  established  a  pair  of  well-pronounced 
feathering  calluses  on  my  thumbs.  1873  Tristram  Moab 
xv.  292  Even  in  the  young  [ibex]  kid  there  is  a  hard  callous 
.  -on  the  front  of  the  knee. 

2.  Pathol.  '  The  bony  material  thrown  out  around 
and  between  the  two  ends  of  a  fractured  bone 
during  the  process  of  healing'  (Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 

1678  Jones  Heart  4-  Right  So7'.  306  Nature  supplyes  the 
..breaches,  in  our  bones,  by  a  callus,  or  hardness  of  the 
like  kind.  1713  Cheselden  Anat.  1.  i.  (1726)  8  The  Callus 
from  the  broken  ends  of  a  bone  that  is  not  set.  1845  Todd 
&  Bowman  Phys.  Anat.  I.  125  The  permanent  callus  has 
all  the  characters  of  true  bone.  1855  Hoi  t.i  s-  Hum.  Osteol. 
(1878)  37  This  ferule  termed  the  provisional  callus  is  not 
removed  until  the  fracture  has  been  thoroughly  repaired. 

3.  Bot.  A  hard  formation  in  or  on  plants. 

1870  Hooker  Stud.  Flora  109  Rubns fruticesns .  .rooting 
from  a  callus  at  the  tip.  188a  Vines  Saths'  Bot.  173  The 
callus  formed  between  the  bark  and  the  wood,  when  the 
stem  is  cut  off  above  the  root. 

4.  fie;.  A  callous  state  of  feeling,  etc. 

169*  Burnet  Past.  Care  vii.  73  A  Callus  that  he  Con- 
tracts, by  his  insensible  way  of  handling  Divine  Matters. 
1858  O.  W.  Holmes  Aut.  Breakf.  T.  xii.  116  Editors  have 
..to  develop  enormous  calluses  at  every  point  of  contact 
with  authorship. 

Callvanse,  obs.  form  of  Calavance. 

f  Callymoo'cher.  Obs.  rare-1.  [Cf. mtuehtr 
loafer.]    ?  A  raw  cadger,  a  greenhorn. 

1661  Middleton  Mayor  of  Qumb.  in  Dodsley  XL  139 
(N.)  Thou  upstart  callymoocher. 

t  Callyoan.  Obs.    ?  Some  kind  of  fur. 

<-iS»4  Churchw.  Acc.  St.  Mary  Hill,  London  (Nichols 
1797)  125  Furred  with  callyoan  and  mynks. 

Calm  (kam\  sb.'1  Forms:  4-7  calme,  6  cawmo, 
7-  calm.  [ME.  calme,  a.  F.  calme  (16th  c.  in 
Littre,  in  15th  c.  carme)  in  same  sense,  ad.  It.  or 
Sp.  (also  Pg.)  calma. 

Since  calma  in  OSp.  and  Pg.  means  also  '  heat  of  the 
day ',  Diez,  comparing  mod.  Pr.  chaume  '  resting-time  of  the 
cattle ',  and  Rumansch  calma,  can  ma  '  a  shady  resting-place 
for  cattle ',  thought  calma  possibly  derived  from  late  L. 
cauma  (occurring  in  /  'ulg..  Job  xxx.  30',  a.  Gr.  raT-fia 
'  burning  heat,  fever  heat,  heat  of  the  sun,  heat  of  the 


CALM. 


41 


CALOMEL. 


day',  used  also  in  med.L.  of  the  burning  heat  of  the  sun. 
Taken  in  connexion  with  the  senses  of  the  Rumansch  and 
Provencal  words  this  gives  the  possible  development  of 
meaning  1  burning  heat,  heat  of  the  day,  rest  during  the 
heat  of  the  day,  quiet,  stillness ' ;  but  it  is  notable  that  It. 
cahna  has  no  sense  of 'heat',  only  'a  calme,  or  quiet  faire 
weather'  (Florio).  As  to  the  phonetic  change  of  an  to  at, 
Diez  suggested  popular  assoc.  with  calere  to  be  hot,  calor 
heat,  which  Schuchardt  also  (Romania.  IV.  255)  thinks 
probable  ;  the  latter  has  given  other  instances  of  the  pho- 
netic change  in  Vokalismus  des  Vulgarlateins  I.  494~6  and 

III.  316.] 

L  Stillness,  quiet,  tranquillity,  serenity  ;  freedom 
from  agitation  or  disturbance. 

a.  lit.  of  the  weather,  air,  or  sea :  opposed  to 
storm ;  =  Calmness. 

1393  Gower  Con/.  III.  230  As  the  ..  rage  Of  windes 
maketh  the  see  salvage  And  that  was  calme  bringth  into 
wawe.  c  1400  Destr.  Troy  13157  All  the  calme  ouercast 
into  kene  stormes.  <  1450  Chaucer  s  Dreme  1384  All  was 
one,  calme,  or  tempest.  1526  Pilgr.  Per/.  (W.  de  W.  1531) 
252  The  colde,  the  hete,  the  cawme,  the  frost,  y  snowe.  1530 
Palsgb.  202/2  Calme,  styll  whether,  carme.  1611  Bible  Matt. 
viii.  26  There  was  a  great  calme.  1613  Shaks.  Hen.  VII I,  ill. 
i.  166  A  Soule  as  euen  as  a  Calme.  1822  Hazlitt  Table-t. 
Ser.  11.  iv.  (1869)  85  Before  and  after  earthquakes  there  is 
a  calm  in  the  air.  1850  Tennyson  In  Mem.  xi,  Calm  on 
the  seas,  and  silver  sleep.  x868  J.  E.  H.  Skinner  Roughing 
it  253  By  the  rock  of  Pontiko  there  was  a  sheet  of  breath- 
less calm. 

b.  Absolute  want  of  wind  :  often  in  pi.  calms. 
Region  0/  calms,  a  belt  of  the  ocean  near  the  equator, 

lying  between  the  regions  of  the  north-east  and  south-east 
trade  winds. 

1517  Torkington  Pilgr.  (1884)  57  We.  .fonde  the  wynde 
agens  vs  or  ellys.  .calmys.  1627  Capt.  Smith  Seaman's 
Gram.  x.  46  When  there  is  not  a  breath  of  wind  stirring,  it  is 
a  calme  or  a  starke  calme.  1709  Land.  Gaz.  No.  4547/2 
By  reason  of  Calms  he  could  not  come  up  with  them  'till 
the  6th.  1799  Med.  Jrnl.  I.  96  A  calm  prevailed,  and  the 
heat  was  extreme.  181a  J.  Wilson  Isle  0/  Palms  ill.  923 
Chain'd  in  tropic  calms.  1857  H.  Reed  Led.  Brit.  Poets 
II.  xii.  113  The  misery  of  a  dead  calm  beneath  a  torrid  sky. 

C.  Jig.  (to  a  and  b.)  of  social  or  political  con- 
ditions and  circumstances. 

1547  J .  Harrison  Exhort.  Scottes  210  The  stormes  of  this 
tempestious  worlde,  shall  shortely  come  to  a  calme.  1606 
Shaks.  Tr.  <$-  Cr.  1.  iii.  100  The  vnity  and  married  calme  of 
States.  1781  Cowfer  Friendsh.  xxiii,  Religion  should  . . 
make  a  calm  of  human  life,    a  1850  Calhoun  Wks.  (1874* 

IV.  24  Till  our  free  and  popular  institutions  are  succeeded 
by  the  calm  of  despotism. 

d.  Jig.  of  the  mind,  feelings,  or  demeanour ; 
=  Calmness. 
1606  Shaks.  Tr.  Cr.  iv.  i.  15  Our  blouds  are  now  in 
calme.  1719  De  Foe  Crusoe  (1840)  I.  xiv.  236  All  my  calm 
of  mind,  .seemed  to  be  suspended.  1807  Wordsw.  Soun. 
Lid.,  To  Clarkson,  A  good  man's  calm,  A  great  man's  happi- 
ness. 1879  Farrar  St.  Paul  II.  376  In  that  desperate  crisis 
one  man  retained  his  calm  and  courage. 

2.  attrih.  and  in  comb. 

1865  Intelt.  Observ.  No.  46.  253  The  'calm  belt'  of  the 
equator.  1886  Pall  Mall  G.  20  July,  Now  the  birds  are 
storm-makers,  and  in  another  moment  they  are  calm- 
bringers. 

t  Calm,  sb.2  Obs.  exc.  St.  Forms:  6  calme, 
cawm,  7  caulm,  8  calm,  cam.    Cf.  also  Came. 

1.  A  mould  in  which  metal  objects  are  cast.  Sc. 

1535  Sc.  Acts  Jas.  V  (18 14)  346  Twa  hagbutis  ..  with 
powder  and  cawmysforfurnessingof  the  samin.  1540  Ibid. 
1 1 597)  §  94  Ane  Hagbutte  of  Founde,  called  Hagbute  of 
Crochert,  with  their  Calmes,  Bullettes  and  pellockes  of  leed 
or  irone.  1599  in  Pitcairn  Crimin.  Trials  II.  75  Prenting 
in  calmis,  maid  of  trie,  fillit  vp  with  calk,  of  fals  adulterat 
money.  C1725  Orem  Hist.  Aberdeen  in  Bibl.  Top.  Brit. 
(1782)  V.  152  Three  hagbuts,  with  calms  of  stone.  1768 
Mauchline  Less.  Rec.  in  Old  Ch.  Life  Scotl.  (1885)  139  A 
set  of  Cams  or  moulds. 

b.  In  the  calms  (fig.)  :  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, in  the  state  of  preparation. 

a  1662  Baillie  Lett.  (1775)  II.  197  (Jam.)  The  matter  of 
peace  is  now  in  the  caulms. 

f  2.  An  enclosing  frame,  as  of  a  pane  of  glass. 

1577  Harrison  England  11.  xii.  (1877)  236  Some  ..  did 
make  panels  of  home  in  steed  of  glasse,  and  fix  them  in 
wood  den  calmes. 

3.  The  heddles  of  a  loom.    See  Caam. 
Calm  (kam)f  a.  Forms :  4-7  calme,  6  cawme, 

caulme,  (?came),  7-  calm.  [a.  F.  calme,  in  same 
sense  (15th  c.  in  Littre),  f.  calme  sb.    The  other 
langs.  have  not  the  adjective.] 
1.  Free  from  agitation  or  disturbance ;  quiet, 
still,  tranquil,  serene  ;  without  wind,  not  stormy. 

a.  lit.  of  the  weather,  air,  or  sea. 

£-1400  Destr.  Troy  2011  Stormes  were  stille-.All  calme  it 
become,  c  1440  Promp.  Pan.'.  58  Calme-wedyr,  malacia, 
calmacia.  1550  Joye  Exp.  Dan.  Ded.  A  ij,  The  same  sea 
.  .wyl  be  so  cawme  and  styll.  1573  Tusser  Husb.  {18781 125 
Get  home  thy  hawme,  whilst  weather  is  cawme.  i6ix  Bible 
Jonah  i.  12  So  shall  the  sea  be  calme.  1794  Sullivan  View 
Nat.  I.  63  The  sea  is  much  calmer,  .at  the  bottom,  than  in 
any  part  nearer  its  surface.  1856  Ruskin  Mod.  Paint.  IV. 
v.  xx.  §  6  The  sea.  .is  never  calm,  in  the  sense  that  a  moun- 
tain lake  can  be  calm.  1878  Huxley  Physiogr.  53  A  calm 
atmosphere  promotes  the  formation  of  dew. 

b.  spec.  Absolutely  without  wind. 

c-1440  Promp.  Pan>.$B  Calme  or  softe,  wythe-owte  wynde, 
calmus,  tranquillus.  1547  Boorde  Introd.  Knoivl.  i.  (1870) 
126  Although  a  man  stande  in  neuer  so  came  a  place.  1711 
Lond.  Gaz.  No.  4906/2  It  fell  stark  Calm. 

C.  trans/,  and  Jig.  of  sound,  utterance,  etc. ;  of 
the  mind,  feelings,  demeanour,  or  actions. 
Vol.  II. 


1570  Ascham  Scholem.  11.  (Arb.)  100  A.  .caulme  kinde  of 
speaking  and  writing.  1641  J.  Jackson  True  Evang.  T. 
1.  6  Sweet  and  calm  and  sociable  manners  and  conversation. 
1729  Butler  Semi.  Wks.  1874  II.  87  He  could  have  no 
calm  satisfaction.  1798  Coleridge  Anc.  Mar.  v.  xiii,  Be 
calm,  thou  Wedding-Guest !  1859  Thackeray  Virgin. 
xix.  147  He  tried  to  keep  his  voice  calm  and  without  tremor, 
1870  E.  Peacock  R .  Skirlaugh  III.  146  The  placid  river 
whose  calm  murmur  was  distinctly  audible, 
d.  Jig.  of  conditions  or  circumstances. 

1667  Milton/*.  L.  vl  461  Live  content,  which  is  the  calmest 
life.  1751  Johnson  Rambl.  No.  185  ?4The  calmest  mo- 
ments of  solitary  meditation.  1837  Hi.  Martineau  Soc. 
Amer.  II.  352  In  the  calmer  times  which  are  to  come.  1863 
Hawthorne  Old  Home,  Lond.  Suburb  (1879)  244  A  calm 
variety  of  incident. 

2.  Comb.,  as  calm-minded,  -mindedness. 

1599  Sandys  Europx  Spec.  (1632)  83  A  calme-minded 
hearer.  1820  Keats  Lamia  11. 158  With  calm-planted  steps. 
—  HyPer.  in,  38  The  thrush  Began  calm-throated.  iBSzPall 
Mall  G.  26  Oct.  1  Public  opinion  has  been  cursed  ..  with 
an  odious  malady  called  calm-mindedness. 

Calm  ;kam\  v.  Forms:  4-6  calme,  7-  calm, 
[f.  Calm  a.,  or  perh.  a.  F.  calme-r,  which  however 
is  only  trans.  Perh.  the  trans,  sense  was  really 
the  earlier  in  English,  though  evidence  fails  ;  the 
intrans.  is  not  in  Johnson.] 

1.  intr.  Of  the  sea  or  wind  :  To  become  calm. 
Obs.  exc.  with  down.    Also  Jig. 

1399  Langl.  Rich.  Redcless  111.  366  J>an  gan  it  to  calme 
and  clere  all  aboute.  .1400  Destr.  Troy  4587  The  course 
of  the  colde  see  calmyt.  1569  W.  Gibson  in  Farr's  A'. 
(1845)  II.  244  If  God  command  the  seas  to  calme.  1598 
W.  Phillips  Linschoten's  Trav.  in  Arb.  Garner  III.  22 
It  . .  raineth,  thundereth,  and  calmeth.  1599  Shaks.  Pass. 
Pilgr.  312  What  though  her  frowning  brows  be  bent,  Her 
cloudy  looks  will  calm  ere  night.  1684  Loud.  Gaz.  No. 
1982/2  The  wind  calming,  they  were  forced  to  give  over 
the  pursuit.  1877  Mrs.  Olifkant  Makers F lor.  xi.  1 1877)265 
The  excited  mass  calmed  down  under  this  wonderful  appeal. 

2.  trans.  To  make  calm ;  to  quiet,  still,  tran- 
quillize, appease,  pacify,  lit.  andyf^*. 

1559  Mirr.  Mag.,  Dk.  0/ 1  'ork  xxiv.  7  Right  shall  raigne, 
and  quiet  calme  ech  crime.  1593  Shaks.  3  Hen.  VI,  in. 
iii.  38  Renowned  Queene,  With  patience  calme  theStorme. 
1667  Milton  P.  L.  xii.  594  Go,  waken  Eve;  Her  also  I 
with  gentle  Dreams  have  calm'd.  1709  Lady  M.  W.  Mon- 
tague Lett.  Ixv.  107  [She]  can  also  . .  calm  my  passions. 
1783  Pott  Chirurg.  Wks.  II.  436  When .  .that  inflammation 
is  calmed.  1795  Southey  Joan  0/  Arc  1.  122  She  calm'd 
herself.  1841-44  Emerson  Ess.,  Heroism  Wks.  (Bonn)  I. 
no  It  may  calm  the  apprehension  of  calamity. 

T  3.  To  delay  (a  ship)  by  a  calm ;  to  becalm. 

1593  Shaks.  2  Hen.  VI,  iv.  ix.  33  A  ship  that,  having 
'scaped  a  tempest,  Is  straightway  calm'd  [1623  calme].  1604 
—~Oth.  1.  i.  30,  I  ..must  be  be-leed,  and  calm'd.  1753 
Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.  s.v.,  It  is  not  uncommon  for  the 
vessels  to  be  calmed,  or  becalmed,  as  the  sailors  express  it. 

Caiman t  (.karlmant,  ka-mant),  sb.  Med.  [a.  F. 
calmant,  pr.  pple.  of  calmer  ;  used  as  adj.  and  sb. 
in  medical  lang.  and  transferred.]  =  Calmative  sb. 

1811  Melusina  Trench  Leadbeater  Papers  II.  210  What 
females  call  work,  .is  a  sort  of  composer,  a  calmant  pecu- 
liarly useful,  .to  the  delicate  and  irritable  spirits  of  women. 
1862  Med.  Times  II.  390  Tobacco  has  always  had  the  repu- 
tation of  being  a  calmant  rather  than  a  stimulant.  1881 
Mrs.  Praed  Policy  §  P.  iii,  Prussic  acid,  .acted  as  a  speedy 
calmant. 

Calmative  (koe-l-mativ,  ka-m-),  a.  and  sb. 
Chiefly  Med.  [f.  Calm  v.  +  -ative.  (The  Latinic 
suffix  is  here  defensible  on  the  ground  of  the  It. 
and  Sp.  calmar,  F.  calmer:  but  cf.  -ative.)] 

A.  adj.    Having  a  calming  effect ;  sedative. 
1871  Napheys  Prev.     Cure  D is.  11.  v.  569  Cool  sponging 

of  the  body  is  grateful  and  calmative  in  delirium.  1875  H. 
Wood  Therap.  59  A  calmative  action  on  the  nervous  system. 

B.  sb.  A  medical  agent  which  quiets  inordinate 
action  of  an  organ ;  transj.  and  Jig.  anything 
which  has  a  calming  effect. 

1870  Pall  Mall  G,  5  Nov.  4  The  venerable  Professor  of 
Materia  Medica  tried  to  prescribe  a  calmative.  1875  H. 
Walton  Dis.  Eye  103  The  combination  of  iron  with  calm- 
atives and  sedatives.  1883  Brit.  Q.  Rev.  July  19  There  is  no 
more  effectual  calmative  to  the  irritable  nervous  system  than 
the  healthy  fatigue  of  sustained  labour. 

Calmed  (kamd,  poet  ka-med),  a.  [f.  Calm 
v.  +  -ED.]    Made  calm,  reduced  to  calmness. 

1590  Greene  Arcad.  (1616)  3The  Dolphines.  .fetcht  their 
carreers  on  the  calmed  waues.    1795  Southey  Joan  0/ Arc 
viii.  669  The  calm'd  ocean.    1877  Mrs.  Oliphant  Makers 
Flor.  iii.  (1877)  86  A  softened,  calmed  religious  twilight. 
+  b.  Detained  by  a  calm,  becalmed.  Obs. 

1634  in  Ld.  Campbell  Chancellors  (1857}  III.  lxiii.  251  For 
a  more  speedy  passage  of  calmed  ships. 

Calmer  (ka'maj).  [f.  Calm  v.  +  -ER1.]  One 
who  or  that  which  calms. 

1653  WALTON  Angier  33  Angling  was.  .a  calmer  of  unquiet 
thoughts.  1785  Keatinge  Trav.  (1817)1.265  The  duplica- 
tion of  the  sum  operated  as  a  calmer  to  his  mind.  1876  M , 
Arnold  Lit.  <y  Dogma  148  The  calmer  and  pacifier. 

t  Ca'lmewe.  Obs.  Also  5  caldmaw.  [Deriv. 
uncertain  ;  possibly  f.  cald,  Cold  +  Mew  (Sc.  maid) 
a  gull.  Cf.  Colmow.]  Some  sea-fowl ;  perhaps 
the  Winter  Mew,  or  Gull  in  its  immature  plumage. 

c  1430  Lydg.  Min.  Poems  (1840)  202  The  semewe  . .  Nor 
the  caldmawe,  nouthir  fat  nor  lene.  14. .  Piers  0/ Fnllh. 
356  in  Hazl.  E.  P.  P.  II.  15  The  lampwynkes  and  thise 
calmewes  That  sweme  on  wawes  whan  it  flowes,  And  som 
tyme  on  the  sondis  gone. 

tCa'lmey.  Obs.  [«.  G«r.  halmd.]  -  Calamine. 

I     1756  Nugent  Gr.  'Tour  {Netherl.)  I.  273  Near  this  place 


there  are  several  mines  of  lead,  coal,  vitriol,  and  calmey, 
or  lapis  calaminaris. 

Calming  (ka-mirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f.  Calm  v.  + 
-ING1.]    Stilling,  tranquillizing. 

1711  Shaftesb.  CItarac.  (1737)  II.  61  To  tend  . .  towards 
the  calmineof  the  mind.  1883  Daily  Neivs  10  July  4/7  Time 
works  wonders  in  the  calming  of  national  passions. 

Calming,///,  a.  [f.  as  prec  +  -ing-.]  That 
calms. 

«i853  Robertson  Led.  ii.  (1858)  62  A  question  not  alto- 
gether calming  in  these  days.  1858  Froude  Hist.  Eng. 
III.  xv.  328  A  calming  circular  to  the  justices  of  the  peace. 

Calmly  (ka-mli),  adv.  [f.  Calm  a.  +  -ly-.J  In 
a  calm  manner ;  tranquilly,  without  agitation. 

1597  Hooker  Feci.  Pol.  v.  Ixxix.  §  14  By  quiet  speech  did 
thus  calmly  disclose  itself.  1624  Capt.  Smith  Virginia  v. 
178  This  threatning  gust  passed  ouer  more  calmlier  then 
was  expected.  1671  Milton  P.  R.  nr.  43  To  whom  our 
Saviour  calmly  thus  replied.  1712  Addison  Sped.  No.  295 
p  1  When  her  Passion  would  let  her  argue  calmly.  1856 
Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1858)  I.  v.  424  They  ..  settled  them- 
selves calmly  down  to  transact,  .the  ordinary  business. 

Calmness  (,ka-mnes).  [f.  Calm  a.  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  calm  ;  stillness,  tran- 
quillity, quietness. 

a.  orig.  Absence  of  wind  :  now  Calm. 

1516  Pynson  Life  St.  Birgette  58  There  arose  anon  suche 
a  great  calmenes  that  in  a  lytell  smalle  Ilote  they  came.. to 
londe.  1548  Udall,  etc.  Erasm.  Par.  Luke  viii.  24  (R.) 
Immediately  shall  the  tempeste  be  tourned  into  calmnesse. 

b.  Stillness  of  the  sea  or  other  surface  of  water, 
of  the  atmosphere,  or  general  aspect  of  nature. 

1580  Baret  Alv.  C  40  Calmenesse  or  quietnesse  of  the 
sea.  1719  De  Foe  Crusoe  (18401  I.  i.  9  The  sea  was  re- 
turned to  its.  .settled  calmness,  i860  Tyndall  Glac.  1.  §  16. 
iu6  The  calmness  was  perfect. 

C.  trans/,  and  Jig.  Of  the  mind,  feelings,  or  de- 
meanour ;  of  conditions  and  circumstances,  etc. 

1561  T.  Norton  Calvin's  lust.  iv.  ii.  (1634^513  The  Church 
in  calmenesse  of  time  appeareth  quiet  and  free.  1597  Hooker 
Eccl.  Pol.  v.  Ixii.  §  18  Calmness  of  speech.  1699  Luttrell 
Brief  Rel.  IV.  538  The  dyet  goes  on  with  calnmtss<_-. 
1823  Lamb  Elia  11860')  153  The  Quakers  go  about  their 
business,  .with  more  calmness  than  we.  1883  Lloyd  Ebb 
Flow  1 1.  283  The  almost  rigid  calmness  of  his  features. 

Calm-stone,  var.  of  Cam-stone. 
Calmus,  obs.  form  of  Calami's. 
Calmy  (ka-mi),  a.  poet.  arch.   [f.  Calm  sb. 
(or  a.)  +  -T1.] 

1.  Characterized  by  calm  ;  tranquil,  peaceful. 

a.  of  the  air,  sea,  etc. ;  of  times  and  places. 
1587  Churchyard  Worth.  Wales  (1876)  107  When  Calmie 

Skyes  sayth  bitter  stormes  are  past.  1596  Spenser  F.  Q. 
ii.  xii.  30  A  still  And  calmy  bay.  1598  Tofte  Alba  (1S80) 
130  A  gentle  calmie  Winde.  1663  Cowley  Verses  $  Ess. 
(1669)  17  That  Sea,  where  she  can  hardly  say,  Sh'  has 
known  these  twenty  years  one  Calmy  day.  1725  Pope 
Odyss.  xv.  511  Six  calmy  days  and  six  smooth  nights.  1855 
Singleton  Virgil  I.  335  All  lies  settled  in  the  calmy  sky. 

b.  Jig.  of  thoughts,  feelings,  etc.  {rare.) 

1580  Sidney  Arcatlia  (1622)  256  My  calmie  thoughts  I 
fed  On  Natures  sweete  repast,  a  1649  Drummond  Wks. 
(1711)  12  Sleep.  .Had.  .left  me  in  a  still  and  calmy  mood. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  equatorial  calms. 
1818  Colebrooke  Import  Colon.  Corn  156  Enabling  them 

to  hasten  out  of  a  calmy  region. 

t  Calmy.  [cf.  Calmey.]    ?  Calamine. 

1658  A.  Fox  Wurtz'  Surg.  11.  xxiii,  Gray  Calmy  Stone. 

II  Caio.  Obs.  rare~l.    [L.]    A  camp-servant. 

1617  S.  Collins  Dc/ence  Bp.  Ely  B  ivb,  A  calo  of  that 
campe,  but  the  meanest  of  many. 

Calo-,  Gr.  ttaXo-  combining  form  of  koKqs  beau- 
tiful :  in  some  words  interchanging  with  Calli-. 

Calobash,  Calober,  obs.  ff.  Calabash,  -ber. 

t  Calodemcvnial,  a.  Obs.  nonce-wd.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  beautiful  or  good  spirits. 

1522  Skeltos  Why  uat  to  Courte  806  To  his  college  con- 
uenticall  As  well  calo  demonyall,  As  to  caco  demonyall. 

Ca-logram.  [f.  Gr.  /cd\u-s  cable  +  -gram.] 
A  suggested  substitute  for  Cablegram. 

1868  Let.  in  Daily  Neivs  29  Sept.,  'Cablegram*.,  is  a 
mongrel  and  unsatisfactory  term  ;  instead  of  which,  allow 
me  to  suggest  one  regularly  and  analogically  formed — 
'Calogram',  from  the  Greek  word  «aAiu?,  a  cable.  1879 
Ibid.  14  Oct.  6/2,  I  would  suggest  that  the  word  '  Calo- 
gram '  be  used  in  place  of '  Cablegram  '. 

Calo'graphy.  rare~1.  Inquot.kalo-.  [f.  Calo- 
+  -ypwpta  writing  {not  according  to  Greek  pre- 
cedents.] =  Calligraphy. 

1804  Southey  Lett.  (1856)  I.  206  An  amateur  of  Gothic 
kalography.    1847  in  Craig  ;  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

Calomel  (karUmel).  Chiefly  Med.  Also  8 
calamel.  [In  F.  calomel,  calomclas ;  according  to 
Littre  f.  Gr.  fca\6-$  fair,  beautiful  +  /«Aaj  black. 

Littre  says  '  so  called,  it  is  said,  because  the  chemist  who 
discovered  it,  saw  a  beautiful  black  powder  change  into  a 
white  powder  in  the  preparation.'  Chambers  (Cycl.  1727-51) 
s.v.  says  The  denomination  Calomel  rather  seems  to  have 
first  belonged  to  the  ^Ethiops  mineral ;  from  *aAo?(  putcher, 
fair  ;  and  txe\a<;,  niger,  black  :  for  that  white  or  pale  bodies, 
rubbed  herewith,  become  black.  Some^  will  have  it  first 
given  to  Mercurius  dulcis,  by  a  whimsical  chymist,  who 
employed  a  black  in  his  laboratory  ;  whose  complexion,  as 
well  as  that  of  the  mercury,  he  alluded  to  in  the  term :  the 
medicine  being  fair,  the  operator  black.'  Nothing  appears 
as  to  when,  where,  or  by  whom  the  name  was  given  ;  Littre 
calls  it  'ancien  nom'.] 

Mercurous  chloride,  or  *  protochloride*  of  mer- 
cury (Hg3  CI  2)  ;  a  preparation  much  used  in 


CALOPHANTIC. 


42 


CALPAC. 


medicine  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder  with  a 
yellow  tinge,  becoming  grey  on  exposure  to  light ; 
also  found  native  as  horn-quicksilver  in  crystals. 

1676  Wiseman  Surg.  ( J.)  Lenient  purgatives  with  calomel. 
17*7-51  Chambers  Cycl.,  Calomel,  in  pharmacy,  a  name 
given  to  Mercurius  dulcis,  further  sublimated  to  a  fourth 
time,  or  upwards.  1800  «M  Jrnl.  IV.  410,  I  have  been 
dissatisfied  with  the  general  and  indiscriminate  use  of 
Calomel  in  the  diseases  of  children.  1863  Kingsley  Water 
Bab.  v.  (1878)  229  She  dosed  them  with  calomel  and  jalap. 
1873  Watts  Ecnvnes'  Chem.  402  Pure  calomel  is  a  heavy, 
white,  insoluble,  tasteless  powder. 

atlrib.  1799  Med.  Jrnl.  L  466  The  calomel  pill  was  given 
morning  ana  evening. 

Calompniouse,  obs.  form  of  Calumnious. 
t  Calopha  ntic,  a.  1  nonce-wd.  [f.  Gr.  «aAo-s 

fair,  excellent  +  -tpavTr/s  shower  (f.  <ptuvtiv  to  show) 
+  -IO.J   Pretending  or  making  a  show  of  excellence. 

i6o»  Warner  Alt.  Eng.  ix.  liii.  (1612)  238  In  Calophan- 
tick  Puritaines. 

t  Calor,  -our.  Obs.  [L.  calor.]  Heat,  warmth. 

1599  *•  M.  Gabellwuer's  Bk.  Physic  31/2  With  a  gentle 
&  easye  calor  distille  it.  1611  Woodall  Surg.  Mate  Wks. 
(1653)  91  Of  a  moderate  or  temperate  calour.  a  1618 
Sylvester  Tobacco  Battered  517(1).)  The  other  drowns 
the  Calor  Natural!.    1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Calour. 

Calorescence  i  kael&resens).  Physics,  [f.  L. 
calor  heat ;  suggested  by  calcescence,  fluorescence. 
(Etymologically,  incorrect  in  form,  and  not  ex- 
pressing the  fact  to  which  it  is  applied.1]  Aname 
applied  (Jan.  18655  by  Prof.  Tyndall  to  the  change 
of  non-luminous  heat-rays  into  rays  of  higher 
refrangibility  so  as  to  become  luminous.  See  also 
Calck.scknce. 

1865  Tyndall  Heat  xiii.  (1870)  §  617  To  express  this  trans, 
mutation  of  heat  rays  into  others  of  higher  refrangibility,  I 
propose  the  term  calorescence.  1869  —  Notes  Lect.  Light 
§  248  In  calorescence  the  atoms  of  the  refractory  body  are 
caused  to  vibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  waves  which  fall 
upon  them  ;  the  periods  of  the  waves  are  quickened  by 
their  impact  on  the  atoms.  The  refrangibility  of  the  rays 
is,  in  fact,  exalted.  1881  Nature  XXIV.  56  Akin  gave  the 
name  of  calcescence . .  but  the  term  has  been  superseded  by 
Tyndall's  term  calorescence,  which  is  etymologically  un- 
fortunate, seeing  that  the  Latin  verb  is  calesco,  not  caloresco. 

Caloric  kahrrik).  Physics.  Also  8-9  -ique. 
[a.  V .  calorique  invented  by  Lavoisier  ,  f.  L.calor- 
cm  heat  +  -ique  ^  -ic] 

1.  The  name  given  to  a  supposed  elastic  fluid,  to 
which  the  phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  at- 
tributed. (Now  generally  abandoned,  with  the 
theory  to  which  it  belonged.) 

(1791  E.  Darwin  Hot.  Card.  1.  8  note.  This  elastic  matter 
of  heat,  termed  Calorique  in  the  new  nomenclature  of  the 
French  Academicians  ]  1791  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXII  88 
The  universally  diffused  caloric  or  matter  of  heat.  1801 
Month.  Mag.  XII.  581  The  laws  of  this  ca/orii/ue  (or  what- 
ever it  is  to  be  called).  1826  J.  Wilson  Noel.  Ambr.  Wks. 
1855  I.  84  Poor  Vulcan  has  recently  got  A  lingo  that's  almost 
historic  And  can  tell  you  that  iron  is  hot  Because  it  is  filled 
with  caloric.  1834  Mrs.  Somerville  Connex.  Phys.  Sc. 
xxv.  (1849)  238  The  rays  of  caloric  which  produce  the  sen- 
sation of  heat.  1864  Max  Muller  Sc.  Lang.  Ser.  11.  xii. 
579  Till  very  lately,  Caloric  was  a  term  in  constant  use,  and 
it  was  supposed  to  express  some  real  matter. 

2.  I'sed  simply  for  '  heat ' ;  also  Jig. 

1794  Pearson  in  Phil.  Trans.  LXXXIV.  386  Such  a  de- 
gree of  caloric  as  was  just  sufficient  to  melt  them.  1799 
Southey  NoneUscr.  iii.  Wks.  1 1 1. 63  A  wretch . .  Who  swells 
with  calorique.  1870  Kmerson  Soc.  *c  TriHf .  Eloquence 
Wks.  (Bohn)  III.  24  The  additional  caloric  of  a  multitude. 

3.  Comb,  oaloric-engine,  the  name  given  by 
Ericsson  to  his  improved  hot-air-engine. 

1853  in  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  V.  305  The  experimental 
trial  of  the  caloric-engine  vessel.  1883  Daily  News  10  Sept. 
2/1  Two  small  caloric  engines. 

Calorically,  adv.  rare~~x.  [f.  an  assumed 
adj.  *calorical  ( f.  Caloric)  +  -lt  -.J  In  the  man- 
ner of  heat,  as  heat. 

1869  Baring-Gould  Orig.  Relig.  Belie/  176  In  the  sun  it 
[Divine  power)  is  gathered  up  and  centred  to  act  lumin. 
ously,  calorically,  and  attractively. 

Caloricity  beUri-ftti).  Biol,  ff.  Caloric  + 
-ITY :  cf.  F.  caloricih'.]  The  faculty  in  living 
beings  of  developing  heat  so  as  to  maintain  nearly 
the  same  temperature  at  all  times. 

1836-9  Todd  Cycl.  Anal.  II.  651/1  Caloricity  or  the  power 
of  evolving  caloric. 

Caloriduct  I  kahrridnkO.  [f.  L.  color-cm  heat 
+  duct-us  conveyance,  after  aqueduct.]  A  tube  or 
channel  for  conducting  heat. 

1864  in  Webster. 

Calorie  (kae  loriX  Physics.  Also  calory-  [a. 
mod.F.  caloric,  arbitrarily  f.  L.  calor  heat.]  The 
French  conventional  unit  of  heat  ;  also  applied  to 
the  English  unit.    See  first  quot. 

1870  T.  L.  Phipson  tr.  Guillemin's  Sun  37  The  quantity 
of  heat  which  is  called  a  calorie  is  the  amount  required  to 
raise  1  kilogramme  of  water  i°  centigrade. .  In  England  the 
.  .calorie  is  sometimes  stated  to  be  the  quantity  required  to 
raise  1  lb.  of  water  from  6o°  to  6i°  Fahr.,  the  equivalent  of 
which  in  work  is  722  foot-pounds.  1880  Sature  XXI.  437 
I  he  amount  of  heat  received  from  the  sun  is  about  twelve 
calories,  per  square  metre,  per  minute. 

Calorifacient  (IclJ^riO'-ri&t),  a.  Phys. 
f  Formed  as  if  from  a  U  *calorifacientem,  pi.  pole, 
of  *calorifacere  (f.  calor-em  +  fac ere  to  make^ ;  but 


the  true  L.  type  was  *calorificare :  whence  calorify, 
calorifiant,  q.v]  Heat-producing. 

J854  Todd  &  Bowman  Phys.  Anat.  263  in  Circ.  Sc.  (1865) 
II.  21/2  Furnishing  food  to  the  calorifacient  process.  1867 
Pall  Mall  G.  19  July  16  The  purely  starchyor  calorifacient 
group  [of  foods]. 

Calorifiant  (kahrrifai:ant\  a.  [a.  mod.  F. 
calorifiant,  pr.  pple.  of  *calorifier,  repr.  L.  type 
*calorifiedre,  f.  calor  heat :  see  -FT.]     =  prec. 

i860  Worcester  cites  Thompson  ;  in  mod.  Diets. 

Calorific  (ktelori-fik),  a.  Physics,  [a.  F.  calo- 
rifique:—L.  calonfic-us  heat-making:  see  -PIC.] 

1.  Producing  heat. 

i68»  Grew  Anat.  Plants  (J.)  A  calorifick  principle  is 
either  excited  within  the  heated  body,  or  transferred  to  it. 
1686  Goad  Celest.  Bodies  11.  ii.  161  Luminous  and  Calorifique 
Bodies.  1861  H.  Macmillan  Footn.  Page  Nat.  197  The 
sunbeam  . .  divided  into  actinic,  luminous  and  calorific 
rays.  1869  Tyndall  Notes  Lect.  Light  §  246  The  non- 
luminous  calorific  rays  may  be  thus  transformed  into  lu- 
minous ones. 

2.  loosely.  Of  or  pertaining  to  heat  ;  thermal. 
181s  Sir  H.  Davy  Chem.  Philos.  67  Active  powers,  such 

as  gravitation,  cohesion,  calorific  repulsion  or  heat,  i860 
TrlCDALL  Glac.  I.  i  22.  151  To  make  good  the  calorific  waste. 

t  Calorifical,  a.  Obs.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -AL.]  =  prec. 

162©  Venner  Via  Recta  iv.  80  By  reason  of  their  moist 
and  calorificall  nature.  1635  Swan  Spec.  M.\.iz>  1643)  149 
Dew.  .is  of  a  calorifical]  nature. 

Calorifically,  adv.  [{.  prec.  +■  -ly2.]  By 
way  of  heating,  by  means  of  heat. 

1880  Contemp.  Rev.  Mar.  380  If  the  land  be  acted  upon 

calorifically. 

Calorification  (kaleTifik^'-fan).  Phys.  [a.  F. 
calorification,  n.  of  action  f.  L.  type  *caldrificdre  : 
see  Calorifiant.]  The  production  of  heat,  esp. 
in  living  animal  bodies. 

1836  Todd  Cycl.  Anat.  I.  804/2  Calorification  is  not  the 
only  function  that  may  survive,  .death.  1859  Ibid.  V.  471/2 
All  the  phenomena  of  excess  of.  .calorification. 

Calorifi  cient,  a.  [An  utterly  erroneous  form  ] 
•=  CALORIFACIENT.  In  mod.  Diets. 

Calorifier  (kaUrrifoiiai  .  [f.  Calorify  + 
-ER  '.]    A  name  of  an  apparatus  for  heating  air. 

1881  Daily  News  20  Oct.  2/3  In  winter  these  fans  will 
drive  a  current  of  air  over  '  calorifiers  '  into  the  courts. 

CalorifV  kahrrifai  ,  v.  [f.  I.,  calor-em  heat  + 
-FY-,  repr.  L.  type  *caldrificdre:  cf.  Calorifiant  ] 
trans.  To  make  hot.    (In  quot.  only  humorous.') 

1841  Eraser's  Mag.  XXIII.  219  Feeling  myself  then 
somewhat  calorified,  I  took  off  my  wig. 

Calorimeter  kaeldrimAan).  [f.  I.,  calor-em 
heat  +  -METER,  Gr.  pirpov  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  actual  quantities  of  heat,  or 
the  specific  heat  of  bodies. 

1794  G.  Adams  Nat.  fr  Exp.  Philos.  I.  viii.  321  Calori- 
meter, or  apparatus  for  measuring  the  relative  quantities  of 
fire  in  bodies.  1810  Henry  Elem.  Chem.  11826'  I.  109  La- 
voisier ascertained  that  equal  weights  of  different  com- 
bustible bodies  melt,  by  burning,  very  different  weights  of 
ice.  The  apparatus  which  he  employed,  .he  has  called  the 
calorimeter.  1881  Hill  in  Metal  World  No.  22.  342  Two 
distinct  forms  of  calorimeter  have  been  used,  one  tne  con- 
tinuous calorimeter,  .the  other  the  intermittent  calorimeter. 

Calorimetric  UUprinrtrfk  ,  a.  [f.  prec.  + 
-ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  calorimetry  ;  also  loosely 
used  for :  pertaining  to  the  measurement  of  tem- 
perature, tliermometric.    So  Calo  rime  trical  a. 

1864  in  Webster.  1876  tr.  Wagners  Gen.  Pathol.  655 
Exact  calorimetric  investigations.  1880  Nature  XXI.  273 
To  obtain  the  temperature  . .  by  a  well-known  calorimetric 
method.  1875  H.  Wood  Therap.  (18791  121  Various  calori. 
metrical  experiments. 

Calorimetry  kalori  metri  .  [f.  L.  aUfr-tm 
heat  +  Gr.  -purpia  measurement.]  The  measure- 
ment of  heat. 

185a  Lardner  Nat.  Phil.  iv.  (title)  Calorimetry.  1871 
Maxwell  Th.  ileal  ( 18771  9  The  method  of  measuring  heat 
may  be  called  Calorimetry.  t88a  Watts  Diet.  Chem.  III. 
18  The  measurement  of  temperature,  or  thermometry,  is  .. 
a  preliminary  to  the  measurement  of  heat,  or  calorimetry. 

Calorimotor  {kUftitafi  tilt),  [f.  L.  calor-em 
heat  +  motor  mover]  'A  voltaic  arrangement 
consisting  of  one  pair  or  a  few  pairs  of  very  large 
plates,  used  chiefly  for  producing  considerable 
heat  effects'  (Watts  Diet.  Chem.  I.  733). 

183a  Nat.  Philos.  II.  Galvan.  ii.  §  8  lU.  K.  S.)  The  first 
battery  of  this  kind  . .  constructed  by  Dr.  Hare,  professor 
of  chemistry  in  Philadelphia,  and  called  by  him  a  Calori- 
motor, from  its  remarkable  power  of  producing  heat. 

Calorist  (koe  lorist'l.  rare.  [f.  Calor-ic  +  -1ST.] 
One  who  held  that  heat  or  caloric  was  a  material 
substance.    Hence  Calori  stic  a. 

1864  -V.  Brit.  Rev.  Feb.  43  Any  able  Calorist.  maintain- 
ing the  materiality  of  heat.  Ibid.  6  The  Caloristic  idea  [of 
radiant  heat]  seems  to  have  been  exactly  analogous  to  the 
Corpuscular  Theory  of  Light. 

t  Calo  rous,  a.  Obs.  rare.  \(.  L.  calor-em  heat 
+  -OUS  ;  cf.  F.  ehaleureux.]  Warm. 

1737  Ozell  Rabelais  V.  232  Our  outward  Man  wants 
something  that 's  calorous. 

Calot,  var.  of  Cai.let.  Obs. 

Calotte  \kahrt).  Forms:  7  calot,  callott  e, 
callote,  7  8  eallot,  9  calotte,  [a.  V.  calotte,  ac- 
cording to  Littrc,  dim.  of  ca/e  caul  ] 

1.  A  plain  skull-cap ;  now  esp.  that  worn  by 


Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastics,  etc. ;  formerly  also 
the  coif  of  a  serjeant-at-law. 

16..  Songs  Costume  118491  135  Then  calot  leather-cap 
strongly  pleads.  163a  B.  Jonson  Magn.  Lady  I.  vii.  68  1  "he 
wearing  the  Callott ;  the  politique  hood.  1656  J.  Harring- 
ton Oceana  (17001  214  They  wore  black  velvet  Calots.  1670 
Lassels  Voy.  Italy  II.  388  An  ordinary  callotte  (or  cap 
which  we  wear  under  our  hats'.  1776  Pennant  Tours 
Scotl.  11.  243  A  head  of  Cardinal  Beaton,  black  hair,  smooth 
face,  a  red  callot.  1875  Ceremonial  Cath.  Ch.  U.  S.  137 
Should  any  wear  the  calotte,  it  is  taken  off  also  when  a 
genuflection  is  made  ;  when  the  deacon  sings  the  Gospel. 

2.  A  cap-like  set  of  feathers  on  a  bird's  head. 

1874  Coles  Birtls  N.-W.  616  Occiput  subcrested.  .forming 
a  calotte  of  brownish-black. 

||  3.  Any  thing  having  the  form  of  a  small  cap  ; 
the  cap  of  a  sword-hilt ;  the  cap  of  a  pistol,  etc. 
(Chiefly  Fr.  uses,  but  occas.  used  in  Eng.) 

1886  'I lines  3  Mar.  9/5  If . .  the  spherical  calotte  of  the 
German  system  were  put  out  of  shape  during  the  firing,  it 
is  doubtful  whether  the  firing  could  be  continued  with  the 
same  precision. 

||  4.  Arch.  (See  quot.) 

»7*7-5i  in  Chambers  Cycl.  1876  Gwilt  Archil.  Gloss., 
Calotte,  a  concavity  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  niche,  lathed  and 
plastered,  serving  to  diminish  the  height  of  a  chapel,  alcove, 
or  cabinet,  which  otherwise  would  appear  too  high  for  the 
breadth. 

||  5.  Any  segment  of  a  sphere,  especially  the 
smaller  of  two  unequal  segments.  (A  French 
sense  ;  but  given  in  some  Eng.  Diets.) 

Calotype  (ka-Wtaip),  sb.  Photography,  [f.  Gr. 
KaAof  beautiful  +  tvwos  type.]  The  name  given  by 
Fox  Talbot  to  the  process  of  producing  photo- 
graphs, invented  by  him  in  1841,  sometimes  also 
called  Talbotype.  The  picture  was  produced  by  the 
action  of  light  upon  silver  iodide,  the  latent  image 
being  subsequently  developed  and  fixed  by  hypo- 
sulphite of  soda.  Also  attrib.,  as  in  calotype  pro- 
cess, picture,  etc 

1841  Fox  Talbot  Specif.  Patent  No.  8842.  3  The  paper 
thus  prepared,  and  which  I  term  '  calotype  paper ',  is  placed 
in  a  camera.  1845  A  thenxum  22  Feb.  202  The  sharpness  of 
the  outline  of  the  Calotype  pictures  is  . .  inferior  to  that  of 
the  Daguerreotypes,  1881  Times  4  Jan.  3/5  Calotype,  or  the 
waxed  paper  process,  with  itsdevelopment  by  means  of  silver, 
superseded  the  daguerreotype,  in  which  the  image  was  de- 
veloped by  mercury  vapour  ;  and,  again,  calotype  . .  was 
ousted  . .  by  Archer  s  collodion  process,  in  which  the  paper 
picture  gave  way  to.  .glass  and  a  substratum  of  collodion. 

Hence  Calotypic  a.,  Caloty:pist. 

1854  Scopeern  in  Orr's  Circ.  Sc.  Chem.  88  Paper  suit- 
able for  taking  Calotypic  impressions.  1855  Browning 
Mesmerism  ix,  I  imprint  her  fast  On  the  void  at  last  As  the 
sun  does  whom  he  will  By  the  calotypist's  skill. 

Ca'lotype,  V*  [f-  prec.  sb. ;  cf.  to  photograph.'] 
trans.  To  represent  or  imprint  by  the  calotype 
process ;  to  photograph. 

1853  Blackiv.  Mag.  LXXIV.  754  Presenting  the  mind  to 
it  in  a  state  of  repose . .  a  blank  sheet  of  paper,  upon  which 
the  object  may  reflect  or  calotype  itself,  a  1879  M.  Collins 
in  Pen  Sk.  I.  exciv.  Who  could  calotype  Amy's  laugh? 

Calouh,  ealouwe,  obs.  forms  of  Callow. 
II  Caloyer  ,karhryaj).  Also  7  coloiero,  caloiro, 
caloieri,  caloier,  caloire,  9  kaloyeri.    [a.  F. 

caloyer,  ad.  It.  caloiero  (pi.  -ieri),  ad.  late  Gr. 
KnXuyrjpvs,  f.  xak&s  beautiful  +  fr/po-, -fypoi  in  comb, 
old,  aged,  i.e. '  good  in  old  age,  venerable'.  The 
It.  caloiero,  whence  Fr.  and  Eng.  immediately 
come,  has  i  for  palatal  7  (  -y  cons.).  The  accen- 
tuation is  shown  in  Hyron  quots.] 

A  Greek  monk,  esp.  of  the  order  of  St.  Basil. 

1615  G.  Sandys  Trav.ii  This  mountaine  is  only  inhabited 
by  Grecian  Monks  whom  they  call  Coloicros,  vntntermixed 
with  the  Laity.  1635  Pagitt  Christianogr.  1.  ii.  11636)47 
Dedicated  in  honor  of  St.  Basil,  to  the  Greeke  Caloicrs. 
1676  F.  Vernon  in  Phil.  Trans.  XI.  582  Now  there  is  "a 
Convent  of  Caloicri's  there  1682  Wheler  Journ.  Greece 
It.  194  His  usual  Habit  dtffereth  not  from  the  ordinary 
Caloyers,  or  Monks  of  the  Order  of  St.  Basil.  Ibid.  vi.  450 
They  consist  of  above  a  hundred  Caloiroes.  Ibid.  479  Here 
is  also  a  Convent  of  Caloires,  or  Greckish  Monks.  181a 
Byron  Ch.  liar.  11.  xlix.  The  convent's  white  walls  glisten 
fair  on  high.  Here  dwells  the  caloyer,  nor  rude  is  he,  Nor 
niggard  of  his  cheer.  1813  —  Giaour  786  How  name  ye  yon 
loneCaloyer?  1884  W.Carr  Monteneg  10  29  The  Vladika, 
the  black  caloyer  of  the  Czernagora. 

Calp  (k;vlp\  Mill.  [See  quot.  1862  ;  mod.F. 
has  also  calpi]  Local  name  of  a  species  of  dark- 
grey  limestone  occurring  in  Central  Ireland. 

1784  Kirwan  Min.  ied.  tT L  233  Calp,  or  black  quarry 
stone  of  Dublin.  Colour,  bluish  black,  or  dark  greyish  blue, 
variously  intersected  w  ith  veins  of  white  calcareous  spar, 
and  often  invested  with  the  same.  1803  Ann.  Re7'.  I.  872/2 
The  calp  quarries  are  situated  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Lucan  186a  Jukes  Stud.  Man.  Gcot.  512  This,  .has  been 
called  Calp  from  a  local  term  signifying  black  shale. 

Calpac,  calpack  (tarlpjek).  Also  kalpack. 
[Turk!  jLJj  qalpiiq  or  (jLJlJ  qdlpdq.]  A  felt 
cap  of  triangular  form,  worn  by  TurkJs,  Tartars, 
etc.  ;  also  an  oriental  cap  generally. 

1813  Byron  Giaour  716  'Tis  Hassan's  cloven  crest  !  His 
calpac  rent.  Note,  The  calpac  is  the  solid  cap  or  centre 
part  of  the  head-dress ;  the  shawl  is  wound  round  it,  and 
forms  the  turban.  1835  Willis  Pencillhigs  II.  xlvii.  71  The 
old  trader,  setting  his  huge  calpack  firmly  on  his  shaven 
head.  1871  Daily  Neit'S  10  Feb.,  The .  .  Persian  Ambassador 
.  .wearing  his  fur  kalpack. 


CALTHA. 


43 


CALUMNY. 


Hence  Calpacked       a.,  Wearing  a  calpack. 
1852  Willis  Summer  Cruise  Medit.  xxxvii.  223  Calpacked 
and  rosy  Armenians. 

Caique,  variant  of  Calk  v. 
Calsay,  calsey,  calsway :  see  Causeway. 
Calsoun,  var.  of  Calzoon. 
Calstock,  obs.  f.  Kale-stock,  and  Castock 
i/as/o'),  cabbage-stock. 
Calsydoyne,  obs.  f.  Chalcedony. 
II  Caltha  (kae-lha).  Bot.  [L.]  The  Marsh  Mari- 
gold ;  also  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs. 
'  1599  Cutwode  Caltha  Poet,  lxii,  To  buz  of  Caltha  now 
the  Bee  was  bold . .  For  now  no  more  he  cals  her  Marygold, 
But  newes  from  Lady  Caltha  he  is  bringing.  1718  Prior 
Poems  400  Wanting  the  Sun,  why  does  the  Caltha  fade? 
1882  Garden  10  June  404/3  The  richly  coloured  double 
yellow  Caltha. 
Calthrate  (Cockeram),  erroneous  f.  Clathrate. 
Caltrop  (ksE-ltrpp),  Caltrap.  Forms :  1  (?) 
coltetreeppe,  oaloatrippe,  3  calketrap,  3-5 
calketrappe,  4  calketreppe,  kalketrappe  ;  5 
ealletrappe,  5-6  caltrappe,  6  caltrope,  -troppe, 
-throppe,  calltrop,  calteroope,  7  ealthrap,  (6 
galtrope,  -troppe,  7  galtrap,  -trop,  -throp(e, 
gall-trappe,  -throp,  7-8  gall-trap) ;  7-9  cal- 
throp,  (5,  9  oalthorp),  5-  caltrap,  6-  caltrop. 
[ME.  calke-,  kalketrappe,  occurring  in  senses  1  and 
3  ;  OE.  coltetrmppe  (?  colcetreppe),  calcatrippe,  sense 
3  ;  corresp.  to  OF.  kaukctrape,  cauchetrepe  (caude- 
trepe)  Godefroy,  in  sense  3,  later  chauche-trape, 
chauces-trappes,  chausse-trape  Littre  (senses  1,  2, 
3),  which  point  back  to  an  orig.  catlike-,  caulce- 
trape,  cf.  obs.  It.  calcatrippa,  sense  3  ;  these  forms 
indicate  a  L.  type  *calcatrap(p)a  or  *calcitrap{p)a 
(the  latter  is  in  mod.  botanical  L.),  app.  f.  calc-em 
heel  +  trappa  trap,  gin,  snare  (a.  OHG.  trapo  trap, 
gin,  noose) ;  but  perhaps  in  cakatrappa  there  was 
an  association  with  calcdre  to  trample,  tread.  All 
the  earliest  examples  are  in  sense  3  ;  but  it  seems 
much  more  likely  that  the  name  should  have  been 
first  used  literally,  and  then  transferred  to  plants. 
The  mod.  Eng.  and  Fr.  sense  '  star-thistle '  is 
clearly  transferred  from  2.  As  a  plant-name  the 
word  appeared  (from  med.L.)  already  in  late  OE. ; 
sense  2  was  probably  adopted  from  French.  Gall- 
trap,  frequent  in  1 6-1 7th  c,  is  an  evident  popular 
etymology,  referring  to  the  galling  of  horses'  feet.] 
f  1.  A  trap,  gin,  or  snare,  to  catch  the  feet  of 
beasts,  of  horses  or  men  in  war,  and  the  like.  Obs. 
(Still  in  Fr.  in  sense  'wolf-trap'.) 
(Quots.  C1300  and  1393  lead  on  to  sense  2.) 
a  X300  Gloss.  Neekam's  Treat,  in  Wright  Voc.  1 1 1  Pedicam 
sive  deseipulam,  qua  lupi  eapiantur,  gloss,  calketrap.  c  1300 
K.  Alls.  6070  They  haden  ..  calketrappen  maden  ynowe, 
In  weyes  undur  wode  and  bowe,  Alisaundris  men  to  aqwelle. 
1340  Ayenb.  131  pise  wordle  bet  ne  is  bote  . .  a  forest  uol  of 
byeues  an  of  calketreppen  and  of  grines.  1393  Langl. 
P.  PI.  C.  XXI.  296  With  crokes  and  with  Kalketrappes  a- 
cloye  we  hem  echone.  c  1440  Promp.  Pan'.  59  Caltrap  of 
yryn,  fote  hurtynge,  hamus.  1830  Leitch  Mutter's  Anc. 
Art  §  391,  note  9  Psyche  maltreated  by  Eros,  singed  as  a 
butterfly,  .caught  in  a  caltrop. 

2.  Mil.  An  iron  ball  armed  with  four  sharp 
prongs  or  spikes,  placed  like  the  angles  of  a  tetra- 
hedron, so  that  when  thrown  on  the  ground  it  has 
always  one  spike  projecting  upwards :  Used  to 
obstruct  the  advance  of  cavalry,  etc. 

1519  Horman  Vttlg.  266  b,  They  hydde  pretely  vnder  the 
grounde  caltroppys  of  yron  tosteke  in  horse  or  mennys  fete. 
1577  Holinshed  Chron.  II.  57/1  The  Irishmen  had  strawed 
all  alongest  the  shore  a  great  number  of  caltrops  of  iron,  with 
sharpe  pricks  standing  vp,  to  wound  the  Danes  in  the  feet. 
1581  Marbeck  Bk.  of  Notes  164  They  did  cast  from  them 
their  Caltropes,  which  pricked  their  horses  in  the  feete  so 
sore,  that  down  came  the  Chariots,  horsemen  and  all.  1611 
Speed  Hist.  Gt.  Brit.  IX.  xiv.  (16321  777  The  murtherers  to 
preuent  pursuit,  strewed  galthrops  behinde  them.  1622  F. 
Markham  Bk.  War  UL  ix.  114  Foards  are  soon  choakt  up 
by  Calthropes.  a  1626  Fletcher  Love's  Pilgr.  1.  i,  I  think 
they  ha'  strewed  the  High-waves  with  caltraps,  No  horse 
dare's  pass  'em.  1659  Hammond  Paraphr.  Matt.  xi.  6  Sharp 
stakes  or  other  instruments  to  wound  or  gall  the  passengers, 
which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Gall-trappes.  1816  Scott 
Antiq.  iii T  Ancient  calthrops.  .dispersed  by  Bruce  to  lacerate 
the  feet  of  the  English  chargers.  1858  O.  W.  Holmes  Aut. 
Break/.  T.  (1883)  255  One  of  those  small  ealthrops  our 
grandfathers  used  to  sow  round  in  the  grass  when  there 
were  Indians  about, — iron  stars. 

a  I555  Ridley  Wks.  368  The  devil's  galtropes  that  he 
casteth  in  our  ways  by  some  of  his  busyheaded  younkers. 
1607  Dekker  Wh.  Babylon  Wks.  1873  II.  224  If euer  I  come 
backe  He  be  a  Calthrop  To  pricke  my  countries  feet,  that 
tread  on  me.  1876  J.  Weiss  Wit,  Hum.  $  Shaks.  ii.  57  So 
he  is  a  caltrop  in  men's  path,  with  a  spike  always  upper- 
most to  impale  the  over-hasty  feet. 

fe.  attrib.,  as  in  caltrop-thistle,  -grass. 

1597  Gerard  Herbal  1.  xiv.  18  Wee  may  call  it  in  English, 
Round  headed  Caltrope  Grasse.  1603  Holland  Plutarch's 
Mor.  59  With  Calthrap-thistles  rough  and  keen. 

3.  Herb.  Now  usually  Caltrop  :  A  name  given 
to  various  plants  that  catch  or  entangle  the  feet, 
or  suggest  the  instrument  described  in  2.  Applied 
in  OE.  to  brambles  or  buckthorn,  and  apparently 


to  Eryngo  or  Sea-holly;  by  16th  c.  herbalists  to  j 
Star-thistle  {Centaurca  Calcitrapa)  from  its  round 
head  garnished  with  long  radiant  spines  ;  also  by 
translators  to  the  spiny-seeded  Tribulus  terrestris 
(Land  Caltrops)  of  Southern  Kurope.  b.  "Water 
Caltrops,  a  name  for  Potamogeton  densus  and  P. 
crispus,  which  tend  to  entangle  swimmers ;  also 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  instrument  (sense  2)  for 
the  seed  of  Trapa  natans  of  Southern  Europe. 

c  1000  Ags.  Voc.  in  Wr.-Wulcker  269  Ramnus,  colte- 
tra;ppe,  pefanSom.  a  txoo  Ibid.  298  Heraclea,  calca- 
trippe. c  1265  Ibid.  557  Tribulus  marinus,  calketrappe, 
seabistel.  a  1387  Sinon.  Bart  hoi.  in  A  need.  Oxon.  37  Sali- 
unca,  wilde  popi  {marg.  calketrappe).  c  1440  Pro infi.  Parv. 
58  Caltrap,  herbe,  saliuuca.  1578  Lyte  Dodoens  iv.  lix.  521 
This  herbe  is  now  called  in  . .  English,  Starre  Thistel,  or 
Caltrop.  1597  Gerard  Herbal  II.  ccxeviii.  825  Most  do  call 
the  fruit  of  this  caltrops  castanex  aqnatiles  [  =  F.  chdtaigne 
d'eau,  fruit  of  Trapa  natans].  1611  Cotgr.,  s.v.Achantique 
. .  Calthrop,  or  Star-thistle.  1671  Salmon  Syn.  Med.  111.  xxii. 
437  Tribulus  TpijSoAo?  Caltrop,  abates  inflamations.  1727 
Bradley  Fam.  Diet,  s.v.,  Land  Caltrop,  .the  Seeds  are  in- 
closed in  a  Fruit  that  is  furnish'd  with  several  Prickles,  and 
resembles  the  Cross  of  Malta.  1855  Singleton  Virgil  I.  80 
Succeeds  a  prickly  wood  And  burrs  and  caltrops.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.  s.v.  Trapa,  The  very  singular  four-homed  fruits 
of  the  European  species  of  Trapa  (T.  natans'* . .  have  been 
compared  to  the  spiked  iron  instruments  called  caltrops., 
growing  in  water,  it  is  commonly  called  the  Water  Caltrops. 

t  Ca'ltrop,  v.  Obs.~°    In  5  caltrappyn.  [f. 
the  sb.]    trans.  To  catch  or  trap  with  a  caltrop. 

c  1440  Promp.  Parv.  59  Caltrappyn,  hamo. 

Calubur,  obs.  form  of  Calabeb. 

Calumba  (kalfmba).  Med.  Formerly  also 
calomba,  calumbo,  -ombo,  columba,  -umbo, 
-ombo.  [f.  Colombo,  in  Ceylon.  '  So  called  from 
a  false  impression  that  it  was  supplied  from  thence  * 
(M.  T.  Masters  in  Treas.  Bot.  636).] 

The  root  of  Jateorhiza  palmata  (or  Coccolus 
palmatus)  N.  O.  Menospermacex,  a  plant  indi- 
genous to  the  forests  of  Mozambique,  used  in 
medicine  as  a  mild  tonic  and  stomachic. 

181 1  Hooper  Med.  Diet.,  Columbo  . .  the  root  formerly  so 
called  is  now  termed  Calumba  in  the  London  pharmacopoeia 
..As  an  antiseptic,  Calumba  root  is  inferior  to  the  bark. 
1876  Harley  Mat.  Med.  724  Calumba  is  indigenous  to  the 
forests  of  Eastern  Africa,  where  it  climbs  to  the  tops  of  the 
loftiest  trees.  1883  CasselTs  Fam.  Mag.  Aug.  555/2  'lake 
some  of  the  milder  bitter  tonics— infusion  of  calumba,  for 
instance. 

Hence  Calu'mbin  [see  -in],  Caltvmbic  acid 
[see  -ic],  bitter  substances  found  in  Calumba  root. 

1837  Penny  Cycl.  VII.  306/2  The  active  principle  Calum- 
bine..may  be  obtained  either  by  alcohol  or  aether.  1876 
Harley  Mat.  Med.  725  Calumbin  is  the  principal  constitu- 
ent.  Ibid.  Calumbic  acid  is  a  yellow  amorphous  substance. 

Calumet  (karli^met).  [a.  F.  calumet  (Nor- 
man form  of  chalumet),  given  by  the  French  in 
Canada  to  plants  of  which  the  stems  serve  as  pipe- 
tubes,  and  to  the  Indian  pipe.  A  parallel  form  to 
chalumeau,  in  OF.  chalemel=Vr.  calamel :— L.  ca- 
lamellus,  dim.  of  calamus  reed.  The  u  in  chalu- 
meau began  in  the  i6thc,  and  chalumet,  calumet, 
was  evidently  modelled  on  it  in  the  17th  c. 

Charlevoix  (1721)  says  '  Le  calumet  est  un  mot  Normand, 
qui  veut  dire  chalumeau,  et  est  proprement  le  tuyau  d'une 
pipe.'] 

A  tobacco-pipe  with  a  bowl  of  clay  or  stone,  and 
a  long  reed  stem  carved  and  ornamented  with 
feathers.  It  is  used  among  the  American  Indians 
as  a  symbol  of  peace  or  friendship.  To  accept 
the  calumet  is  to  welcome  terms  of  peace  offered, 
to  refuse  it  is  to  reject  them. 

[1638  Jesuit  Relations  35  Jamais  lis  ne  tlrent  aucune  con- 
clusion que  le  calumet  a  la  bouche.  1673  Marquette  Voy. 
Mississippi  (Recit.  des  Voy.  en  1673,  ed.  Lenox  54)  II  y  a  un 
calumet  pour  la  paix,  et  un  pour  la  guerre.]  1717  Atlas 
Geogr.  V.  780  They  send  5,  10,  or  20  Warriors  to  the 
Enemy,  with  the  great  Calumet  of  Peace.  .  .This  Calumet 
is  only  a  Tobacco-Pipe  described  by  La  Hontan,  etc.  1754 
World  II.  No.  102.  264  The  French  desired  to  smoak  the 
calumet  of  peace.  1778  Robertson  Amer.  I.  iv.  393  The 
ambassadors  present  the  calumet  or  emblem  of  peace.  1841 
Catlin  N.  Amer.  Ind.  (1844)  I.  xxix.  235  The  calumet  or 
pipe  of  peace . .  is  a  sacred  pipe  and  never  allowed  to  be  used 
on  any  -other  occasion  than  that  of  peace-making.  1849 
Thackeray  in  Scribner's  Mag.  (18S7.1  I.  552/2»  I  wanted  to 
have  gone  to  smoke  a  last  calumet  at . .  Port  man  Street.  1855 
Longf.  Hiaw.  1,  Smoke  the  calumet  together,  And  as 
brothers  live  henceforward  ! 

t  Calumner.  Obs.  [irreg.  f.  Calumny  (cf. 
astronom-er).    See  Calumnier.]    A  calumniator. 

1614  Lodge  Seneca,  Life  vi,  Senecas  calumners,  saith  he, 
accuse  him  of  diuers  crimes.  1675  J.  Smith  Chr.  Relig. 
Appeal  11.  38  (1*0  The  calumners  of  Lysimachus. 

Calumniate  (kalzrmni^'t),  v.  [f.  L.  calum- 
nidt-  ppl.  stem  of  calumniari ;  see  -ate  3.  Cf. 
1 6th  c.  Fr.  calomnier.-] 

1.  trans.  To  asperse  with  calumny,  utter  ca- 
lumny regarding  ;  to  accuse  or  charge  falsely  and 
maliciously  with  something  criminal  or  disreput- 
able ;  to  slander. 

1554  Bp.  Hooper  in  Strype  Eccl.  Mem.  III.  App.  xxiv.  67 
So  that  hatred  unto  the  trewth  dyd  alwayse  falsly  reporte 
and  calumniate  all  godly  mens  doinges.  1611  Bible  I'ref.i 
marg.,  The  highest  personages  have  been  calumniated. 
1620  N.  Brent  tr.  Sarpis  Hist.  Council  Trent  (1676)  480 


Mantua  was  . .  calumniated  to  be  ill  affected.  1718  Free- 
thinker No.  2.  12  He  was  never  heard  to  Calumniate  his 
Adversary  for  want  of  Argument.  1837  Whewell  Hist. 
Induct.  Sc.  (1857)  I.  309  We  must  not  calumniate  even  the 
Inquisition. 

b.  inlr.  (absol.)  To  utter  calumnies. 

1606  Shaks.  Tr.  <y  Cr.  v.  ii.  124  Deceptious  functions 
Created  onely  to  calumniate.  1699  BENTLEY  I'hal.  Pref.  27 
The  Editor  and  his  Witnesses  may  calumniate  as  they  please. 

f  2.  To  charge  (a  thing)  calumniously  against  a 
person.  Obs.  rare. 

1648  Eikon  Bos.  xii.  95,  I  thought,  that  . .  the  gaining 
of  that  respite  could  not  be  so  much  to  the  Rebels  advantages 
(which  some  haue  highly  calumniated  against  mel. 

Calumniated  .kalfmnij^ttd),  ppl.  a.  [f. 
prec.  +-ed.]    Aspersed  with  calumny,  slandered. 

1793  W.  Robekts  Looker-on  No.  67  The  calumniated,  like 
a  city  taken  by  night,  are  slain  in  their  sleep.  1828 1)' Israeli 
Chas.  I,  I.  xii.  331  It  requires  . .  more  zeal  to  defend  the 
calumniated  than  care  to  raise  the  calumny.  1848  Macau- 
i.ay  Hist.  Eng.  II.  216  The  calumniated  Latitudinarians. 

Calumniating  (kal»*mni|^tirj),  vbl.  sb.  [f. 
as  prec.  + -ing  The  action  of  slandering  or 
defaming.    (Now  gerundial.) 

1659  Genii.  Call.  (1696)  7  A  wronging,  a  calumniating 
even  of  the  very  Devil.  1855  Macaulay  Hist.  III.  24  Ca- 
lumniating and  ridiculing  the  Church  which  he  had  deserted. 

Calu  mniating,  ppl-  a.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -inq 

That  calumniates,  slandering. 

1606  Shaks.  Tr.  Cr.  m.  iii.  174  Loue,  friendship,  charity, 
are  subjects  all  To  enuious  and  calumniating  time.  1711 
Brit.  Apollo  III.  No.  154.  3/1  Calumniating  Tongues. 

Calumniation  (kal^mni^jbn).  [n.  of  action 
f.  Calumniate.    Cf.  F.  calomniation  \\^\\\  c.).] 

1.  The  action  of  calumniating  ;  slandering  ;  mali- 
cious detraction. 

1548  Hooper  Decl.  10  Commandm.  Pref.,  Clear  and  free 
from  misconstruing  and  calumniation  of  such  sycophants, 
etc.  1603  Knolles  Hist.  Turks  (1621)  1051  By  the  calum- 
niation of  the  envious.  1726  Aylifee  Parerg.  25  Calumnia- 
tion, .a  Malicious  and  False  Representation  of  an  Enemys 
Words  or  Actions  for  an  Offensive  Purpose. 

2.  A  libellous  report,  a  slander,  a  calumny. 

1588  Let.  in  Hart.  Misc.  (1809)  II.  67  With  many  more 
such  matters  (which  I  nevertheless  count  to  be  very  vain 
calumniations'.  1601  Holland  Pliny  II.  483  A  notable 
calumniation  framed  against  him.  1755  Carte  Hist.  Fug. 
IV.  184  By  their  calumniations  against  his  majesty. 

Calumniator  (kalymniif'toj).  In  7  also  -er, 
-our.  [a.  L.  calumniator,  n.  of  agent  f.  calumni- 
ari; see  Calumniate  and  -ok.  Cf.  16th  c.  F. 
calomniatcur.l   One  who  calumniates  ;  a  slanderer. 

1549  Compl.  Scot.  iv.  31  The  peruerst  opinions  of  inuyful 
calumniaturis  ande  of  secret  detrackers.  a  1563  Becon  Neiu 
Catech.  iv.  (1844)  185  Satan.. is  called  'the  tempter',  'the 
calumniator  or  quarrel-picker ',  and  '  the  accuser  of  the  bre- 
thren'. 1663  Cowley  Verses  $  Ess.  (1669)85  The  Calum- 
niators of  Epicurus  his  Philosophy.  1848  Macaulay  Hist. 
Eng.  II.  148  To  appoint,  as  his  successor,  his  rival  and 
calumniator,  Tyrconnel. 

Calumniatory  (kalzrmni^tSTi),  a.  [f.  L. 
type  ^  c alumni  at  ori-us,  f.  calumniator :  see  -oitY.] 
Slanderous,  calumnious.  % 

1625  Bp.  Mountagu  App.  Cxsar  17  Your  selves  have  re- 
lated it  in  your  calumniatory  Information.  1836  Random 
Recoil.  Ho.  of  Lords  xv.  366  Never  did  personality,  or  any- 
thing calumniatory  of  an  opponent  escape  his  lips. 

tCalu'mnier.  Obs.  rare-1.  =  Calumniator. 

1586  Whetstone  Eng.  Mirr.  165  Yea  these  calumniers 
and  lybellers  . .  slaunder  their  owne  knowledge. 

fCalumning,  vbl.  sb.  Obs.  rare-1 .  [irreg. 
var.  calumnying  \  cf.  calumner.']  Calumniating. 

1541  Wyatt  Let.  Privy  Council  248  Touching  the  Bishop 
of  London  and  Haynes'  calumning  in  this  matter. 

Calumnious  (kahrmnias),  a.  Also  5  calomp-, 
6  calumpniouse.  [ad.  L.  calumnidsus,  f.  calum- 
nia :  see  Calumny  and  -ous.  But  perh.  Caxton 
took  it  immediately  from  a  15th  c.  F.  calompnieuxy 
-euse  (though  Littre  has  it  only  from  16th  c.).] 
Characterized  by  calumny  ;  of  the  nature  of  calum- 
ny or  of  a  calumniator;  slanderous,  defamatory. 

Hgo  Caxtox  Eueydos  xxvii.  98  Dydo  seeng  the  first  open- 
yng  of  the  daye  sore  besi  to  chasse  the  tenebres  calompniouse 
away.  1508  Fisher  Sev.  Pcnit.  Ps.  Wks.  266  This  calum- 
nyous  vyce  of  enuy.  1601  Shaks.  All's  Well  1.  iii.  61  A 
foule  mouth'd  and  calumnious  knaue.  1667  Milton  P.  L. 
v.  770  With  calumnious  Art  Of  counterfeted  truth.  1711 
Steele  Sped.  No.  151  ?  7  He  has  been  ..  unmercifully 
calumnious  at  such  a  Time.  1855  Macaulay  Hist.  Eng. 
IV.  225  It  might  be  true  that  a  calumnious  fable  had  done 
much  to  bring  about  the  Revolution.  1871  Morley  Voltaire 
(1886'  99  A  calumnious  journalist. 

Hence  Calii'mniously  adv.,  Calti-mniousness. 

1625  Bp.  Mountagu  App.  Cxsar  26  Dealing  ..  so  insin- 
cerely and  calumniously.  1652  Gaule  Magastrcm.  350 
[She]  most  calumniously  charged  the  vertuous  Queen  with 
her  own  sorcerous  act.  1633  Bp.  Morton  Discharge  Im- 
putat.  159  (R-)  The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not 
calumniousness. 

f  Ca'lumnize,  v.  Obs.  [ad.  med.L.  calum(p) 
nizd-re  or  1 5-1 6th  c.  F.  calompnise-r  \  f.  L.  calum- 
nia  :  see  -ize.]    trans.  To  calumniate. 

1606  Warner  A  lb.  Eng.  xv.  xcviii.  388  Saints,  vnsanctified, 
that  also  sturre  the  State,  Calumnize  Church,  our  Lkurgie, 
and  Rites  in  criticke  rate.  1636  Heywood  Challenge  iv.  i. 
Wks.  1874  V.  54,  I  have  callumnis'd  Your  fame,  a  1723 
D'Urfey  Athen.  Jilt  (D.)  Rather  than  calumnize  the  king. 

Calumny  (ksedamni).  [ad.  L.  calumnia  and 
F.  calomnie  (15th  c.  in  Littre).] 

6-2 


CALUMNY. 


44 


CALVING. 


1.  False  and  malicious  misrepresentation  of  the 
words  or  actions  of  others,  calculated  to  injure 
their  reputation  ;  libellous  detraction,  slander. 

1564  Q.  Eliz.  in  Froude  Hist.  Eng.  (1863)  VIII.  103  Ca- 
lumny will  not  fasten  on  me  for  ever.  i6oz  Shaks.  Ham. 
111.  i.  141  He  thou  as  chast  as  Ice,  as  pure  as  Snow,  thou 
shalt  not  escape  Calumny.  1611  —  Ivint.  T.  11.  i.  72  The 
Shrug,  the  Hum,  or  Ha  (these  Petty-brands  That  Calumnie 
doth  vset.  1751  Johnson  Rambl.  No.  144  F6  Calumny  is 
diffused  by  all  arts  and  methods  of  propagation.  1838 
Thirlwall  Greece  V.  xl.  118  His  conduct  ..  had  given  a 
handle  for  calumny. 

2.  A  false  charge  or  imputation,  intended  to 
damage  another's  reputation  ;  a  slanderous  report. 

t  1611  Chaiman  Iliad  xx.  iR.)  What  then  need  we  vie 
calumnies,  like  women  that  will  weare  Their  tongues  out. 
1675  Baxter  Cath.  Thtol.  11.  1,  108  The  Synod  of  Dort  re- 
jecteth  your  accusation  as  a  Calumny.  1751  Johnson 
Rambl.  No.  183  p  7  To  spread  suspicion,  to  invent  calum- 
nies, to  propagate  scandal,  requires  neither  labour  nor 
courage.  1836  <1ilbert  Chr.  Atonem.  vi.  11852)  168  A  ca- 
lumny against  the  revealed  character  of  God. 

t  Calu  mny,  v.  Obs.  [a.  F.  calomnier  ;i6th  c. 
in  Littre),  ad.  late  L.  calumnidre  for  classical 
calumpnidri  to  Calumniate.  Cf.  calumniery  etc.] 
To  calumniate.    Hence  Calumnying  vbl.  sb. 

1563  Foxe  in  Latimer's  Serin.  A>  Rem.  (1845*  Introd.  10 
Changing  his  old  manner  of  calumnying  into  a  diligent  kind 
of  conferring,  etc. 

I  Calvair.  Obs.  rare~\  [a.  F.  calvaire  '  the 
(bare)  skull  or  skalpe  of  the  head  '  (Cotgr.  ,ad.  L. 
calvaria  skull  (see  below,.]    A  skull. 

t  1430  Pal/ad.  on  Husb.  1.  984  The  calvair  of  an  horsed 
asse  or  mare,  Sette  that  uppe. 

Calvar,  aj>p.  erroneous  f.  Caravel,  q.  v. 

1590  Greene  OrL  Fur.  115991  4  Stately  Argosies,  Caluars, 
and  Magars,  hulkes  of  burden  great. 

II  Calva  ria,  calva  rium.  Anal.  [L.  calva- 
ria skull,  f.  catv-its  bald-headed,  bare,  calva  the 
scalp.  The  form  in  -urn  is  modern  and  not  of 
Latin  authority.]  '  That  portion  of  the  skull 
which  is  above  the  orbits,  temples,  ears,  and  occi- 
pital protuberance*  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 

1398  Trevisa  Rarth.  De  P.  R.  v.  iv.  114951  108  Caluaria 
the  formest  partye  of  the  skulle  hath  that  name  of  balde 
bones.  1866  Huxley  Preh.  Rem.  Caithu.  88  The  calvaria 
is  remarkable  for  the  projection  of  the  supraciliary  ridges. 
1882  Owen  in  Longm.  Mag.  I.  64  What  is  posed  as  the 
'  Neanderthal  skull '  is  the  roof  of  the  brain-case,  or  'cal- 
varium  '  of  the  anatomist. 

Calvarial  kcelveVrial),  a.  Anal.  [f.  L.  cal- 
varia +  -AL.]    Of  or  belonging  to  the  calvaria. 

1866  Huxley  Prrh.  Rem.  Caithn.  135  The  calvarial  sutures. 

Calvary  (kse'lv&ri).  [a.  L.  calvaria  skull, 
used  to  translate  Aram.  j^^a^^C^''/''  or 
gogolpd  'the  skuir  Heb.  n'jaVa  gulgolep  skull, 
poll),  in  Gr.  transliteration  yoKyoOd,  the  name  of 
the  mount  of  the  Crucifixion,  near  Jerusalem.] 

1.  The  proper  name  of  the  place  where  Christ 
was  crucified.  (Rendered  in  OE.  Headpan-slaw.) 
Also  used  generically. 

<  1000  Ags.  Gasp.  Luke  xxiu.  33  Hi^  comon  on  ba  stowe 
be  is  xenemned  caluarie  bait  is  heafod-pannan  stow.  —  Matt. 
xxvii.  31  Golgotha,  bat  ys,  heafod-pannan  stow.  1382  \\  . 
Luke  xxiii.  33  And  aftir  that  thei  camen  in  to  a  place,  which 
is  clepid  of  Caluarie  [1388  Caluerie],  —  Matt,  xxvii.  33 
Clepid  Golgatha,  that  is,  the  place  of  Caluarie.  1878  Geo. 
Eliot  Coll.  Break/.  P.  293  A  Calvary  where  Reason  mocks 
at  Love.  1878  N.  A  mer.  Rev.  342  A  new  Calvary  and  a  new 
Pentecost  in  reserve  for  these  coheritors  of  the  doom. 

2.  [F.  calvaire']  in  A'.  C.  Ch.  a.  A  life-size 
representation  of  the  Crucifixion,  on  a  raised  ground 
in  the  open  air ;  b.  A  series  of  representations,  in 
a  church  or  chapel,  of  the  scenes  of  the  Passion. 

1717  51  Chambers  Cycl.,  Calvary,  a  term  used  in  catholic 
countries  for  a  kind  of  chapel  of  devotion,  raised  on  a  hillock 
near  a  city. .  Such  is  the  Calvary  of  St,  Valerian,  near  Paris ; 
which  is  accompanied  with  several  little  chapels,  in  each 
whereof  is  represented  in  sculpture  one  of  the  mysteries  of 
the  passion.  1815  M.  A.  Schimmelpenninck  Demol.  Port 
Royal  III.  206  She  also  took  her  for  three  weeks  to  the 
calvary  of  the  Luxembourg.  1846  K.  Hart  Reel.  Records 
(ed.  a)  323  Of  the  Golgotha,  or  Calvary,  which  represented  on 
a  large  scale  the  circumstances  of  the  Passion,  with  images 
of  S.  Mary  and  S.  John,  our  Saviour  on  the  Cross,  and 
sometimes  the  two  thieves,  grouped  in  the  open  air,  we  have 
no  English  example.  1884  Harper's  Mag.  Nov.  852/1  By 
the  side  of  the  high-road,  .is  one  of  those  calvaries  so  as- 
sociated with  the  landscape  of  Catholic  countries. 

3.  Calvary  clover,  a  name  for  Medicago  echinus  \ 
Calvary  cross,  cross  Calvary,  in  JYer.y  a  cross 
mounted  on  a  pyramid  of  three  grises  or  steps. 

1 88a  Garden  2  Sept.  220/2  Calvary  Clover  . .  makes  a  very 
pretty  basket  plant.  1678  in  Phillips  App.y  A  Cross  Calven. 
WS0^  Bailey,  Calvary  iin  Heraldry) as  across  calvary,  is 
set  on  steps  to  represent  the  Cross  on  which  our  Saviour 
suffered.  18x6  Kirbv&  Si-.  Entomol.  (1828)  III.  xxxiv.  483 
The  front  is  nearly  the  shape  of  a  Calvary  cross.  1863  I). 
Wilson  Preh.  Ann.  Scot.  II.  458  Engraved  with  floriated 
or  Calvary  Cross. 

Calve,  obs.  form  of  C  alp. 

Calve  (kav),  vA  Also  5  calfe,  5-6  calue,  7 
calf,  (9  dial,  cauve).  [OE.  ccalfian,  f.  cealfC\\,v 
sbA  ;  cf.  the  corresp.  MHG.  kalbcn,  Du.  kalven, 
Sw.  kalfva,  Da.  halve.    See  sense  3.] 

1.  intr.  To  give  birth  to  a  calf.  Saidofkinc, 
deer,  etc.  ;  cf.  Calf  sb.]  1,  3. 


<  1000  Ally ric  Horn.  II.  300  Da  wolde  heo  [seocul  cealfian 
on  fcesihSe  bits  folces.  1388  Wyclif  Job  xxi.  10  The  cow 
caluycd  [138a  bar]  and  is  not  pnued  of  hir  calf.  1398  Tre- 
visa Bartk.  De  P.  R.  xvn.  xhx.  (1495)  632  A  Hynde..etith 
this  herbe  [diptannusj  that  she  may  calue  eselier  and  soner. 
1513  Fitzherb.  Husb.  g  70  If  a  cowe  be  fatte,  whan  she 
shall  calve,  than.. the  calfe  shall  be  the  lesse.  1674  tr. 
Scheffer's  Lapland  xxviii.  131  The  does,  .calve  about  May, 
1828  Scott  F.  M.  Perth  II.  293  '  What'*  the  matter?'  said 
Dwining,  'whose  cow  has  calved?'  i860  Merc.  Mar. 
Mag.  VII.  213  They  [whales]  differ. .in  their  habit  of  re- 
sorting to  very  shallow  bays  to  calve, 
b.  trans/. 

1667  Milton  P.  L.  vn.463  The  grass i.-  Clods  now  Calv'd, 
now  half  appeer'd  The  Tawnie  Lion,  pawing  to  get  free  His 
hinder  parts. 

2.  trans.  To  bring  forth  (a  calf,  or  young). 

1388  Wyclik  fob  xxi.  10  The  cow.  .caluede  [1383  bar]  not 
a  deed  calf.  i53»-3  Act  24  Hen.  VIIIy  vii,  Any  maner 
yonge  suckynge  calfe  . .  which  shall  happen  to  fall  or  to  be 
calued.  1607  Shaks.  Cor.  UL  i.  240,  I  would  they  were  Bar- 
barians, as  tney  are.  Though  in  Rome  litter' d  :  not  Romans, 
as  they  are  not,  Though  calued  i'  th'  Porch  o'  th'  Capitoll. 
1846  J.  Baxtkr  Libr.  Pract.  Agric.  II.  87  Of  the  origin  of 
j  [the  short  homsl  . .  little  can  be  learned,  prior  to  1777,  in 
i    which  year  the  famous  bull,  Hubback,  was  calved. 

3.  Of  a  glacier  or  icel>erg  :  To  detach  and  throw 
off  a  mass  of  ice.  Cf.  Calf  sb.1  6,  and  Calve  v.'1 

1837  Macdoucall  tr.  Graak's  E.  Coast  Greenl.  104  The 
Greenlanders  believe  that,  .the  reverberation  caused  by  the 
utterance  of  a  loud  sound,  is  sufficient  to  make  an  iceberg 
calve.  Ibid.  132  One  of  the  numerous  large  ice-blinks  . . 
calved  a  very  considerable  berg.  1873  A.  £1  Adams  Field 
ff  Forest  Rambles  xt.  280  A  vast  field  of  ice  at  one  time 
poured  down  the  slope  into  the  long  fiord  below,  where  it 
calved  its  bergs.  1883  H.  Lansdell  Through  Siberia  I. 
199  The  icebergs  '  calved '  as  they  went  along,  with  much 
commotion  and  splashing. 

Calve,  v.'1  dial.  [Of  uncertain  standing  and 
derivation.  It  is  possible  that  (kav)  is  merely  an 
earlier  pronunciation  of  cave  retained  locally;  but 
it  is  notable  that  calve  in  coincides  in  form  and 
sense  with  \V.  Flemish  in-kalven  (cf.  de  gracht 
kalft  in  '  the  ditch  caves  in 1  De  Bo\  in  which  the 
root  part  is  the  same  as  in  Du.  af  kalven  y  to  fall 
or  break  away,  uit-kalven  to  fall  or  shoot  out,  said 
of  the  sides  of  a  cutting  or  the  like.  De  Vries 
refers  this  -kalven  to  halve,  kaluwey  surface  of  the 
ground,  surface  layer  or  soil  (see  Callow).  In- 
kalven  would  thus  signify  the  shooting  in  of  the 
surface  or  earth  above.  Some,  however,  think  that 
the  word  is,  in  its  origin,  identical  with  the  pre- 
ceding.   The  evidence  is  not  decisive. 

Calve  ikav,  k$v)  iny  is  the  vernacular  form  in  Lincoln- 
shire, Notts,  Hunts,  Norfolk,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Suffolk, 
Cambridge,  Leicester,  Derby,  and  Yorkshire.  Wesley, 
who  is  quoted  for  it,  was  a  native  of  Epworth,  in  the  dis- 
trict covered  by  Mr.  E.  Peacock's  Gloss,  of  Manley  and 
Corringhamt  North  Lincolnshire.  Assuming  the  word  to 
be  from  Dutch,  it  has  been  suggested  that  it  was  'intro- 
duced by  the  Dutch  navvies  who  came  over  for  the  large 
drainage  works  in  the  Lincolnshire  fens'  (Wedgwood*. J 

To  fall  in  as  an  undermined  bank  or  side  of  a 
cutting  ;  to  Cave  in. 

I7SS  Wesley  Wks.  (187a*  II.  323  The  rock  calved  in  upon 
him,  with  a  concave  surface,  wnich  just  made  room  for  his 
body.  1788  Ibid.  VI.  521  Instantly  part  of  the  pit  calved  in, 
and  crushed  him  to  death.  1873  I .  Peacock  in  A'.  +  Q. 
Ser.  iv.  XII.  274  In  this  part  of  the  world  we  all  say 
calved  inf  never  caved  in.  1877  Manley  $  Corringham 
Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.)  Cauve,  to  slip  down  as  earth  does  in  a 
cutting  or  in  a  bank  undermined  by  water. 

Calved  klvd  ,  ///.  a.  Also  6  caulfed.  [f. 
calve{s  (see  Calf  2)  +  -ed.]    Having  calves. 

1593  Pass.  Morrice  82  They  that  trode  right,  were  either 
clouterly  caulfed.  .spindle  shankte,  or  bakerly  kneed.  1870 
Hawthorne  Eng.  Note-bks.  11879)  II.  244  A  Highlander., 
with,  .bare  shanks,  most  enormously  calved. 

Calveless,  var.  spelling  of  Calfless. 

Calven  (kaVn),  ///.  a.  ff.  Calve  v.  after 
strong  pa.  pples.  like  shaken!]    That  has  calved. 

1880  Maidstone  Neivspr.,  For  Sale,  Fresh  Calven  Dairy 
Cows.  1863  Atkinson  Danby  Provinc,  Catven~cmv%  a  cow 
which  has  not  long  since  had  a  calf. 

Calver  (kavaj\  sl>y  [f.  Calve  v.  +  -erI.]  A 
cow  that  calves,  or  bears  young. 

1785  Worfat  Bran  Nciv  Wark  322  (E.  D.  S.)  He  that 
sell'd  me  tother  day  a  barren  cow  and  a  calf,  for  a  calver. 
1808  T.  C.  Curwen  Hints  on  Feeding  Stock  177  The  milk 
of  the  sixth,  a  winter  calver,  was  reserved  for  the  family. 
1884  York  Herald  26  Aug.  7/1  Calvers  made  up  to  ^23 
each,  and  half-breds  and  calving  heifers  up  to  ^16  each. 

f  Calver,  sb.2  Obs,  rare~x.  [See  Calver  a.] 
Only  in  Palsgrave,  and  it  is  difficult  to  determine 
what  he  intended  by  'salmon  scum*.  Perh.  the 
treatment  as  a  sb.  was  some  error. 

1530  Palsgr.  302/2  Calver  of  saulmon,  escume  de  saubnou. 

|Tne  following  OE.  passages  possibly  belong  to  these 
words.  Unfortunately  the  OE.  and  Latin  are  alike  uncer- 
tain in  meaning : 

(i  700  F.pinal  Gloss.  471  galmariay  caluua:r  iErf.  caluuer1. 

—  476  galbalacmm,  catuxr  (Erf.  caluuer).  <:  800  Corpus 
Gi,  952  galmaria,  caluuer.    —  956  gabalacrutn,  calwcr. 

—  954  gt'lmitla,  Himcaluuer.  —  427  calvarium,  caluuer- 
clim.  a  1000  OE.  Gloss,  in  Wr.-Wiilcker  280  (Incipit  de 
mensa)  calmaria,  cealfre.  —  281  Caluiale,  calwerbriw. 
a  1 100  A  iphabet.  Gloss,  ibid.  369  calmaria,  cealre,  Caluiale, 
cealerbriw.  Ibid,  413  Galmaria,  calwere,  Gabalacmm, 
calwcr.  Cf.  also  Ags.  Leechd.  98  I.  xxxviii.  2  Nim  sur 
molcen,  wyrc  to  cealre,  and  bep  mid  by  cealre.] 


t  Calver,  a.  Obs.   In  4  calwar,  5  calvur.  [Of 

this  and  its  connected  words,  the  origin  and 
original  sense  are  unknown  :  cf.  prec.  It  may  be 
the  earlier  form  of  Sc.  Caller  (cf.  silver,  siller}.] 
An  epithet  applied  to  salmon  or  other  fish.  E. 
Midler  thinks  1  fresh  ;  Way  (Promp.  Parv.)  'fish 
freshly  taken,  when  its  substance  appears  inter- 
spersed with  white  flakes  like  curd  \  See  also 
Calvehej). 

A  good  deal  of  evidence  points  to  the  condition  of  a  fish, 
the  dressing  or  cooking  of  which  has  begun  while  it  is  yet 
alive,  instead  of  after  it  is  dead.  (T.  also  1536  Bellenden 
Descr.  Alb.  (1821)  I.  xliii,  Quhen  the  fish  faillis  thair  loup, 
thay  fall  callour  in  the  said  [boiling]  caldrounis,  and  ar 
than  maist  delitius  to  the  mouth.) 

a  1403  Forme  of  Cury  in  Warner  Antiq.  Cult'n.  19  Take 
calwar  samon,  and  seeth  it  in  lewe  water,  c  1440  Promp. 
I'arv.  59  Calvur,  as  samoon  or  obyr  fysshe.  15*6  Ord. 
Hen.  VIII.  ibid.  175  Calver  Salmon  1  mess  . .  2s.  6d,  1719 
D'Urfev  Pills  V.  145  Your  Pheasant,  Pout,  and  Culver 
Salmon.  1865  Wav  Promp.  Parz>.  mote  s.v.)  In  Lanca- 
shire, the  fish  dressed  as  soon  as  caught  are  called  calver 
salmon. 

+  Ca  lver,  v.  I  Obs.  Also  7  calvor.  [app.  f. 
Calver  a. :  cf.  Calvered,  which  is  in  form  the 
pa.  pple.  of  this  vb.,  though  earlier  in  our  qnots.] 

1.  trans.  To  treat  or  cook  as  a  'calver'  fish. 
(The  mode  apparently  differed  at  different  times.) 
Nares  says  'To  prepare  salmon,  or  other  fish,  in 
a  peculiar  way,  which  can  only  be  done  when  they 
are  fresh  and  firm  \  Some  identify  it  with  to 
Crimp,  Some  explain  it  To  cut  salmon  into  thin 
slices  while  'fresh'  (or  'alive*)  and  then  pickle 
these. 

1651  Barker  Art  of  Angling  (1653)  13  Trouts  calvored 
hot  with  antchovaes  sauce.  Ibid.  (1820)  33  A  dish  of  close 
boyled  Trouts  buttered  with  eggs  . .  Every  scullion  dresseth 
that  dish  against  his  will,  because  he  cannot  calvor  them. 
1660  K.  May  Accompl.  Cookj$4  To  calver  salmon  to  eat  hot 
or  cold.  1663  Killigrew  Parson's  Wed.  in  DodsUy  (1780) 
XI.  445  The  chines  fry'd,  and  the  salmon  calver'd. 

2.  intr.  Of  fish:  To  behave  when  cooked  as  a 
'  calver'  fish.  Some  recent  writers  conjecture  'To 
shrink  by  cutting  and  not  fall  to  pieces  *  (Craig  , 
some  '  to  bear  being  sliced  and  pickled  '. 

1651  Harker  Art  of  AngttHg(i6sp  13  So  the  fierce  boyl- 
ing  will  make  the  fish  to  calvor.  Ibid.  (1820)  21  You  shall 
see  whether  he  calvors  or  no.  1676  Cotton  Angler  11.  310 
A  Grayling  is  a  winter  fish  . .  his  flesh  even  in  his  worst 
season  is  so  firm  and  will  so  easily  calver  that  . .  he  is  very 
good  meat  at  all  times.  1681  Chetham  Angler's  Vade-m. 
xii.  fi  1  His  flesh,  .is  firm,  white,  will  easily  calver. 

Hence  Ca  lvering  vbl.  sb. 

1651  7  Harker  A  rt  of  Angling (1820)  12  When  it  [vinegar] 
boyles  take  it  off  the  fire  and  pour  it  upon  your  fish,  you 
shall  see  your  fish  rise  presently,  if  they  be  new,  and  there 
is  no  doubt  of  calvoring. 

Calver,  obs.  form  of  claver,  Clover. 

1577  B.  Googe  Heresbach's  Husb.  (1586)  18  b,  Great 
calver,  sperie,  chick,  and  the  other  pulses. 

Ca  lvered,  ///.  a.  ?  Obs.  (exc.  Hist.)  Also  7 
calvert,  calvored.  [f.  Calver  v.]  Used  from 
end  of  i6thc.  app.  in  room  of  the  earlier  Calver  a. : 
see  Calver  v.    Cf.  quots.  1822  and  i860. 

1610  It.  Jonson  Atch.  u.  ii.  (16161  622  My  foot-boy  shall 
eate  phesants,  caluerd  salmons,  a  1640  Massinger  Guar- 
dian iv.  i,  Great  lords  sometimes  For  change  leave  calvert* 
salmon  and  eat  sprats.  1651  Harker  Art  of  Angling{\%-x>\ 
11  We  must  have  two  dishes  of  calvored  Trouts.  1691 
Shadwell  Scowrers  11.  Wks.  1720  IV.  330  Think  on  the 
Turbott  and  the  Calvert  Salmon  at  Locket's.  iSaa  Nares, 
Calver'd  salmon . .  now  means,  in  the  fish  trade,  only  crimj»ed 
salmon.  1855  Malallav  Hist.  Eng.  III.  560  Prince 
George,  who  cared  as  much  for  the  dignity  of  his  birth  as 
he  was  capable  of  caring  for  any  thing  but  claret  and 
calvered  salmon,  i860  Kitchener  Cooks  Orac.  178  note, 
Calvered  Salmon  is  the  Salmon  caught  in  the  Thames,  and 
cut  into  slices  alive. 

Calveren,  obs.  =  Calves,  irreg.  pi.  of  Calk1. 

Calves'-snout,  calf's-  (.ka  vzjsnaut,  kafs-). 
[f.  CalfIj  calves  +  Snout.] 

An  old  name  of  Antirrhinum  or  Snapdragon  ; 
esp.  of  A.  Orontium  or  Small  Snap-dragon. 

1548  Turner  Names  of  Herbes  s.v.  Antt'rrhinon,  PHnies 
antirrhinon.  .maye  l»c  called  in  englishe  calfe  snoute,  1551 
—  Herbal  1.  Dijb,  Yellow  Calfys  snowtc.  16*9  Parkinson 
Paradisi  in  Sole  xW.  270  In  English  Calues  snout  from 
the  form  of  the  seede  vessels,  and  Snap-dragon,  or  Lyons 
mouth  from  the  forme  of  the  flowers.  1845  Penny  Cycl. 
Supp.  I.  125/2  A.  Orontium  . .  or  Calves'-snout,  occurs  in 
dry  sandy  and  gravelly  soils. 

II  Calville.  ?  Obs.  Also  7  calvile,  8  calvil. 
[Fr. :  of  unknown  origin  (Littre).]  A  kind  of  apple. 

1664  Evelyn  h'at.  Hort.  (1729)  232  Apples.. Pome  Apis, 
Cour  pendue,  Calvile  of  all  sorts.  1717  Bradley  Earn. 
Diet.  s.v.  Apple,  The  White  Calville,  is  white  both  within 
and  without;  its  Taste  is  more  delicious  than  that  of  the 
red,  for  which  reason  'tis  more  valued.  1755  in  Johnson 
(from  Bailey);  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

Calving  ;ka  virj)f  vbl.  sb.  [f.  Calve  +  -tng  L] 
Of  kine,  etc.:  The  bringing  forth  of  calves  or  young. 

1398  Trevisa  Barth.  De  P.  R.  xvm.  xxx.  (14951  792  After 
the  caluynge  the  hynde  etyth  two  manere  herbes.  11420 
Pallad.  on  Husb.  vtti.  66  Mete  in  mesure  her  calvyng  wol 
advannce.  1587  Harrison  England  111. 1.(1878)  n.  a  Acow 
..which  in  six  yeeres  had  sixteene  calfes;  that  is,  foure  at 
once  in  three  caluings,  and  twise  twins,  a  1854  E.  Forbes 
Lit.  Papers  152  <L.)  Bay-whaling,  a  practice  destructive  to 
the  cow  whales  about  the  time  of  calving. 


CALVIN  Gr. 

b.  trans/,  of  a  glacier  or  ice-berg. 

1837  Macdougall  tr.  Graah's  E.  Coast  Greenl.  48  An  oc- 
casional report,  caused  by  the  calving  of  the  ice-blink. 

c.  Comb.,  as  calving-season,  -time. 

1528  Paynell  Salcme's  Regim.  Eijb,  Hare  fleshe  and 
hartis  fleshe  . .  best  before  caluing  tyme.  1881  Du  Chaillu 
Land  Midn.  Sun  II.  197  The  reindeers' calving  season. 

Ca  lving,  ppL  a.    [-ing        Bearing  calves. 

1886  York  Herald  10  Aug.  7/4  Calving  cows  made  up  to 
£19.  .calving  heifers ^12  ios.  each. 

Calvinian  (kaelvrnian),  a.  and  sb.  Also  0 
Caluen-.  [f.  pr.n.  Calvin,  in  Lat. Calvinus  +  -IAN.] 
A.  adj.  Of,  belonging  to,  or  following  the 
doctrine  of,  Calvin.    (See  Calvinihm.) 

1566  T.  Stapleton  Utitr.  Jeiueil  Pref.,  The  Lutheran 
and  Caluinian  Religion.  1688  Bp.  of  Oxford  Reasons 
Abrog.  Test  54  Patron  of  the  Calvinian  Faction.  1862  Lit. 
Churchman  446  The  Calvinian  development  of  St.  Augus- 
tin's  idea  of  predestination  was  logically  true-. 

f  B.  sb.  =  Calvinist.  Obs. 

1582  Munday  Eng.  Rom.  Life  in  HarL  Misc.  (1809I  II. 
206  He  curseth  all  Caluenians,  Lutherians,  Zwinglians. 
1691  Wood  A  th.  Oxon.  I.  /193  Laurence  Humphrey  [was] 
.  .much  of  the  Calvinian  both  in  doctrine  and  discipline. 

f  Ca  lvinish,  a.  Obs.  rare.  =  Calvinistic. 

1637  Declar.  Pfaltzgrave's  Faith  30  A  Calvinish  heresie. 

Calvinism  (kse'lviniz'm).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ism. 
Cf.  F.  calvinisme,  mod.  L.  Calvinism  tts.]  The 
doctrines  of  John  Calvin  the  Protestant  Reformer 
(1509-1564),  particularly  his  theological  doctrines 
on  grace,  in  which  Calvinism  is  opposed  to  Ait- 
minianism.    b.  Adherence  to  these  doctrines. 

(The  particular  doctrines  of  theological  Calvinism  are  con- 
tained in  the  so-called  'five  points',  viz.  (it  Particular  elec- 
tion. (2)  Particular  redemption.  (3)  Moral  inability  in  a 
fallen  state.   (4)  Irresistible  grace.   (5)  Final  perseverance.) 

1570  Levins  Manip.  146  Caluynisme,  caluinismus.  1650 
R.  Stapylton  Strada's  Lcnv-C.  Warrcs  in.  65  She  was 
jealous  lest  Calvinisme,  which  then  infected  France,  might 
be  caught  by  their  neighbours  of  Haynolt.  1655  L'Estrange 
Chas.  /,  127  The  Doctrine  of  St.  Augustine;  which  they 
who  understand  it  not,  call  Calvinisme.  1863  Fkoude  Hist. 
Eng.  VII.  367  Thus  spoke  Calvinism,  the  creed  of  repub- 
lics, in  its  first  hard  form. 

Jig.  1863  Denise  I.  126  The  destruction,  the  waste  in 
Nature ;  the  plants  that  bud  and  never  bring  forth  fruit. . 
the  Calvinism  of  Nature,  things  predestined  to  destruction  ! 

Calvinist  (karlvinist).  [f.  as  prec.  +  -1ST.  Cf. 
F.  calviniste.]    An  adherent  of  Calvinism. 

1579  Fulke  Heskins'  Pari.  577  The  seconde  and  thirde, 
he  sayeth  are  denyed  by  the  Caluenistes.  1673  Milton 
True  Relig.  7  The  Calvinist  is  taxt  with  Predestination, 
and  to  make  God  the  Author  of  sin.  1768  Tucker  Lt.  Nat. 
I.  545  No  Arminian  will  doubt  a  man  being  debarred  of  his 
liberty  by  shutting  him  up  in  a  gaol ;  nor  will  the  most 
rigid  Calvinist  deny,  that  upon  being  let  loose  he  is  at 
liberty  to  go  which  way  he  pleases.  1850  R.  Wilberforce 
Holy  Bapt.  253  Those  who  compiled  the  Service-Books  of 
the  Church  of  England  were  not  Calvinists. 

attrib.  1876  Bancroft  Hist.  If.  S.  VI.  Index  510  Union 
of  Calvinist  colonies  proposed. 

Calvini'stic,  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -ic.]  Of  or  be- 
longing to  Calvinism,  following  the  doctrines  of 
Calvin.  Calvinistic  Methodists  :  a  section  of  the 
Methodists  who  follow  the  Calvinistic  opinions  of 
Whitfield,  as  distinguished  from  the  Arminian 
opinions  of  Wesley  ;  their  chief  seat  is  in  Wales. 

1820  Scott  Abbot  xiv,  The  cloak  and  band  of  the  Calvin- 
istic divine.  1850  R.  Wilberforce  Holy  Bapt.  145  The 
Calvinistic  doctrines  of  Election,  Predestination,  and  Per- 
severance are  incompatible  with.  .Baptismal  Regeneration. 

Calvinistical,  a.  [f.  prec.  +  -al.]  =  Cal- 
vinistic ;  of  the  nature  of,  or  pertaining  to,  Calvin- 
ism.   Hence  Calvinistically  adv. 

1606  W.  Crashaw  Rom.  Forgeries  78  Is  not  such  a  Cal- 
uinisticall  sentence  worthy  to  be  razed  out  for  euer  ?  1779 
Johnson  Milton,  L.  P.  {1816)  128  His  theological  opinions 
are  said  to  have  been  first  Calvinistical.  18x4  Scott  Wav. 
xxv,  This  calvinistical  Colonel.  1853  Lytton  My  Novel  I. 
365  (Hoppe)  Mrs.  Avenel,  in  an  awfully  stiff,  clean,  and 
calvinistical  cap. 

1674  Hickman  Hist.  Quinquart.  (ed.  2)  58  The  Doctrine  of 
Free-will  is  laid  down  as  Calvinistically  as  one  could  wish. 
1832  Eraser's  Mag.  XLVI.  588  Do  not  be  so  Calvinistically 
severe  on  their  little  amusements. 

Calvini*sticate,  v.   To  make  Calvinistic. 

1834-43  Southey  Doctor xlvi,  If  the  old  English  worthy. . 
had  been  Calvinisticated  till  the  milk  of  human  kindness 
with  which  his  heart  was  always  ready  to  overflow  had 
turned  sour. 

Ca'lvinize,  v.  [see  -ize.]  a.  intr.  To  follow 
Calvin,  to  teach  Calvinism,  b.  trans.  To  imbue 
with  Calvinism.  Hence  Calvinized,  Ca'lvinizing 
ppl  a. 

1659  Heylin  Cert.  Epist.  175  He  did  not  Arminianize  in 
all  things,  I  am  sure  he  Calvinized  in  none.  1824  McCulloch 
Scotl.  II.75  This  Calvinised  Country.  ^  i86i(?.  ^^'.CX.549 
One  brother  Churchman  was  Romanising,  or  another  Cal- 
vinising.  1862  Ibid.  Apr.  325  The  Calvinist  has  Calvinized 
..  the  services  of  his  Church  by  his  hymns.  1829  Southey 
Sir  T.  More  (1831)  II.  40  The  Calvinizing  Clergy. 

Ca'lvino-,  in  comb.  Calvinistic. 

[1584  Fenner  Def.  Ministers  (1587)  39  Calling  some 
Anglo-puritani,  some  Caluino-papist.v.]  1667  H.  More 
Div.  Dial.\v,  xviii.  {1713)  325  The  Turks  indeed  are  held 
great  Fatalists,  whence  some  in  reproach  call  this  Point  of 
Calvin,  Calvino-Turcism. 

Calvish  (ka  vij),  a.    [f.  Calf  1  +  -ish.] 
1.  Resembling  a  calf ;  calf-like,  doltish,  stupid, 
b.  Of  or  addicted  to  calf-worship. 


Co  lie  g  a  h  i  %  ft  n  1J  0  c  M  J r* 
45 

1570  Piththy  Note  Papists  (Colliery  The  Bui  bewitcht  his 
caluish  braine.  1660  Gauden  Brounrig  48  He  was  trans- 
ported with  just  indignation  against  the  calvish  Idolaters. 
1834  Beckford  Italy  II.  71  Her  Majesty's  absolute  com- 
mands having  swept  females  off  the  stage,  their  parts  are 
acted  by  calvish  young  fellows. 

2.  nonce-use.  [f.  Calf2.]  Pertaining  to  the  calf 
of  the  leg  (with  pun  on  prec.  sense). 

1826  Lamb  Let.  in  Final  Mem.  viii.  (1850)  210  The  cramp 
..clawing  me  in  the  calvish  part  of  my  nature,  makes  me 
ever  and  anon  roar  bullishly. 

Calvity  (karlviti).  rare.  [ad.  L.  calvities  bald- 
ness, f.  calv-us  bald  :  cf.  F.  calvitie.]  Baldness. 

1623  Cocker  am,  Calnity,  baldnesse.  1656  Bi.ovnt  Clossogr., 
Calvity,  baldness,  deceit.  1886  Comh.  Mag.  384  Middle- 
aged  -  .and  inclining  to  calvity  and  obeseness. 

Calvor,  -ur,  variants  of  Calveu  v. 

Calvysfote,  obs.  form  of  Calf's-foot. 

Calwey,  var.  form  of  Calewey,  Obs.,  a  pear. 

Calx  (kselks).  Forms :  5  eals,  5-7  calce,  7 
callixe,  calxe,  8  calix,  7-  calx.  PL  calces 
(formerly  also  calxes).  [L.  calx,  calc-em  lime ; 
applied  in  an  extended  sense  to  substances  pro- 
duced in  the  same  way  as  quick-lime.] 

1.  A  term  of  the  alchemists  and  early  chemists 
for  a  powder  or  friable  substance  produced  by 
thoroughly  burning  or  roasting  ('calcining')  a 
mineral  or  metal,  so  as  to  consume  or  drive  off  all 
its  volatile  parts,  as  lime  is  burned  in  a  kiln. 

The  calx  was  formerly  taken  as  the  essential  substance  or 
'  alcohol '  of  the  crude  mineral  after  all  the  grosser  parts 
had  been  dispelled.  The  'calx' of  a  metal  was  supposed 
to  be  the  result  of  the  expulsion  of  '  phlogiston  ' ;  in  reality 
it  was  usually  the  metallic  oxide,  but  in  some  cases  the 
metal  itself  in  a  state  of  sublimation. 

c  1460  Bk.  Quintessence  7  Caste . .  cals  of. .  gold . .  in  wjyn . . 
and  }e  schule  haue  3oure  licour.  .bettir  gilt.  1605  Timme 
Quersit.  1.  xiii.  56  The  black  feces  . .  being  reduced  . .  into  a 
calxe.  Ibid.  11.  v.  123  Put  fire  thereunto,  .until!  the  earth. . 
is  well  calcined.  .Divide  this  thy  callixe.  1610  B.  Jonson 
Alch.  11.  v,  Sub.  How  do  you  sublime  him?  F'ac.  With  the 
calce  of  Egg-shells.  1612  Woodali,  Surg.  Mate  Wks. 
(1653)  268  Calcination  is  solution  of  bodies  into  Calx  or 
Alcool.  1670  Phil.  Trans.  V.  2042  Nor  reduced  into  a  calx 
but  by  a  strong  fire,  by  which  it  will  turn  into  a  substance 
like  unslaked  lime.  1691  Boyle  Wks.  I.  719  All  brought 
into  calces  or  powders  that  are  white.  1756  C.  Lucas  Ess. 
Waters!.  3  Lead  by  calcination,  .becomes  a  red  calx  or 
mineral  earth.  Ibid.  Metals  deprived  of.  .phlogiston  . .  are 
reduced  to  calces.  1781  J.  T.  Dillon  Trav,  Spain  233 
Metallic  calxes.  1791  Hamilton  Berthollet's  Dyeing  \.\.\. 
i.  7  Oxygen  may  be  separated  from  some  oxyds  or  metallic 
calces.  1812  Sir  H.  Davy  Chem.  Philos.  23  Having  ascer- 
tained the  increase  of  weight  of  lead  during  its  conversion 
into  calx.  1822  Imison  Sc.  §  Art  II.  20  The  calx  of  tin, 
now  the  oxide  of  tin. 

fig-  '799  Southey  Nondescr.  iii.  Wks.  III.  63 Some  mass 
for  the  poor  souls  that  bleach,  And  burn  away  the  calx  of 
their  offences  In  that  great  Purgatory  crucible. 

f  2.  Sometimes  in  Latin  sense  '  lime  ' :  esp.  in 
calx  vive,  calcevive  (L.  calx  viva,  F.  chaux  vive) 
quick-lime.  Obs. 

1581  Styward  Mart.  Discip.  1. 12  They  ought  to  haue  ., 
Calx  viue,  Lint  seede  Oile,  etc.  1641  French  Distill,  v. 
(1651)  129  Make  a  strong  Lixivium  of  Calx  vive.  1652  Ash- 
mole  Theat.  Chem.  Brit.  116  Our  true  Calcevive.  .our  Fer- 
ment of  our  Bread.  1834  Brit.  Husb.  I.  439  Calx  is  lime 
combined  with  acids. 

3.  Eton  School  slang.  [Another  L.  sense  of  calx, 

'the  goal,  anciently  marked  with  lime  or  chalk'.] 

The  goal-line  (at  foot-ball). 
1864  Daily  Tel.  1  Dec,  The  Collegers  were  over-weighted 

. .  and  the  Oppidans  managed  to  get  the  ball  down  into  their 

calx  several  times. 
Calybite.   [f.  Gr.  Kakvprj  little  hut.]  One  of  a 

class  of  early  saints  who  passed  their  lives  in  huts. 
Ca'lycanth.  Bot.    [ad.  L.  Calycanthus.]  A 

book-name  of  the  Natural  Order  Calycanthacem. 
1866  Treas.  Bot.,  Calycanthacem  (Calycanths). 

Calyca*nthemy.  Bot.  [f.  Gr.  ko\vk-  Calyx 
+  dv0€fi~ov  flower +  -Y.]  The  conversion,  partial 
or  complete,  of  sepals  into  the  appearance  of  petals, 
as  in  the  variety  of  primrose  called  Jack-in-the- 
box.    Hence  Calyca  nthemous  a. 

1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Calycanthemy,  name  of  the 
monstrosity  in  which  the  calyx  imitates  an  exterior  corolla. 

||  CalycailthuS  (k?elikse*n):£s).  Bot.  [mod.L., 
f.  Gr.  k&Kvk-  Calyx  +  avOos  flower.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  shrubs  ;  esp.  Calycanthus  jlori- 
dus  or  Carolina  Allspice. 

1864  Miss  Yonge  Trial  I.  190  Come  and  reach  me  down 
some  calycanthus  out  of  the  greenhouse.  1884  Stevenson 
Silver.  Squatt.  267  Cal[y]canthus  crept,  like  a  hardy  weed, 
all  over  our  rough  parlor. 

Calycifloral  (koedisi|flo**ral,  kft&si-),  a.  Bot. 
[f.  L.  calyc-em  {calyx)  a.  Gr.  k&\vk-  +  fior-em  flower 

+  -al.]  Having  the  stamens  and  petals  inserted 
in  the  calyx.    So  CalycifLo'rate,  Calyciflo  rous, 

in  same  sense. 

1872  Oliver  Elem.  Bot.  1.  v.  58  Polypetalous  flowers  have 
their  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  . .  or  inserted  upon 
the  calyx,  and  are  hence  called  Calycifloral,  as  Pea,  Bramble, 
Apple.  1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Calyciflorous,  petals 
(distinct  or  coalescent)  and  stamens  adnate  to  the  calyx. 

Calyciform  (ksclisifiUro,  kalrsi-),  a.  Bot.  [f. 
as  prec.  +  -form  ;  cf.  mod.F.  caliciforme.'} 


CALYPTRATE. 

Having  the  form  of  a  calyx,  calyx-shaped.  Also 
erroneous  spelling  of  Calicitorm  cup-shaped. 

1831  J.  Davies  Manual  Mat.  Med.  453  Male  flowers  in 
elongate  aments,  caliciform  scale  diversely  shaped.  1870 
Hooker  Stud.  Flora  463  Woodsia  ..  involucre  inferior, 
membranous,  at  first  calyciform. 

Calycinal  (kceli-sinal),  a.  Bot.  [f.  Calycine 
+  -al.]    ^Calycine  i. 

1831  J.  Davies  Manual  Mat.  Med.  453  Salicinese  . .  male 
flowers,  calicinal  scale  supporting  an  unilocular  ovary.  1835 
Lindley  Introd.  Bot.  (1848)  I.  386  While  the  calycinal  pro- 
tuberance is  making  its  appearance. 

Caly  cinar,  a.  Bot.  [f.  as  prec.  +  -ar.]  1.= 
prec.    2.  (see  quot.) 

1866  Trcas.  Bot.,  Calicinar,  when  a  flower  becomes  double 
by  an  increase  in  the  number  of  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  sepals. 

Calycine  (kre-lisain,  -in),  a.  [f.  L.  calyc-em 
(calyx)  +  -INE.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the  calyx  ; 
resembling  a  calyx. 

1.  Bot. 

1816  Coi.ebrooke  Asiat.  Res.  XII.  539  Embraced  at  the 
base  by  the  calycine  hemispherical  cup.  1830  Lindley 
Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  218  The  symmetry  of  the  stamens,  corolline 
and  calycine  segments.  1861  S.  Thomson  Wild  Ft.  in. 
(ed.  4)  239  Calycine  sepals. 

2.  Biol,  and  Pkys.    (See  Calyx  2.) 

1872  Nicholson  Palzeont.  133  Spha^ronites  has  each  caly- 
cine plate  perforated  by  two  pores.  1877  Huxley  Anat. 
Inv.  An.  ii.  96  A  calycine  investment  for  the  whole  animal. 

Calycle  (kae-likT).  Bot.  [ad.  L.  calycul-us 
(which  is  now  often  used  instead"),  dim.  of  calyx.'] 

1.  A  little  calyx :  a.  A  row  of  bracts  or  leaves 
surrounding  the  base  of  the  calyx,  and  resembling 
a  smaller  outer  calyx,  b.  The  outer  proper  cover- 
ing or  crown  of  the  seed,  adhering  to  it  to  facilitate 
its  dispersion,  f  C-  Formerly,  the  outer  envelope 
of  a  bud. 

1731  Kailey  vol.  II,  Calycle,  with  Botanists,  a  small  bud  of 
a  plant.  1803  Rees  Cycl.,  Calycle,  a  term  invented  by  Vail- 
lant  to  express  a  series  of  leaves  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Catyculus,  an  invo- 
lucre or  involucel  imitating  an  additional  calyx. 

2.  Erroneous  form  of  Calicle. 

Hence  Calycled  a.,  having  a  calycle,  calyculate. 

1794  Martyn  Rousseau' s  Bot.  xxvi.  yjZnote,  The  calyx  is 
.  .calycled,  or  furnished  with  a  second  set  of  leaflets  at  the 
base.    1810  Encycl.  Land.  I.  683/1  Calycled  andromeda. 

Ca  lycoid,  -ordeous,  a.  Bot.  [f.  Gr.  k6l\vk- 
Calyx  +  -oiD,  +  -eous  ;  the  Gr.  was 

1866  Treas.  Bot.,  Calycoideous,  resembling  a  calyx. 

Calycular  (kali-ki^lai),  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  caly- 
cul-us  Calycle  +  -ar.  Cf.  mod.  F.  caliculaire.'] 
Relating  to  or  composing  a  calycle  (in  its  various 
senses). 

1658  Sir  T.  Browne  Card.  Cyrus  iii,  Even  the  Autumnal 
buds,  which  await  the  return  of  the  Sun,  do  after  the  winter 
solstice  multiply  their  calicular  leaves.  1707  Sloane 
Jamaica  I.  259  The  calycular  leaves  are  purple.  1866 
Treas.  Bot.,  Calicular,  a  term  of  aestivation,  when  the  outer 
bracts  of  an  involucre  are  much  shorter  than  the  inner. 

Calyculate  (kali-Hz/l^t).  a.  Bot.  [f.  L.  caly- 
cul-us Calycle  +  -  ate  -2.  Cf.  F.  calicuh'.']  Hav- 
ing a  calycle.  So  formerly  Calyculated,  (having 
fruit)  enclosed  in  a  calyx  or  involucre. 

1690  Sloane  in  Phil.  Trans.  XVII.  466  Calyculated  Berries 
of  the  bigness  of  a  large  Pea.  1693  Ibid.  928  Such  . .  have 
the  Calyx  of  their  Flower  non  deciduous,  in  which  the  Fruit 
standeth  as  in  a  Cup,  and  these  he  calls  Calyculated  Fruits. 
1725  Sloane  Jamaica  II.  95  Of  Trees  which  bear  berries, 
and  are  umbilicated  or  calculated.  1880  Gray  Bot.  Text- 
bk.  400  Calyculate,  bearing  bracts  next  to  the  calyx  which 
imitate  an  external  or  accessory  calyx. 

Ca'lycule.  Another  form  of  Calycle;  see 
-cule  and  cf.  F.  calicule. 

Calyon,  variant  of  Calion,  Obs. 

Calyptobla'Stic,  a.  Zool.  [f.  Gr.  tcaXv-rrro-s 
covered  +  pXaaros  sprout,  shoot.]  (Hydroids) 
Having  the  generative  buds  provided  with  an 
external  protective  receptacle. 

1869  Nicholson  Zool.  viii.  (1880)  122  The  name  of  'Ca- 
lyptoblastic  Hydroids '  has  been  proposed  by  Professor  All- 
man  for  the  Sertularians  and  Campanularians. 

Calyptolite  (kali-pt^bit).  Min.  [f.  Gr.  na- 
Auttto-s:  covered  + -lite.]    A  variety  of  Zircon. 

1839  Shepard  Min.  (1858)  288  Calyptolite,  very  minute 
dark  brown  crystals,  having  the  form  of  zircon. 

1  Calyptra  (kali-ptra).  Bot.  In  8  calyptre. 
[mod.  L.  a.  Gr.  KaXvmpa  covering,  veil,  f.  Kakvir- 
ruv  to  cover.  Cf.  F.  calyptre.']  A  hood  or  cover  ; 
spec.  a.  the  hood  of  the  sporecase  in  mosses ;  b. 
'  the  interior  membranaceous  and  often  hairy  cover- 
ing of  the  ovarium '  (De  Candolle  and  Sprengel 
Philos.  Plants  61). 

1753  Chambers  Cycl.  Supp.,  Calyptra.  1777  Kobson 
Brit.  Flora  26  A  calyptra  is  the  calyx  of  a  Moss,  covering 
the  fructification  like  a  hood.  1794  Martyn  Rousseau's 
Bot.  xxxii.  493  A  lidded  capsule,  covered  with  a  smooth 
calyptre.  1807  J.  E.  Smith  Phys.  Bot.  402  Mosses,  which 
have.. a  hood-like  corolla,  or  calyptra,  bearing  the  style, 
and  concealing  the  capsule.  1830  Lindley  Nat.  Syst.  Bot. 
6o[Ofthe  Mangrove  Tribe]  Calyx  superior,  .with  the  lobes 
varying  in  number,  .occasionally  all  cohering  in  a  calyptra. 
1858  Carpenter  Veg.  Phys.  §  736. 

Calyptrate  (kali-ptr^t),  a.  Bot.  [f.  prec. + 
-ate  -  2.  Cf.  F.  calyptre^]  Having  a  calyptra, 
hood,  or  covering  ;  hooded,  operculate. 


CALYPTRIFORM. 


46 


CAMARADERIE. 


1830  Lindley  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  273  Each  fibre  of  the  roots 
has  a  calyptrate  covering  at  the  extremity.  1835  —  Introd. 
Bot.  (18481  I.  327  The  calyx  is  . .  calyptrate,  if  at  the  period 
of  falling  it  bursts  on  one  side,  as  in  Eschscholtzia. 

Calyptriform  (kaliptriffiim),  a.  Bot.  [f.  as 
prec.  +  -fokm.J  Calyptra-shaped. 

1830  Lindlev  Nat.  Syst.  Bot.  46  The  corolla  is  calyptri- 
form in  Antholoma.  1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Calyp- 
triform, calyptra-shaped  ;  as  the  calyx  of  Eschscholtzia. 

So  Calyptrimorph.0118  a.  [Gr.  itopqrq  form.] 
'  Applied  in  Botany  to  ascidia  which  have  a  dis- 
tinct lid.'    Syd.  Soc.  Lex.  1881. 

Calyptrogen  (kalrptnJdsen).  Bot.  [f.  Gr. 
KoXvnrpa  covering  +  -gen  taken  in  sense  of  '  pro- 
ducer '.]  The  outer  zone  or  layer  of  the  meristem 
or  primary  tissue  of  the  youngest  part  of  plants. 

1881  Nature  XXIII.  288  Four  zones  of  meristem  :— calyp- 
trogen, dermatogen,  periblem  and  plerome.  1884  Bower 
&  Scott  De  Bary's  Phatter.  Firms  9  Since  this  accession 
originates  in  certain  cases  from  a  special  layer  of  meristem, 
the  latter  is  to  be  distinguished  as  the  calyptrogen. 

II  Calystegia  (kielistt-dgia).  Bat.  [f.  Gr.  xa- 
Kvk-  Calyx  +  mtyr)  covering/  in  reference  to  the 
generic  distinction.]  A  genus  of  plants  separated 
by  modem  botanists  from  Convolvulus,  because  of 
the  two  large  bracts  which  enclose  the  calyx  ;  it 
contains  the  large  White  Convolvulus  or  Bindweed 
of  the  English  hedges. 

1880  Neiv  Virginians  I.  85  A  tangle,  or  wilderness  of  dew- 
berries, white  calystegias. 

Calyver,  obs.  form  of  Calivkh. 

Calyx  (kseliks,  kj'liks).  Formerly  also  calix. 
PL  calyces  (karlis/z),  rarely  calyxes.  [L.  calyx, 
a.  Gr.  xd\v(  outer  covering  of  a  fruit,  flower,  or 
bud;  shell,  husk,  pod,  pericarp ( from  root  of  xa\vir- 
thv  to  cover).  In  med.L.  and  in  the  Romanic 
langs.,  this  word  has  run  together  in  form  with  the 
much  commoner  Latin  word  calix  '  cup,  goblet, 
drinking  vessel ';  and  the  two  are  to  a  great  extent 
treated  as  one  by  modern  scientific  writers,  so  that 
the  calyx  of  a  flower  is  commonly  (though  quite 
erroneously)  explained  as  the  '  flower-cup  ',  and  the 
form  calyx  and  its  derivatives  are  applied  to  many 
cup-like  organs,  which  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
calyx  of  a  flower,  but  are  really  meant  to  be  com- 
pared to  a  calix  orcup.  See  sense  2  and  cf.  Calix.] 

1.  Bot.  The  whorl  of  leaves  (sepals),  either  separate 
or  grown  together,  and  usually  green,  forming  the 
outer  envelope  in  which  the  flower  is  enclosed  while 
yet  in  the  bud.  Called  by  Grew,  1683,  Empale- 
ment. 

[1671  MaUKSH  Allot.  Plant.,  Calyx  ..  Boris  basis  est. 
1686  Ray  Hist.  Plant.  I.  A  2  Calyx,  folliculus  sive,  invo- 
lucrtim  floris  . .  the  cup  enclosing  or  containing  the  flower.] 
1693  (see  Calyculate].  1704  in  J.  Hakkis  Lex.  Pectin. 
1718  R.  Bradlev  New  Improv.  Planting  11.  (ed.  31  83 
The  other  [race]  whose  petals  cannot  contain  themselves 
within  the  Bounds  of  the  Chalyx,  are  call'd  round  podded 
Flowers.  1737-59  MlLLX)  Card.  Diet.  Explan.  Terms, 
The  empalement,  Calix,  is  generally  understood  to  mean, 
those  less  tender  leaves,  which  cover  the  other  parts  of  the 
flower.  1791  E.  Darwin  Bot.  Cant.  1.  195  note.  The  effect 
of  light  . .  occasions  the  actions  of  the  vegetable  muscles  . . 
which  open  their  calyxes  and  chorols.  1802  Mar.  Edge- 
worth  Moral  T.  (i8i6>  1.  xvii.  144  The  brown  calyces  of 
the  geranium  flowers.  1866  Ruskin  Eth.  Dust  212  The 
calyx  is  nothing  but  the  swaddling  clothes  of  the  flower ; 
the  child-blossom  is  bound  up  in  it,  hand  and  foot. 

b.  Applied  to  similar  parts  of  other  organisms. 

1851  Richardson  Ceol.  viii.  234  In  the  sea-lily  it  [the 
stomach]  reposes  in  the  calyx  surrounded  by  the  arms.  1871 
Nicholson  Palxont.  1 19  At  the  summit  of  the  stem  is  placed 
the  body,  which  is  termed  the  'calyx  \ 

2.  J'/iys.  and  Biol.  Variant  spelling  of  Calix. 
1831  R.  Knox  Cloqucfs  Anal.  798  The  Calyces  (Infundi- 

bulal  are  small  membraneous  ducts  which  embrace,  .the  cir- 
cumference of  the  mammilla:.  1836  Todd  Cyel.  Aiiat.  I. 
357/1  The  part  of  the  ovary  in  which  the  ovum  is  lodged  is 
termed  the  calyx. 

3.  Comb.,  us  calyx-base,  -leaf,  -limb,  -lobe,  -seg- 
ment, -tooth,  -tube  ;  calyx-lite  adj. 

1870  Hooker  Stud.  Flora  315  Beta. .  Fruit  adnate  to  the 
disk  and  *calyx-base.  1872  Oliver  Firm.  Bot.  I.  i.  7 
■Calyx-leaves  or  Sepals.  1849  5a  Todd  Cyel.  Anat.  IV. 
1137/2  A.  .'calyx-like  arrangement.  1870  Hooker  Stud. 
Flora  176  *Calyx-limb  deciduous.  i6&1)arwin  Orig.  Spec. 
vii.  (1872)  173  The  uppermost  flower  generally  has  two 
"calyx-lobes.  1870  Hooker  Stud.  Flora  66  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  "calyx-mouth.  Ibid.  115  Bracts  longer  than 
the  ovate  "calyx-segments.  Ibid.  265  "Calyx-teeth  short. 
Ibid.  183  "Calyx-tube  and  corolla  white. 

tCalzoo'ns,^'  //.  Obs.  Also  calsoun, -sound, 
-aune.  [From  one  or  other  of  the  Romanic 
langs.  :  F.  calcons,  calecons,  Sp.  calzones,  Pg.  calcdes 
It.  cahoni  breeches,  drawers  :— late  L.  calciones  ; 
augmentative  forms  of  L>  *calcea,  Sp.  calza,  I'g.  calca 
It.  calza,  F.  c/iausse  hose,  f.  L.  ealceus  shoe,  half- 
boot.]  Drawers,  hose,  trousers :  used  of  those  of 
oriental  nations. 

1615  G.  Sandys  Trav.  63  The  next  that  they  weare  is  a 
smock  of  callico  with  ample  sleeves  . .  vnder  this  a  paire  of 
calsouns  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  their  ancles.  1656 
Blount  Clossogr.,  Calsounds  or  Calstincs,  a  kind  of  drawers 
or  such  like  garment  of  Linnen,  which  the  Turks  wear  next 
thcirskm.  1677  Herbert  Trav.  115  The  better  sort  of  that 
lex  here  w  ear  linen  Drawers  or  Calzoons. 


Cam  (karm),  sb.    Also  camb,  camm.    [cf.  Da. 

kam  (MDu.  cam),  Ger.  tamm,  Da.  and  Sw.  kam, 

the  same  word  as  Eng.  Comh,  but  also  applied  to 

a  '  toothed  rim  or  part  of  a  wheel,  teeth  of  a 

wheel',  as  in  Du.  kamraJ,  Ger.  kammrait,  Da. 
and  Sw.  kamhjul  'toothed  wheel,  cog-wheel'; 
thence  also  mod.F.  came  '  cog,  tooth,  catch  of  a 
wheel,  sort  of  tooth  applied  to  the  axle  of  a 
machine,  or  cut  in  the  axle,  to  serve  to  raise 
a  pestle  or  forge-hammer'.  Taken  into  English 
prob.  either  from  Du.  or  Fr. 

The  primary  meaning  of  Teut.  kambo-  was  'toothed  in- 
strument ';  cf.  its  cognates  Gr.-ywi*o-  tooth,  peg,  StVtjaiiibha- 
tusk,  OSlav.  zabu  tooth  :  see  Comb.] 

A  projecting  part  of  a  wheel  or  other  revolving 
piece  of  machinery,  adapted  to  impart  an  alter- 
nating or  variable  motion  of  any  kind  to  another 
piece  pressing  against  it,  by  sliding  or  rolling 
contact.  Much  used  in  machines  in  which  a  uni- 
form revolving  motion  is  employed  to  actuate  any 
kind  of  non -uniform,  alternating,  elliptical,  or 
rectilineal  movement.  The  original  method  was 
by  cogs  or  teeth  fixed  or  cut  at  certain  points  in 
the  circumference  or  disc  of  a  wheel,  but  the 
name  has  been  extended  to  any  kind  of  eccentric, 
heart-shaped,  or  spiral  disc,  or  other  appliance 
that  serves  a  similar  purpose. 

1777  Specif.  W.  Vickefs  Patent  No.  1168  The  wheel  F 
turning  a  cylinder  with  a  cam  and  two  crankes.  1805 
Specif  J.  Ilartop's  Patent  No.  2888  Upon  any  axis  A  . . 
apply  a  pin,  cam,  crank  or  curve  or  curves  C.  1831  G. 
Porter  Silk  Manuf.  269  Camms,  or  wheels  of  eccentric 
form.  18321  Babbace  Ecoh.  Manuf.  vi.  (ed.  31  44  If  one  or 
more  projecting  pieces,  called  cams,  are  fixed  on  the  axis 
opposite  to  the  end  of  each  lever.  1858  Greener  Gunnery 
418.  1867  Athenaeum  No.  2084.  440/3  An  iron  camb  for 
power-looms.  1879  Cossells  Techii.Educ.  I.  407/2  Cams  are 
variously-formed  plates,  or  grooves,  by  means  of  which  a 
circular  may  be  converted  into  a  reciprocating  motion. 

b.  Comb.,  as  cam-ball  valve,  cam-groove,  cam- 
gear  wheel,  cam  shaft,  cam-wheel. 

1879  CasselFs  Techn.  Educ.  IV.  393/1  A  cam-groove  cut  in 
the  reverse  side  of  the  crank-plate.  1874  Knight  Diet. 
Mech.  435/2  The  duty  of  the  cam-wheel  is  to  give  an  inter- 
mittent reciprocating  motion  to  the  liar. 

Cam,  sb.-  north,  dial.  [=  Sc.  kame,  kairn,  a. 
ON.  kamb-r  (Da.  and  Sw.  kam)  Comb,  crest,  ser- 
rated ridge,  crest  or  ridge  of  a  hill,  etc.  The 
same  word  originally  as  Comb,  and  Cam  sb.'1,  but 
the  three  come  through  distinct  channels,  and  there 
is  no  consciousness  of  their  identity.] 

A  ridge ;  a  long  narrow  earthen  mound ;  the 
bank  on  which  a  hedge  is  planted  or  the  like. 

1788  Marshall  E.  Vorksh.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.),  Cam,  any 
long  mound  of  made  earth.  1855  Whitby  Gloss.,  Cam,  a 
mound  of  earth,  a  bank  boundary  to  a  field.  1861  Ramsay 
Retain.  Ser.  11.  Introd.  26  t  Vorksh.  dial.)  Cum  doun  t'  cam' 
soid.  1876  Mid.  Vorksh.  Gloss.,  Cant,  a  rise  of  hedge- 
ground  ;  generally  cam. side. 

Cam,  sb*  dial.  [f.  Cam  a.  or  v.]  Contradic- 
tion, crossing  in  purpose. 

1875  Lane.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S),  When  he  meets  wi  cam,  there's 
no  good  to  be  done. 

t  Cam,  a.  and  adv.  Obs.  exc.  dial.  Also  kam, 
(7  kammeV  [Adopted  from  Celtic :  in  Welsh 
cam  crooked,  bent,  bowed,  awry,  wrong,  false  ; 
Gael,  cam  crooked,  bent,  blind  of  one  eye;  Manx 
cam  (as  in  Gaelic) ;  Ir.  cam  :— Olr.  camm  crooked, 
repr.  an  OCcltic  *cambo  s,  as  in  the  pro|>er  name 
Cambodunum  'crooked  town'.  In  English  prob- 
ably from  Welsh,  and  no  doubt  in  oral  use  long 
before  the  1 6th  c.  when  first  found  in  literature; 
the  derived  form  cammed  is  in  the  Promptorium.] 

A.  adj.  Crooked,  twisted,  bent  from  the  straight. 
Hence  moil.  dial.  Perverse,  obstinate,  'cross'. 

it  1600  Hooker. Serin.  iii.Wks.  II.  698  His  mind  is  perverse, 
kam  [ed.  1676  cam],  and  crooked.  1644  Sc.  Pasquils  (1868) 
1 17  Cam  is  thy  name,  Cam  are  thyne  eyics  and  wayes . . 
Cam  are  thy  lookes,  thyne  eyies  thy  ways  bewrayes.  1853 
Akerman  IViltsh.  Tales  13B  As  cam  and  asobstinateasa  mule. 
1862  Hughes  in  Macm.  Mag.  V.  236/2  As  cam  as  a  peg. 

B.  ailv.  Away  from  the  straight  line,  awry, 
askew  (also  Jig.).  Clean  cam  (kam),  'crooked, 
athwart,  awry,  cross  from  the  purpose'  (J.);  cf. 
Kim  KAM. 

1579  Tomson  Calvin's  Serm.  Tim.  909/1  We  speake  in 
good  earnest,  and  meane  not . .  to  say,  walk  on,  behaue  your 
selues  manfully  :  and  go  cleane  kam  our  selucs  like  Creuises. 
1607  Shaks.  Cor.  111.  l  304,  Sid*.  This  is  cleane  kamme. 
Brut.  Meerely  awry.  161 1  Cotgr.  s.  v.  Contrefoil,  The 
wrong  way,  cleane  contrarie,  quite  kamme.  1708  Motteux 
Rabelais  v.  xxvii,  Here  they  go  quite  kam,  and  act  clean 
contrary  to  others.    1755  Johnson,  Kam,  crooked. 

Cam  (km),  C.  dial. ;  trans,  and  intr.  [f.  Cam 
a.]    (See  quots.) 

e  1746  J.  Collier  iTim  Bobbin  1  Tumtitusff  M.  Wks.  (1862) 
53  So  ot  leh  [so  that  they]  camm'd  little  or  none  ;  boh  agreed 
t'  pey  aw  meeon  [to  pay  all  between  them].  1847-78  Hai.- 
liwell  s.  v.,  A  person  who  treads  down  the  shoe  heel  is  said 
to  cam.  North.  1875  Lane.  Gloss.  (E.  D.  S.I  Colloq.  use. 
He  cams  his  shoon  at  th*  heel.  Ibid.,  Cam,  to  cross  or 
contradict;  to  oppose  vexatiously;  to  quarrel.  I'll  cam 
;   him,  an'  get  up  his  temper. 

I    Cam,  obs.  and  Sc.  form  ot  came,  pa.  t.  of  Comk. 


Cam,  obs.  f.  Cham,  Khan,  and  var.  Calm  sb~ 
t  Camaca.  Obs.     Also  camaka,  cammaka, 

!  -aca,  camoca,  cammoca,  -oka.  [a.  OF.  camocas 
{kamoukas  in  Froissart)  '  silk  stuff  approaching 
satin1  (Godef.),  or  med.L.  camoca,  cumucum,  meil. 
Gr.  xatiovxa. ;  also  in  Sp.  camocan,  camucay,  acc. 
to  Dozy,  ad.  Arab,  kamkhd  or  kimkha,  which 
Devic  thinks  originally  a  Chinese  word,  and  ulti- 
mately identical  with  OF.  camjue.']  A  kind  of 
fine  fabric,  probably  of  silk. 

'375  WiB  of  Edlo.  Ld.  Despenccr  (trans.  Rock)  My  great 
bed  of  blue  camaka,  with  griffins,  also  another  bed  of  ca- 
maka striped  with  white  and  black.  1393  Lancl.  P.  PI.  C. 
xvm  290  A  cote  of  cainmoka  obcr  of  cfene  Scarlett,  a  1400 
j  Cov.  Myst.  163  In  kyrtyl  of  cammaka  kynge  am  I  cladde. 
c  '475  Sqr.  lowe  Degre  835  Yourcurtainesof  camaca,  all  in 
folde.  £-1485  E.E.  Misc.(i%w  4  The  dosers  alle  of  camaca. 

[1717  Blount  Laiv  Diet.,  Camoca,  a  Garment  made  of 
Silk,  or  something  better.    1876  Rock  Text.  Fair.  iv.  30.) 

Camack,  Sc.  form  of  CammockA 

II  Camaieu  (kamayii').  Also  eamayeu.  [F. 
camaieu,iormex\ycamahieu,  camaheu:  see  Cameo.] 

1.  =  Cameo. 

1596  Danett  tr.  Comines  (1614)  264  Goodly  Camayeux 
excellently  well  cut.  i7»7-si  Chambers  Cyel.,  Camaieu  or 
Camayeu.  .a  peculiar  sort  of  onyx  :  also,  .a  stone,  whereon 
are  found  various  figures,  and  representations  of  landskips, 
&c,  formed.. so  as  to  exhibit  pictures  without  painting. 
1731  Bailey  voL  II  Camaitu.  17C6  [Anstey]  Bath  Guide 
x.  65  And  sure  no  Camayeu  was  ever  yet  seen  Like  that 
which  I  purchas'd  at  Wicksted's  Machine. 

2.  A  method  of  painting  in  monochrome. 

1727-51  Chambers  Cyel.,  Camaieu  is  also  used  for  a  paint- 
ing, wherein  there  is  only  one  colour ;  and  where  the  lights 
and  shadows  are  of  gold,  wrought  on  a  golden,  or  azure 
ground.  1755  in  Johnson.  1875  **oltTNUM  Maiolica  xi.  96 
A  small  plate,  the  painting  of  which  in  blue  camaieu  is,  etc. 

t  Camail.  Obs.  exc.  Hist.  [a.  F.  camail  =  Pr. 
capmalh,  It.  camaglio  ;  acc.  to  Diez  f.  cap  head  + 
mail  Mail,  and  thus  orig.  'head-armour'.] 

1.  A  piece  of  chain-mail  armour  attached  to  the 
basinet  or  head-piece,  and  protecting  the  neck 
and  shoulders.    In  comb.,  as  camail-lace. 

1826  Mrs.  Bray  De  Foix  xi.  (1884I  127  The  dagger  there- 
fore slipped  out,  and  sliding  athwart  the  camail  of  his  oppo- 
nent fell  to  the  ground.  1874  Boutell  Arms  tjr  Arm.  viii. 
127  In  England  the  basinet  was  constantly  worn  with  the 
camail,  but  without  any  ventaile.  Ibid.  x.  197  The  camail- 
lace  or  other  mode  of  attachment  was  covered  by  a  plate, 
generally  enriched,  which  formed  a  part  of  the  basinet. 

2.  (See  quot.) 

1670  Lassels  Voy.  Italy  (1698)  I.  147  The  Canons  in  the 
Quire  wear  a  rochet  and  camail.  1681  Blount  Clossogr., 
Camail  (Fr.)  a  Hood  to  cover  the  head  in  foul  weather: 
also  a  blew  or  purple  ornament,  worn  by  Bishops  above 
their  Rochets,  and  reaching  as  low  as  the  bent  of  the  arm. 
1823  Ckabb  Techn.  Diet.,  Camail  {Eccl.\  a  purple  orna- 
ment worn  by  a  bishop  over  his  rochet. 

3.  'A  capuchin  or  short  cloak,  sometimes  of  fur '. 

1858  in  Simmonds  Diet.  Trade. 

Hence  Camailed  a.,  having  a  camail. 

1874  Boutell  Arms  4-  Ann.  viii.  128  In  England  the 
camailed  basinet  ceased  to  be  wom  when  the  15th  century 
was  only  two  or  three  years  old. 

Camaile,  obs.  form  of  Camel. 

Cama  ldolite.    Also  Camaldulite,  -dulian, 

-dule,  -dolensian.  A  member  of  the  religious 
order  founded  by  S.  Romuald  at  Camaldoli  in  the 
Ajiennines,  at  the  beginning  of  the  nth  c. 

1727  -51  Chambers  Cyel.,  Camaidulians  or  Camaldunians. 
1764  Maclaine  tr.  Mosheim's  Ecct.  Hist.  (1844)  I.  256/1  In 
the  year  1023,  Romuald,  an  Italian  fanatic  ..  founded  the 
order  or  congregation  of  the  Camaldolites.  l88a~3  Schafp 
Relig.  Eneycl.  1.  373  s.  v.  Casnatdutes .  .[Rudolf]  also  es- 
tablished Camaldulc  nunneries  (1086L  II.  912/2  [Gregory 
XVI]  since  1823  general  of  his  order,  the  Cameldotensians. 

Camail, var.  of  Ctmbly, coarse  ^Indian)  woollen. 

Camalyon,  obs.  form  of  Camelion. 

Camamel  je,  -ille,  -ylle,  obs.  ff.  Camomilb. 

Camara1  ka-nural.  Bot.  [a.  Gr.  teanapa  (see 
Cameha?  ;  cf.  F.  camare  in  sense  a  .] 

a.  A  membranous  fruit  com]x>sed  of  two  united 
valves  and  enclosing  one  or  many  seeds  attached 
to  the  internal  angle  (l.ittre,  and  Syd.  Soc.  Lex.). 
b.  One  of  the  cells  of  a  fruit,  c.  A  carpel  ( Treas. 
Bot.  1866). 

1880  Gray  Bot.  Text-bk.  400  Camara  and  its  diminutive 
Camerula  (chamber)  are  sometimes  used  for  the  celts  of  a 

fruit. 

I!  Camara2  (ka."mara).  [Native  name  in  Guiana.] 
'  A  hard  durable  timber  obtained  from  LJipteryx 
Oitorata '  (N.  O.  L-eguminostr).    Trcas.  Bot.  1 866. 

||  Camara  da.  Obs.  [Sp.  camarada,  lit. '  room- 
ful': see  Comhade.] 

1.  A  company  of  soldiers  messing  or  lodging 
together.  2.  One  of  such  a  company  in  his  rela- 
tion to  the  others ;  a  comrade. 

1598  Barret  Theor.  IVarres  1.  ii.  9  With  his  Camaradas, 
hee  is  todemeane  himself,  sober,  quiet,  and  friendly.  Ibid. 
10  Pescennius  Niger  did  condemne  vnto  death,  a  whole 
Camarada  of  Soldiers.  Ibid.  Gloss.  249  Camarada,  a  Spanish 
word,  is  a  small  number  of  11  or  12  soldiers,  and  is  the  one 
halfe  of  a  squadra,  being  vnited  together  in  their  lodging. 

Camarade,  obs.  form  of  Comrade. 

!l  Camaraderie  (kamara  d?rJ).  [Fr.,  f.  cama- 
I  rade  Comkade.]     '  The  familiarity  which  exists 


CAMARILLA. 


47 


CAMBRIAN. 


between  camarades''  (Littre),  comradeship;  loyalty 
to,  or  partiality  for,  one's  comrades  ;  esprit  de 
corps. 

1840  Eraser's  Mag.  XXI.  721  A  spirit  of  camaraderie  and 
partisanship  prevails  in  matters  of  art.  1863  Russell  Diary 
North  S.  II.  107  The  only  camaraderie  I  have  witnessed 
in  America  exists  among  the  West  Point  men. 

Camarike,  obs.  form  of  Cahbhic. 

II  Camarilla  (kaemari-la,  Sp.  -rUa).  [Sp., 
dim.  of  camara  room,  Chambek.J 

1.  A  small  chamber. 

i860  Emerson  Cond.  Life  Wks.  II.  312  Now  and  then,  one 
has  a  new  cell  or  camarilla  opened  in  his  brain. 

2.  A  private  cabinet  of  counsellors ;  a  cabal, 
clique,  junto  ;  a  body  of  secret  intriguers. 

1839  R.  Mi  Beverley  Heresy  Hum.  Pricsth.  in  Confer- 
ence is  a  camarilla  of  priests,  who,  with  closed  doors,  make 
all  the  laws  by  which  the  society  is  regulated.  1858  Sat. 
Rev.  V.  445/1  It  is  only  a  camarilla  which  demands  Lord 
Palmerston's  return  to  office.  1867  Ward  in  Ess.  Reunion  117 
No  camarilla  of  worldly-minded  politicians  lay  or  sacerdotal. 

H  Camarine.  Obs.  Also  camerine.  [f.  Cama- 
rtna  (Kapiapiva),  the  name  of  a  Sicilian  town, 
beside  which  was  a  pestilential  marsh.]  A  fetid 
marsh  or  swamp.    Also  Jig. 

1576  Newton  tr.  Lemnie's  Complex.  To  Rdr.,  This  Author 
.  .doth  not  onely.  .wade  into  the  very  Gulph  and  Camarine 
of  Mans  apparant  wilfulnesse.  1617  S.  Collins  Def.  Bp. 
Elie  454  And  doe  wee  meruatle  now,  if  King  Henry  voyded 
such  a  Camarine  ?  1681  P.  Rvcaut  Critick  163  The  danger 
of  poisonous  sents,  and  Camerines  of  Customs,  which  use 
to  envenome  and  infect  the  soul. 

H  Camas,  camash,  cammas,  variant  forms  of 
Quamash  (Camassia  esculentd),  a  liliaceous  plant, 
whose  bulbs  are  eaten  by  North  American  Indians. 

1837  W.  Irving  Capt.  Bonneville  II.  221  The  Indians  . . 
come  to  it  in  the  summer  time  to  dig  the  camash  root.  1884 
Joaquin  Miller  Mem.  #  Rime  83  Thecamas  blossom,  .all 
Oregon  in  the  early  spring. 

Hence  Camas  rat  ((see  quot.). 

1868  Wood  Homes  without  H.  i.  35  The  Camas  Rat 
(Pseudostoma  borealis).  .The  name  is  derived  from  its  food, 
which  consists  chiefly  of  quamash  root. 

Camayeu :  see  Camaieu. 

Camayle,  camaylle,  obs.  forms  of  Camel. 

Camb,  obs.  form  of  Comb. 

Cambace,  ?obs.  form  of  Canvass  [ot  Camaca). 

1460  Capgrave  Chron.  177  Thanne  schuld  thei  clothe  him, 
and  gird  him  with  a  girdill  of  cambace. 

Cambake,  obs.  form  of  Cammock. 
f  Cambal.  Obs.  ?  =  Cumbly  (or  next). 

1599  Hakluyt  Voy.  II.  l  257  Marchants  which  come  out 
of  China,  .come  to  buy  muske,  cambals,  agats,  silke. 

Cambaye*.  [f-  Cambay  a  sea-port  of  India.] 
A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  India. 

1727  A.  Hamilton  New  Acc.  E.  Ind.  I.  i.  9  Coarse 
chequer'd  Cloth,  called  Cambaya  Lungies,  made  of  Cotton- 
yarn.    1874  Knight  Diet.  Mech.  432  Cambayes. 

Camber  (karmtei),  sb.  Also  Gambeu.  [a.  F. 
cambre,  f.  cambrer:  see  next.   Cf.  Cambrel.] 

1.  The  condition  of  being  slightly  arched  or 
convex  above.    Also  concr.  a  flattened  arch. 

1618  [see  Camber-keeled  in  4].  1823  P.  Nicholson  Pract. 
Build.  220  Camber  . .  the  convexity  of  a  beam  upon  the 
upper  edge,  in  order  to  prevent  its  becoming  straight  or  con- 
cave by  its  own  weight,  or  by  the  burden  it  may  have  to 
sustain,  in  course  of  time.  Ibid.  582  Camber ;  an  arch  on 
the  top  of  an  aperture,  or  on  the  top  of  a  beam ;  whence 
Camber-windows,  &c.  1876  Gwilt  Archit.  437  If  the  re- 
quired rise  or  camber  [in  a  riveted  girder]  equals  e  in  the 
middle  in  inches.  1881  Times  11  Apr.  10/5  Boatbuilders 
insist  on  giving  '  camber 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  so  bent ;  a  camber-beam. 
1677  Moxon  Mech.  Exerc.  (1703)  158  Camber,  a  piece  of 

Timber  cut  Arching,    c  1830  Rudim.  Navig.  (Weale)  102. 

3.  'The  part  of  a  dockyard  where  cambering  is 
performed,  and  timber  kept.  Also,  a  small  dock 
in  the  royal  yards,  for  the  convenience  of  loading 
and  discharging  timber'  (Smyth  Sailor's  Word-bk.). 

1885  Lady  Brassey  The  Trades  403  Just  outside  the 
camber,  [he]  met  us  in  the  dockyard  steam-launch. 

4.  Comb.,  as  camber-beam,  -slip  (see  quots.^ ; 
t  camber -bored,  camber- keeled  (also  -keel),  adjs. 
Camber -nose,  'an  aquiline  nose*  (Halliwell, 
who  cites  1  Junius'). 

1721  Bailey,  *  Camber-beam  . .  is  a  Beam  cut  hollow  or 
arching  in  the  middle.  1823  P.  Nicholson  Pract.  Build.  129. 
1626  Capt.  Smith  Accid.  Yng.  Seamen  32  To  know  whether 
she  be  equally  bored,  *camber,  taper,  or  belbored.  a  1618 
Raleigh  Royal  Navy  34  It  is  a  great  weakening  to  a  ship  to 
have  so  much  weight,  .at  both  the  ends,  and  nothing  in  the 
Mid-Ship,  which  causeth  them  to  warpe,  and  (in  the  Sea- 
phrase,  and  with  Marrinerst  is  tearmed  *Camberkeeld. 
a  1642  Sir  W.  Monson  Naval  Tracts  Hi.  (1704)  350/1  It 
will  make  the  Ship  Camberkeel.  1867  Smyth  Sailor's 
Word-bk.,  Camber-keeled,  keel  slightly  arched  upwards 
in  the  middle  of  the  length,  but  not  actually  hogged.  1823 
P.  Nicholson  Pract.  Build.  388  The  *Camber-slip  is  a  piece 
of  board  of  any  length  or  breadth,  made  convex  on  one  or 
both  edges,  and  generally  something  less  than  an  inch  in 
thickness ;  it  is  made  use  of  as  a  rule  . .  When  the  brick- 
layer has  drawn  his  arch,  he  gives  the  camber-slip  to  the 
carpenter. 

Camber  (kse-mbaiX  v.  [app.  a.  F.  cambre-r 
'  to  arch  slightly'  (16th  c.  in  Littre  \  a  semi-popular 
repr.  of  L.  camerare  to  vault  (the  natural  repr. 
being  chambrer),  f.  camera  vault.] 


L  intr.  To  be  or  become  slightly  arched  or 
curved  so  that  the  centre  is  higher  than  the  ends. 

1627  Capt.  Smith  Seaman  s  Gram.  ii.  6  The  Decke  doth 
camber  or  lie  compassing.  1757  Robertson  in  Phil.  Trans. 
L.  288  Now  it  so  happened,  thro'  the  great  weight  of  the 
head  and  stern,  that  the  ship  cambered  very  much. 

2.  trans.  To  bend  (a  beam,  etc.)  upwards  in  the 
middle ;  to  arch  slightly. 

1852  P.  Nicholson  Encycl.  Archit.  I.  74  In  all  these  in- 
stances the  difficulty  may  be  obviated  by  cambering  the 
timber  upwards.  1876  Gwilt  Archit.  437  It  is  usual  to 
camber  a  riveted  girder,  so  that  on  receiving  the  permanent 
load  it  may  become  nearly  horizontal.  1882  Nature  XXV. 
247  At  the  centre  of  the  span,  where  the  bottom  member 
has  been  cambered  upwards  to  a  height  of  150  feet  for  navi- 
gation purposes. 

Hence  Cambered  ppl.  a.,  Ca'mbering  vbl.  sb. 
and  ppl.  a. 

1627  Capt.  Smith  Seaman's  Cram.  ii.  6  A  cambered 
Decke.  1769  Falconer  Diet.  Marine  (1789*  Cambered 
Deck,  the  deck,  .of  a  ship  is  said  to  be  cambered,  or  to  lie 
cambering,  when  it  is  higher  in  the  middle  of  the  ship's 
length,  and  droops  toward  the  stem  and  stern.  1878  Hart- 
ley tr.  Topiuard s  Anthrop.  II.  vi.  340  With  head  erect  and 
cambered  loins.  1757  Robertson  in  Phil.  Trans.  L.  399 
The  resistance  of  the  parts  bent  by  the  cambering. 

Camber  a.:  see  Cambrian. 

Ca  mberwell  Beauty,  [from  Camberwelt^ 

a  parish  of  Surrey,  now  within  the  London  area.] 
A  collector's  name  for  a  species  of  butterfly  \  Vanessa 
Antiopa),  occasionally  seen  in  England. 

1847  Proc.  Bent:  Nat.  Club  II.  v.  198  Mr.  Broderick  re- 
marked that  he  had  seen  the  '  Camberwell  Beauty '  on 
Twizel-moor.    1847  Carpenter  Zool.  §  7116. 

Cambial  (kse'mbial),  a.  [ad.  late  \*%cambial-is9 
f.  cambium  :  see  Cambium  and  -al.] 

1.  Relatingtoexchangeincommerce.  [F.  cambial.'] 
1864  in  Webster. 

2.  Sot.  Pertaining  to  cambium. 

1881  Card.  Chron.  No.  414  XVI.  726  The  adventitious 
roots  in  the  cambial  region  of  the  vascular  bundles.  1882 
Vines  Sachs'  Bot.  130  A  middle  layer  of  the  cambial  cells 
always  remains  capable  of  division. 

Cambiform  (kae*mbifpjm),  a.  Bot.  [f.  Cambi- 
um +  -F0KM.1    Of  the  form  of,  or  like  cambium. 

1882  Vines  Sachs'  Bot.  114  Cambiform  tissue.  1884  Bower 
&  Scott  De  Bary's  Phaner.  <y  Ferns  523  The  narrow  cam- 
biform cells. 

II  Cambio.  Obs.  [It.  cambio  change,  ex- 
change :— L.  cambium.']  a.  A  bill  of  exchange, 
b.  A  place  of  exchange,  an  exchange;  -  Cambium  i. 

1645  Howell  Dodonas  Gr.  20  <  D.i  Punctuality  in  payment 
of  cambios.  1656  Blount  Glossogr.,  Cambio,  a  Burse  or 
Exchange  as  the  Royal  Exchange  in  London. 

Cambiogenetic  (ksesmbwidg/hctik),  a.  Bot. 

[f.  L.  cambium  +  Gr.  *ytv€Ti/£o$,  f.  yevtats  produc- 
tion.]   Pertaining  to  the  formation  of  cambium. 

1884  Bower  &  Scott  De  Bary's  Phaner.  %  Ferns  473  The 
cambio-genetic  production  of  tissue.  Ibid.  585  An  indica- 
tion of  cambiogenetic  growth  in  thickness. 

Ca  mbism,  rare,  [see  next  and  -ism.]  The 
theory  and  practice  of  exchanges. 

1837  Whittock  Bk.  Trades  11842)  334  The  authors  who 
have  written .  .on  cambism  and  the  operations  in  exchanges. 

Cambist  (karmbisf.  [a.  F.  cambiste,  f.  L. 
cambium,  It.  cambio  exchange.  (So  Sp.  cambista.)] 

1.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  science  or  practice 
of  exchanges  ;  one  who  deals  in  bills  of  exchange. 

1809  R.  Langford  Introd.  Trade  130  Cambist,  one  well 
versed  in  the  knowledge  of  exchanges,  a  trafficker  in  bills. 
i86x  Goschen  For,  Exch.  99  These  speculators  in  exchange, 
or  cambists,  as  they  are  technically  called. 

2.  trans/.  Astitleofamanualof  foreign  exchanges. 

1811  P.  Kelly  {title)  The  Universal  Cambist,  and  Com- 
mercial Instructor.  1882  Nature XXVI.  55  The  book  isso 
far  a  cambist  or  dictionary  of  weights  and  measures. 

Ca'mbistry.  [f.  prec. :  see  -by.]  The  science 
or  operations  of  the  cambist.         In  mod.  Diets. 

Cambium  (ka^-mourni).  [a.  late  L.  cambium 
exchange  (found  in  the  Laws  of  the  Lombards) ; 
the  physiological  sense,  2,  occurs  in  14th  c.  in 
Arnold  de  Villa  Nova  (*  cambium  humiditas  mani- 
feste  altera ta  membri  continentis  complexione ').] 

fl.  a.  Exchange,  barter,  b.  A  place  of  ex- 
change, an  exchange.  Obs. 

1708  Kersey,  Cambium,  the  exchanging  or  bartering  of 
Commodities  ;  also  an  Exchange,  or  Place  where  Merchants 
meet.    1721-1800  in  Bailey  ;  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

f  2.  One  of  the  'alimentary  humours*  formerly 
supposed  to  nourish  the  bodily  organs.  Obs. 

1643  T-  JOHNSON  tr-  Pareys  Wks.  1.  vi.  (16781  9  The 
Arabians  have  mentioned  four  other  humors,  which  they 
term  Alimentary  . .  The  third  [humor]  they  call  by  a  bar- 
barous name,  Cambium,  which,  already  put  to  the  part  to 
be  nourished,  is  there  fastned.  1708  Kersey,  Cambium, 
one  of  the  three  Humours  sometime  thought  to  nourish  the 
Body,  the  other  two  being  call'd  Gluten  and  Ros.  1721- 
1800  in  Bailey  ;  and  in  mod.  Diets. 

3.  Bot.  A  viscid  substance,  consisting  of  cellular 
tissue,  lying  immediately  under  the  bark  of  exogens, 
in  which  the  annual  growth  of  the  wood  and 
bark  takes  place.  'The  cells  are  inactive  during 
winter,  but  very  succulent  in  spring.  This  name 
was  formerly  given  to  the  fluid  contents  only  of 
the  cells.'  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

(Quot.  1671  illustrates  the  origin  of  this  sense  from  2.) 


1671  Grew  Auat.  Plants  1.  ii.  §23  The  said  sap.  .becomes 
(as  they  speak  of  that  of  an  Animal)  the  Vegetative  Ros  or 
Cambium  :  the  noblest  part  whereof  is  at  last  . .  assimilated 
to  the  like  substance  with  the  said  Lignous  Body.  1813S1R 
H.  Davy  Agric.  Chem.  iii.  147  The  Cambium  which  is  thu 
mucilaginous  fluid  found  in  trees  between  the  wood  and  the 
bark.  1877  W.  Dall  Tribes  N.  IV.  86  A  species  of  red . .  de- 
rived from  pine  bark  or  the  cambium  of  the  ground-willow, 
b.  attrib.,  as  in  cambium-layer,  -ring. 

1842  Gray  Struct.  Bot.  iii.  §  3  1 1880  78  There  is  always  a 
zone  of  delicate  young  cells  interposed  between  the  wood 
and  the  bark.  This  is  called  the  Cambium,  or  better,  the 
Cambium-layer.  1882  Vines  Sachs'  Bot.  654  The  primary 
bundles,  .are  united  by  a  cambium-ring. 
"Camblet,  variant  of  Camlet. 

Cambmok,  camboc,  -ok,  obs.  ff.  Cammock. 

Camboge,  obs.  form  of  Gamboge. 

Camboline,  var.  of  Cameline  sb.A  Obs. 

Camboose,  var.  of  Caboo.se. 

Cambrel  (kse'mbrelV  ?  Obs.exc.  dial.  Forms  : 
5-8  cambrel,  6  camborell,  7  cambrell,  cambril, 
cammeril,  9  dial,  camrel,  cammeril,  cambril, 
camoral.  See  also  Chambhel,  Gambkel.  [It  is 
uncertain  whether  this  is  a  mere  variant  or  alteration 
of  CAMBREN  (given  as  a  synonym  by  Blount  and 
Bailey,  and  really  a  Welsh  word),  or  whether  it  is 
to  be  referred  to  the  verb  CaMBKK,  F.  cambrer  ;  cf. 
Camber  sb.  2.  The  lateness  of  these  words  is  against 
their  being  the  source  of  cambrel ;  on  the  other  hand, 
the  variant  forms chattibrel  ;in  sense  i  \  and gambrel 
(in  both  senses)  make  the  Welsh  derivation  difficult. 
Perhaps  there  has  been  contact  of  distinct  w